Dust-retention capability evaluation of six species of <i>Syringa</i> and their leaf surface micromorphology

ZHONG Yuting; ZHANG Ying; ZHAO Bing

doi:10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210587

Volume 39 Issue 5

Sep. 2022

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ZHONG Yuting, ZHANG Ying, ZHAO Bing. Dust-retention capability evaluation of six species of Syringa and their leaf surface micromorphology[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(5): 1052-1058. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210587

Citation:

ZHONG Yuting, ZHANG Ying, ZHAO Bing. Dust-retention capability evaluation of six species of Syringa and their leaf surface micromorphology[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(5): 1052-1058. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210587

Dust-retention capability evaluation of six species of Syringa and their leaf surface micromorphology

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210587

College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China

Received Date: 2021-08-23
Accepted Date: 2022-06-07
Rev Recd Date: 2022-05-27

Available Online: 2022-09-22

Publish Date: 2022-10-20

Abstract

Objective This study is aimed to screen out Syringa plants with strong dust-retention capability so as to promote the ecological function of Syringa in urban greening. Method With six species of Syringa selected as the research materials, the three-layer filter method was first used to determine the particles of plants passing through filters with different pore sizes during the full-leaf period. Then the micromorphology of the leaf surface of the Syringa was observed before an investigation was conducted of the influence of the leaf micromorphology and the dust retention effect of the plant. Result (1) there were significant differences in the dust retention capabilities of Syringa plants(P＜0.05) with the order of the comprehensive dust-retention capability per unit leaf area of the 6 Syringa species for the full-leaf stage being S. chinensis＞S. pekinensis＞S. vulgaris＞S. oblata＞S. reticulata var. amurensis＞S. oblata var. alta. (2) it can be seen that S. chinensis had the strongest comprehensive dust-retention capability per unit leaf area whereas through microstructure observation, it was found that the upper surface of the assorted S. chinensis had deep grooves and dense folds around the stomata on the lower surface, which helps with the retention of particles. (3) from the perspective of the partial correlation coefficient, there isn’t a significant correlation (P＞0.05) between the leaf surface micromorphology parameters and the retention of dust (UTSP and UPM_2.5). Conclusion The depth of the trench may be one of the factors that affect the dust retention of plants and S. chinensis is recommended as an excellent garden dust-retaining shrub specie and can be widely used to retent dust pollution. [Ch, 2 fig. 3 tab. 26 ref.]
- Syringa,
- dust-retention capability,
- leaf surface micromorphology,
- scanning electron microscopy,
- atmospheric particulate matters

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沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

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近年来，随着城市化和工业化进程的加快，环境污染问题愈发严重，其中秋冬季节多地频发的雾霾天气使空气污染成为人们高度关注的重大问题^[1]。目前，空气中悬浮的颗粒物不仅加剧城市“热岛效应”，影响气候变化，恶化人们生活环境，甚至还影响人类身体健康，引起呼吸系统和心脑血管系统疾病^[2-3]。研究表明：园林植物能够有效吸滞空气中的微小颗粒，从而改善空气环境质量^[4-6]。丁香是木犀科Oleaceae丁香属Syringa的落叶灌木或小乔木，其植株秀丽多姿，花色淡雅，花香怡人，抗逆性极强^[7]，作为独特的观赏树种在西北园林中扮演着重要的角色。但是不同的树种综合滞尘能力均有差异，且关于园林植物的滞尘能力与调控机制的研究大多集中在不同城市常见园林植物^[8-13]。XU等^[14]研究表明紫丁香S. oblata对不同粒径颗粒物都表现出较强的吸滞能力，黄靖懿^[15]对哈尔滨市12种常见树木滞尘能力进行研究发现丁香的滞尘能力可以排在第2位，于宁^[16]对青岛市居住区19种主要灌木树种的滞尘能力等生态作用进行测定，发现丁香属植物具有较高的生态价值，可以较好地吸滞细颗粒物。丁香属很多分类群的性状变异非常复杂^[17]，其单位叶面积和微形态结构都具有很大差异^[18]，但是目前缺少对不同种丁香间的滞尘效应差异研究，因此，本研究测定6种丁香属植物在满叶期对不同粒径颗粒物的滞留量，分析评价丁香属植物对不同粒径颗粒物的滞留能力，同时通过扫描电镜对植物叶表面微观结构进行观察，探究微观结构对植物滞尘能力的影响，以期筛选出滞尘能力较强的丁香属植物，为丁香在城市绿化中的合理利用提供科学依据。

1. 材料与方法

1.1. 供试材料与试验设计

供试材料为6种丁香属植物(表1)叶片采自西北农林科技大学南校区，该地区属于暖温带半湿润气候区，年均降水量为637.6 mm，7—10月为多雨季节^[19]，试验于2020年10月24日至11月2日进行。

树种	株高/m	冠幅/m	周边环境
什锦丁香Syringa chinensis	2.75~3.45	2.40~3.35	道路(南)、道路(西)
欧丁香S. vulgaris	3.55~4.85	3.20~3.95	道路(东)、群植玉兰(南)
紫丁香S. oblata	3.70~4.65	3.05~4.02	道路和建筑(南)、雪松(西)
北京丁香S. pekinensis	4.50~5.50	3.97~5.03	道路(南)、群植金银木(北)
暴马丁香S. reticulata var. amurensis	4.75~5.78	4.04~5.15	道路(南)、群植金银木(北)
白丁香S. oblata var. alta	3.50~3.97	3.40~4.11	道路(东)、群植玉兰(南)
说明：玉兰Magnolia denudata，雪松Cedrus deodara，金银木Lonicera maackii

Table 1. Basic information of six species of Syringa

通过3级滤膜过滤法^[20]进行6种丁香属植物叶面滞尘量的测定，并且使用扫描电镜^[21]对丁香属植物叶片微观结构进一步观察。滤膜由北京海成世洁过滤器材有限公司提供。

1.2. 研究方法

1.2.1. 样品采集

采样日期选择在降雨后第7天(累积降雨量达27 mm以上)，采样时间段为9:00—11:00，采样高度离地面约2 m，选择3株生长状况一致的树种，在树冠外围东南西北共4个方位，上中下取健康完整叶片，每包叶片的采集面积控制在约200 cm²，重复3次，小心封样后立即带回实验室进行处理。

1.2.2. 叶面滞尘量的测定

预处理微孔滤膜，即微孔滤膜材料均用蒸馏水充分浸泡24 h，于105 ℃下烘干至恒量，用万分之一天平称量待用。将采集的叶片材料浸泡2 h后，软毛刷清洗叶片正反面粉尘，洗涤3次，洗涤工具同样再冲洗3次，收集全部洗液待用，然后使用10.0、2.5、0.2 μm孔径的聚脂膜过滤，在恒温干燥箱干燥(60 ℃)后，用万分之一天平称量直至质量无变化。材料所吸附的各粒径颗粒物的质量为微孔滤膜过滤前后差值，将洗净的全部样品叶片贴于塑料板上，使用活体叶面积仪(LI-3000C)测单叶面积，样品总面积为植物单叶面积之和。计算各植物总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)、直径大于10.0 μm的颗粒物(PM_＞10)、直径为2.5~10.0 μm的颗粒物(PM₁₀)、直径为0.2~2.5 μm的颗粒物(PM_2.5) 滞留量与叶片总面积的比例，得到单位叶面积上各粒径颗粒物的滞留量。

1.2.3. 微观结构的观察

每种植物采集3片健康完整叶片，避开主叶脉随机切取5 mm×5 mm正方形，使用TM 3000台式扫描电镜观察叶表面微观结构并拍照，统计叶表皮气孔密度、气孔长度、宽度和沟槽宽度等数据。

1.3. 数据处理

采用Excel和SPSS 26.0对数据统计分析，使用Origin 2018作图。

3. 结论与讨论

叶片表面粗糙程度、上下表面沟壑宽度、表皮毛数量、分泌物等因素都可以影响植物叶片吸滞粉尘颗粒物能力^{[6, 21-24]}。本研究通过微观结构观察发现植物叶片主要是上表面承担滞留粉尘颗粒物的作用，这一结果与王蕾等^[25]和石婕等^[9]的研究结果相同。雨水冲刷、风等外力条件可以使植物滞留的粉尘颗粒被冲刷，起伏较深的沟壑可以有效吸附粉尘颗粒物^[23]，因此什锦丁香叶片上表面的深沟壑有利于粉尘颗粒物的滞留，白丁香和暴马丁香的滞尘能力较差是因为其上表面结构较光滑平整，不易于滞留粉尘颗粒物。

目前，大多数滞尘微形态结构研究结果不尽相同，王蕾等^[25]和刘璐等^[26]研究发现：植物叶片气孔越大，滞尘能力越强。李艳梅等^[21]研究表明气孔孔径与植物滞尘能力无显著关系。本研究分析丁香植物叶片微结构参数与滞尘相关性，发现气孔宽度与UTSP和UPM_2.5达显著负相关，说明植物叶片气孔宽度越窄，植物滞尘能力越强，气孔宽度对植物滞尘具有重要作用，但是植物滞尘效应研究影响因素复杂，需要排除其他因素的影响。从偏相关系数来看，叶表微结构(气孔密度、气孔长度、气孔宽度、上表皮沟壑宽度和下表皮沟壑宽度)与滞尘量(UTSP和UPM_2.5)均未达显著相关(P＞0.05)，该结果与王琴等^[8]和李艳梅等^[21]的研究结果不一致，说明叶片上下表皮沟壑宽度还未能显著影响丁香属植物滞尘效果，因此本研究所选定量指标并不是丁香属植物叶滞纳大气颗粒物的功能指标，沟壑深度可能是影响丁香属植物滞尘的因素之一，植物滞尘机制还需进一步研究，以探究出影响植株滞尘效应的调控机制^[6]。

综上所述，什锦丁香在6种丁香属植物中单位叶面积滞尘能力最强，宜作为优良的园林滞尘灌木树种，在工业聚集区、校园、道路等地方广泛应用，具备观赏价值的同时，能有效减轻城市粉尘颗粒物污染，对增强环境效益和观赏性发挥积极作用；紫丁香、欧丁香适合种植在校园、居民居住区、商业街道等污染较轻的区域，在应对雾霾等严重的空气污染，滞留粉尘颗粒物能力表现比较优良；暴马丁香和白丁香的单位叶面积滞尘能力各方面都较弱，可以作为生态旅游区绿化树种。因此，在丁香配置种植时，需要因地制宜，实现园林植物调控空气污染颗粒物效益的最大化、最优化。

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树种	SD/(个·视野⁻¹)	SL/μm	SW/μm	GWU/μm	GWL/μm	UTSP/(g·m⁻²)	UPM_2.5/(g·m⁻²)
什锦丁香	20.00±2.00 cd	23.47±1.84 b	7.82±0.81 ab	7.79±0.72 a	3.43±1.31 b	2.13±0.09 a	0.44±0.04 a
欧丁香	21.30±0.58 cd	25.80±1.46 a	9.00±0.73 a	3.69±0.24 b	2.16±0.15 c	1.35±0.11 c	0.25±0.02 c
紫丁香	22.70±1.53 c	18.73±0.62 c	6.07±0.88 c	7.20±1.93 a	2.78±0.38 bc	1.37±0.06 bc	0.21±0.00 d
北京丁香	55.30±1.15 a	12.15±1.06 d	7.19±0.66 bc	3.05±0.46 b	3.82±0.35 ab	1.53±0.07 b	0.37±0.02 b
暴马丁香	31.30±2.08 b	16.70±1.56 c	7.50±0.50 b	0.00±0.00 c	2.35±0.26 c	0.91±0.15 d	0.19±0.01 d
白丁香	18.70±2.31 d	26.28±0.44 a	6.72±0.39 bc	3.01±0.52 b	4.88±0.41 a	0.80±0.03 d	0.14±0.01 e
说明：SD为下表皮气孔密度，在500倍视野下测量，SL为气孔长度，SW为气孔宽度，GWU为上表皮沟壑宽度，GWL为下表皮沟壑宽度，UTSP为单位叶面积总悬浮颗粒物滞留量，UPM_2.5为单位叶面积PM_2.5直径为0.2~2.5 μm的颗粒物滞留量。同列不同字母表示不同树种间差异显著(P＜0.05)

影响因素	UTSP		UPM_2.5		控制变量
影响因素	相关系数	偏相关系数	相关系数	偏相关系数	控制变量
SD	−0.026	0.098	0.033	0.096	SL、SW、GWU、GWL
SL	0.058	0.099	0.009	0.080	SD、SW、GWU、GWL
SW	−0.676*	−0.676	−0.679*	−0.657	SD、SL、GWU、GWL
GWU	0.312	0.348	0.210	0.213	SD、SL、SW、GWL
GWL	0.182	−0.089	0.212	0.005	SD、SL、SW、GWU
说明：SD为下表皮气孔密度，SL为气孔长度，SW为气孔宽度，GWU为上表皮沟壑宽度，GWL为下表皮沟壑宽度，UTSP为单位叶　　　　　面积总悬浮颗粒物滞留量，UPM_2.5为单位叶面积PM_2.5直径为0.2~2.5 μm的颗粒物滞留量。*P＜0.05