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土壤水是地表水资源的重要形式之一,能够保障陆地植物的生存,同时也是土壤系统养分循环和流动的载体,不但直接影响土壤性质和植物生长,而且间接影响植物分布和小气候的变化[1]。土壤水分的变化对于许多科学和实践活动如地下水补充、气候研究和数值天气预报等以及在特定区域内量化水文、生态和地貌之间的关系中至关重要[2-3]。洪泽湖湿地是唯一分布于北亚热带与暖温带气候过渡带上的大型浅水淡水湖泊湿地,孕育着十分独特的内陆淡水湿地生态系统。杨树Populus spp.是洪泽湖湿地目前最主要的树种,其生长快,适应性强,木材产量高,在湿地的分布面积最大,对湿地生态系统功能产生强烈影响[4-5]。以往围绕干旱或半干旱地区不同植物土壤水分变化的研究较多[1, 6-7],而关于湿地土壤水分的相关研究还不是很充分,特别是洪泽湖湿地在调蓄灌溉与南水北调常态化调水影响下,湖区水位显著波动对土壤水分变化影响的研究还未见报道。土壤水分的空间格局和时间变异受环境因素的强烈影响,在时间尺度上,土壤水分的变化主要受气象因子的调控[8-9]。CHO等[10]研究认为,土壤水分与日平均降水量呈正相关,而与日照、气温和地面温度呈负相关关系;CHEN等[11]研究表明,黄土高原地区土壤水分及其空间、季节和年际变化与降水特征密切相关,而黄志刚等[12]研究南方红壤丘陵区油桐Vernicia fordii人工林土壤水分动态,认为大气相对湿度对土壤蓄水量的贡献最大。从气象环境因子看来,CUI等[13]研究表明,湖泊水位与降水量呈正相关,与逆蒸发和风速呈负相关关系,在洪泽湖气温和湿度等气象因子对该湖区水位影响较大[14]。许秀丽等[15]研究表明,湿地土壤水分受地下水位和湖泊水位的影响。显然,不同区域、不同林分的土壤水分变化及其对气象因子的响应规律并不完全相同。本研究以江苏洪泽湖湿地生态系统国家定位观测研究站典型杨树林为对象,借助涡度相关及土壤水分监测系统,研究湿地土壤-杨树系统水分的时空动态变化特征,解析气象因子的影响,为洪泽湖湿地杨树林水分管理和科学经营与保护提供理论依据。
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图 2可见:在观测深度范围内,年均含水量最小值出现在地下10 cm处,其均值为31.32%±3.48%;最大值出现在地下40 cm处,其均值为47.62%±6.34%。在不同月份中,10 cm和20 cm土壤含水量呈现出“M”型变化,其含水量的第1高峰值分别出现在11月和3月,其值分别为29.69%和33.10%,第2高峰值均出现在7月,其值分别为35.87%和37.59%。相比较而言,30 cm和40 cm土壤含水量呈现出单峰变化,其土壤含水量的峰值均出现在7月,其值分别为47.00%和59.34%。
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对3月(春)、6月(夏)、9月(秋)和12月(冬)每天各时间点土壤含水量平均值的变化分析可见(图 3):春、夏和冬3季的土壤含水量在0:00-4:30逐渐下降,其最小值均出现在4:30-5:30时左右,其值依次为36.81%±0.61%,43.57%±0.68%和36.43%±0.41%,此后,土壤含水量不断增加,分别于12:30-14:30,18:30和14:00达到峰值,其峰值依次为37.14%±0.80%,44.26%±0.91%和36.64%±0.39%,随后又呈现出逐渐下降的趋势。秋季土壤含水量的日变化明显不同于春、夏和冬3季。土壤含水量在0:00-4:00逐渐上升,在4:00-5:00出现第1峰值,随后下降至8:00达到最小值,第2峰值出现的时间为15:30,其峰值分别为33.09%±1.32%和33.16%±1.46%,随后逐渐下降。
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5月、8月和9月的土壤含水量在0~20 cm范围内减小,在20~40 cm范围内逐渐增加;而其他月份的土壤含水量在0~40 cm范围内逐渐增加。在0~20 cm深度范围,土壤垂向水分梯度较小,但月份间的差异较为明显;在20~40 cm深度范围,土壤垂向水分梯度较大,且月份间的差异也较为明显,其中冬季垂向水分梯度(28.43%~46.21%)大于夏季(35.81%~56.20%)(图 4)。不同季节垂直剖面土壤含水量大小均为夏季(6-8月)>春季(3-5月)>冬季(12-2月)>秋季(9-11月)。
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对洪泽湖湿地杨树林土壤水分与各气象因子进行相关性分析表明:在10 cm土壤层次,日降水量、日平均土壤温度、日平均相对湿度和日平均气温与土壤水分达极显著水平,其相关系数分别为0.378,0.549,0.510,0.462(n=116,P<0.01);日平均感热通量、平均风速和日平均土壤热通量与土壤水分达极显著水平,其相关系数分别为-0.482,-0.293和-0.223(n=116,P<0.01),而20,30和40 cm土壤水分均与日降水量、日平均空气温度、日平均相对湿度和日平均土壤温度呈极显著正相关(n=116,P<0.01),与日平均感热通量和平均风速呈极显著负相关(n=116,P<0.01),而与日平均潜热通量、日平均净辐射强度和日平均土壤热通量不相关(表 1)。
表 1 洪泽湖湿地杨树林不同层次土壤水分与气象因子的相关性分析
Table 1. Correlation between poplar forest soil moisture and meteorological factors at different soil layer in Hongze Lake Wetland
土层/cm 气象因子 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8 x9 x10 10 0.378** 0.022 -0.482** -0.175 -0.293** 0.016 0.462** 0.510** -0.223** 0.549** 20 0.240** -0.007 -0.294** 0.044 -0.430** 0.197* 0.485** 0.397** -0.032 0.708** 30 0.203* 0.108 -0.248** 0.020 -0.400** 0.105 0.506** 0.435** -0.109 0.818** 40 0.238** 0.118 -0.238** 0.067 -0.401** 0.220** 0.549** 0.434** -0.083 0.862** 说明:*表示显著(P<0.05),**表示极显著(P<0.01)。 根据不同层次土壤含水量和各气象因子的测定数据,利用多元逐步回归进一步量化分析,建立相应土壤层次中含水量的最优多元回归方程。经检验,不同层次土壤中的方程均达到了极显著水平(n=116,P<0.01;表 2)。在不同层次土壤中,不同的气象因子被引入逐步回归模型,所引入的气象因子均可在线性模型中解释55.00%以上的土壤水分的总变异。其中,日平均土壤温度对不同层次土壤水分的贡献率分别为20.38%(10 cm),57.97%(20 cm),10.73%(30 cm)和44.31%(40 cm),日平均相对湿度对不同层次土壤水分的贡献率分别为25.12%(10 cm),18.62%(20 cm)和20.88%(30 cm)。总的来看,在所引入的气象因子中,日平均土壤温度和日平均相对湿度对土壤水分的影响更为明显。
表 2 洪泽湖湿地杨树林不同层次土壤水分与气象因子的逐步回归分析
Table 2. Stepwise regression analysis between poplar forest soil moisture and meteorological factors at different soil layer in Hongze Lake Wetland
土层/cm 多元回归方程 R2 F值 P值 贡献率/% 10 y1=30.181+0.265x10-0.083x3+0.043x8-3.605x6+ 0.013x4 0.579 30.252 < 0.001** x10(20.38),x3(21.06),x8(25.12),x6(22.27),x4(11.17) 20 y2=26.9+0.388x10-0.017x2+0.017x8 0.589 53.427 < 0.001** x10(57.97),x2(24.11),x8(18.62) 30 y3=36.461+0.377x10-7.543x6+0.579x7-0.097x8-0.045x1-0.147x9-0.548x5 0.810 65.779 < 0.001** x10(10.73),x6(17.16),x7(38.07),x8(20.88),x1(5.01),x9(4.55),x5(3.60) 40 y4=36.158+0.896x10-0.342x9-0.026x2+0.06x3-0.747x5+0.06x7 0.839 94.749 < 0.001** x10(44.31),x9(18.48),x2(12.07),x3(9.81),x5(8.45),x7(6.88) 说明:*表示显著(P<0.05),**表示极显著(P<0.01)。
Soil moisture changes in a poplar forest and their relationship to meteorological factors in the Hongze Lake Wetland
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摘要: 在洪泽湖调蓄灌溉与南水北调常态化调水影响下,湖区水位显著波动对湿地土壤水分及植被生长产生深刻影响。以江苏洪泽湖湿地典型杨树林为对象,借助涡度相关及土壤水分监测系统,研究湿地土壤-杨树系统水分的时空动态变化特征,解析气象因子的影响,为洪泽湖湿地杨树林的水分管理和科学经营与保护提供理论依据。结果表明:湿地杨树林土壤水分的年内变化可以大致分为稳定期(10-2月,31.36%~36.07%),消耗期(3-4月,36.64%~37.46%),积累期(5-7月,39.22%~53.92%)和消退期(8-9月,40.38%~32.92%)等4个阶段;春、夏和冬3季的土壤含水量的日变化曲线呈单峰型特征,而秋季表现为不对称双峰曲线特征。土壤水分随着土壤深度(0~40 cm)的增加而逐渐增加。土壤水分变化与日降水量、日平均气温、日平均相对湿度、日平均土壤温度呈极显著正相关(P < 0.01),与日平均感热通量、平均风速呈极显著负相关(P < 0.01)。气象因子中,日平均土壤温度和日平均相对湿度对土壤水分的影响最为明显,其贡献率分别为10.73%~57.97%和18.62%~25.12%。Abstract: With storage irrigation and normal diversion of water from south to north, water level fluctuations in Hongze Lake have had a profound impact on soil moisture and the growth of wetland vegetation. To provide a theoretical basis for water management along with scientific management and protection of the poplar forest in Hongze Lake Wetland, spatial and temporal variations of soil moisture on a wetland system of poplar and their correlation with meteorological factors were analyzed using the system of eddy covariance and soil moisture monitoring. Results showed that over a year in the Hongze Lake Wetland the change of soil moisture in the poplar plantation could be divided into a stable period (October-February: 31.36%-36.07%), a consuming period (March-April: 36.64%-37.46%), an accumulating period (May-July: 39.22%-53.92%), and a subsiding period (August-September: 40.38%-32.92%). The diurnal variation of soil moisture in spring, summer, and winter exhibited mono-peak curves; whereas, two-peak curves occurred in autumn. Also, soil moisture increased with an increasing soil depth (0-40 cm). In addition, soil moisture in the poplar plantation was highly significant (P < 0.01) and positively correlated with daily precipitation (r = 0.203-0.378), daily mean air temperature (r = 0.462-0.549), daily average relative humidity (r = 0.397-0.510), and daily mean soil temperature (r = 0.549-0.862); it was also highly significant (P < 0.01) and negatively correlated with daily mean sensible heat flux (r = -0.238--0.482) and average wind speed (r = -0.293--0.430). Among these variables, the most obvious effect on soil moisture was with daily mean soil temperature (contributing 10.73%-57.97% to soil moisture) and daily average relative humidity (contributing 18.62%-25.12%. Based on the above analysis, an advice when we plant poplar using the method of ditching and ridging is put forward.
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Key words:
- wetland science /
- Hongze Lake /
- poplar /
- soil moisture /
- meteorological factor
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表 1 洪泽湖湿地杨树林不同层次土壤水分与气象因子的相关性分析
Table 1. Correlation between poplar forest soil moisture and meteorological factors at different soil layer in Hongze Lake Wetland
土层/cm 气象因子 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8 x9 x10 10 0.378** 0.022 -0.482** -0.175 -0.293** 0.016 0.462** 0.510** -0.223** 0.549** 20 0.240** -0.007 -0.294** 0.044 -0.430** 0.197* 0.485** 0.397** -0.032 0.708** 30 0.203* 0.108 -0.248** 0.020 -0.400** 0.105 0.506** 0.435** -0.109 0.818** 40 0.238** 0.118 -0.238** 0.067 -0.401** 0.220** 0.549** 0.434** -0.083 0.862** 说明:*表示显著(P<0.05),**表示极显著(P<0.01)。 表 2 洪泽湖湿地杨树林不同层次土壤水分与气象因子的逐步回归分析
Table 2. Stepwise regression analysis between poplar forest soil moisture and meteorological factors at different soil layer in Hongze Lake Wetland
土层/cm 多元回归方程 R2 F值 P值 贡献率/% 10 y1=30.181+0.265x10-0.083x3+0.043x8-3.605x6+ 0.013x4 0.579 30.252 < 0.001** x10(20.38),x3(21.06),x8(25.12),x6(22.27),x4(11.17) 20 y2=26.9+0.388x10-0.017x2+0.017x8 0.589 53.427 < 0.001** x10(57.97),x2(24.11),x8(18.62) 30 y3=36.461+0.377x10-7.543x6+0.579x7-0.097x8-0.045x1-0.147x9-0.548x5 0.810 65.779 < 0.001** x10(10.73),x6(17.16),x7(38.07),x8(20.88),x1(5.01),x9(4.55),x5(3.60) 40 y4=36.158+0.896x10-0.342x9-0.026x2+0.06x3-0.747x5+0.06x7 0.839 94.749 < 0.001** x10(44.31),x9(18.48),x2(12.07),x3(9.81),x5(8.45),x7(6.88) 说明:*表示显著(P<0.05),**表示极显著(P<0.01)。 -
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