Articles in press have been peer-reviewed and accepted, which are not yet assigned to volumes /issues, but are citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI).
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230506
Abstract:
Objective This study, with an investigation into the impact of land use structure transformation in national key ecological functional areas on ecosystem service functions, is aimed to provide reference for the formulation of local economic and social development plans as well as the rational and effective allocation of land resources. Method With land use data collected of Taihu County in 2000, 2010, and 2020, a land use transfer matrix was established to analyze the law of land use changes whereas spatial quantitative calculations were performed based on the ecosystem service value (ESV) at the 600 m×600 m grid scale. Afterwards, spatial autocorrelation was employed to explore the spatiotemporal aggregation characteristics and hot and cold hot spot differentiation rules of ecosystem service value on land use changes. Result (1) The change in land use area in Taihu County from 2000 to 2020 was generally gradual with the proportion of construction land increasing by 1.43%, and the proportion of cultivated land decreasing by 1.00%; the area of grassland, forestland, and cultivated land from 2000 to 2020 was on the decline year by year while the construction land increased year by year. (2)The comprehensive land use change index was higher than 0 and the county’ s land use change structure was in the growth stage. (3) The past 20 years witnessed a decline in the ecosystem service value of all land use types in Taihu County with waters and forestland having the highest contribution rate to the total ecosystem service value of the study area. (4) Land use changes were positively correlated with the spatial distribution of ESV, mainly in low-low agglomeration areas and high-high agglomeration areas and such a correlation is enhanced with the changes in the land use structure, and in terms of the distribution of cold and hot spots in Taihu County, hot spots were mainly in the middle area while the cold ones are distributed in the northern area, with noticeable differentiation in the southern part. Conclusion Different land use types would cause significant differences in the quantity and spatial distribution of ESV in Taihu County, therefore, it is necessary to focus on the protection of water body area and the optimization of land resource allocation in the expansion of construction land in the south, and strengthen the optimization of land resource allocation for the sake of sustainable and effective ecological development of Taihu County. [Ch, 4 fig. 7 tab. 31 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230489
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the phylogenetic location of Prunus triloba ‘Multiplex’ and analyze its chloroplast gene composition characteristics, the whole chloroplast genome sequence of P. triloba ‘Multiplex’ was sequenced. Method The leaves of P. triloba ‘Multiplex’ were used as materials to extract chloroplast DNA using 2×CTAB method. The whole chloroplast genome was sequenced by Illumina NovaSeq platform. We then assembled, annotated, and analyzed the genetic characteristics of the chloroplast genomic sequence. Combined with the NCBI database data, the phylogenetic relationship of P. triloba ‘Multiplex’ was constructed based on the whole chloroplast genome sequence. Result The total length of the chloroplast genome of P. triloba ‘Multiplex’ is 157 827 bp, with NCBI registration number MT937181. The structure is a classic tetrad structure, consisting of 1 LSC (large single copy region), 1 SSC (small single copy region), and IRa/IRb (reverse repeat region), with sequence lengths of 86 032, 19 023, 26 386, and 26 386 bp, respectively. The total content of GC and AT is 36.80% and 63.20%, respectively. The complete chloroplast genome sequence of P. triloba ‘Multiplex’ was annotated to 132 genes, including 37 tRNA genes, 87 coding protein genes, and 8 rRNA genes, respectively. The chloroplast genome of P. triloba ‘Multiplex’ encodes a total of 26 672 codons and 236 eligible SSR loci. The A/T base is dominant in the SSR site, and the base preference is very obvious. Conclusion The phylogenetic tree analysis showed that P. triloba ‘Multiplex’ and P. triloba aggregate into a branch structure, and are closely related to P. pedunculata in the same genus. The results of this study will provide new evidence and basic experimental data for species identification, phylogenetic evolution, and breeding and selection of P. triloba ‘Multiplex’. [Ch, 4 fig. 4 tab. 26 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230508
Abstract:
Objective This study, with an investigation of the physiological response mechanism of Clematis henryi to different light intensity, is aimed to provide scientific basis for its introduction, cultivation, and landscaping applications. Method With three-year-old C. henryi cutting seedlings used as experimental materials, five light treatments were set up: full sunlight (ck), 80% (T1), 60% (T2), 50% (T3), and 40% (T4) shading before a study was conducted of the effects of different shading levels on the growth and physiology of C. henryi plants. Result (1) Shading treatment significantly increased the number of tillers, number of segments and segment spacing of plants (P＜0.05), with the increase in the number of tillers and segment spacing of plants under T1 treatment being the highest (63.0% and 24.3%, respectively), and the segment spacing of plants under T1, T2 and T3 treatments being higher than that of the control (27.5%, 8.4% and 32.1% respectively). (2) Shading treatment significantly promoted protein synthesis and decreased MDA production (P＜0.01), with the mass molar concentration of MDA in T1 treatment being the lowest, and the mass fraction of soluble protein (SP) reaching the maximum at 30 d (11.2 mg·g−1). (3) The mass concentration of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b increased continuously, with each index of the shading group being higher than that of the control at 60 d, and the total mass concentration of chlorophyll reaching the maximum value (2.28 mg·L−1) at 30 d, which was 3.9 times that of the control. (4) The activities of POD and CAT showed the trend of rise-fall-rise with the shading from high to low, while the activities of the two enzymes increased gradually over time, and the opposite was true for SOD. Conclusion C. henryi exhibited strong shade tolerance, with shading levels of 50% − 60% significantly promoting the growth and dry matter accumulation of branches and leaves, enhancing ornamental value. Therefore, suitable shading environments should be selected for summer cultivation to ensure the healthy growth of plants. [Ch, 3 fig. 4 tab. 30 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230573
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Objective This study, with an investigation of the ecological stoichiometry characteristics of plant-litter-soil in typical forest stands in the Loess Hilly Region of China, is aimed to reveal the main limiting nutrient elements for the growth and development of vegetation in the ecosystem in this region. Method With a natural secondary forest of Quercus liaotungensis as the control, a systematic analysis was conducted of the ecological stoichiometric characteristics and their correlation between tree leaves, branches, roots, litter and soil in the forest of Pinus tabuliformis, Robinia pseudoacacia and Platycladus orientalis in Loess Hilly Region. Result (1) The overall contents of C, N and P in different organs in typical stands were leaves＞branches＞roots, and compared with C content, the content of N and P varied greatly between different organs with the C content of P. tabuliformis organs being substantially higher than other forest stands (P＜0.05) and the N contents of leaves, roots, litter and soil of R. pseudoacacia being significantly higher than other forest stands (P＜0.05). (2) R. pseudoacacia leaf C/N and C/P were significantly lower than other forest stands (P＜0.05), with N/P being between 14 and 16, while leaf N/P of all other stands was lower than 14 and litter N/P was lower than 25. (3) C and N contents of all plant organs in typical stands were prominently positively correlated with litter C and N content (P＜0.05), while plant P was significantly negatively correlated with litter and soil P content; soil C content was significantly negatively correlated with litter C content (P＜0.05) but positively correlated with litter N content (P＜0.05) and there was a significant negative correlation between litter C/N, C/P and soil C/N, C/P and N/P respectively (P＜0.05). Conclusion Plant growth and development and litter decomposition in typical stands in the loess hills were mainly limited by N. And R. pseudoacacia forests should be selected and protected in the vegetation restoration in the Loess Hilly Region as its growth rate is the highest and the litter is easier to decompose. [Ch, 3 fig. 1 tab. 30 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230614
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Objective Salvia miltiorrhiza is a traditional Chinese medicine used in clinical treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Elucidating the molecular regulation mechanism of metabolism and synthesis of pharmacophore of S. miltiorrhiza can provide scientific basis for breeding new varieties of S. miltiorrhiza with high quality. Method The transcriptional factor SmJRB2 in response to methyljasmonic acid (MeJA) induction was picked out based on comparative transcriptome mining. The coding sequence of this gene was cloned using homologous cloning technology and analyzed by bioinformatics. The tissue expression and MeJA induced expression of SmJRB2 gene were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The function of SmJRB2 gene was identified based on the genetic transformation technology of S. miltiorrhiza mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Result The results showed that SmJRB2 encoded 501 amino acids and belonged to the MYC transcription factor of bHLH transcription factor family. The expression of SmJRB2 gene was the highest in leaves and principal root. SmJRB2 gene was intensively induced by MeJA and its highest expression level peaked at the induction time of 4 h. Overexpression of SmJRB2 promoted the accumulation of tanshinones and suppression of SmJRB2 gene decreased the biosynthesis of tanshinones. Conclusion SmJRB2 is a positive regulator of tanshinone metabolic synthesis. [Ch. 8 fig. 1 tab. 40 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240178
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Objective This study aimed to investigate the impact of adjusting the number and opening angle of skeleton branches of Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’ on canopy light intensity and leaf photosynthesis. Additionally, it aimed to elucidate alterations in carbohydrate, oil content, and other components to reveal the effect of tree shape adjustment on seed quality and provide a scientific basis for the tree cultivation. Method Experiments with different numbers and opening angles of skeleton branches were conducted using single-factor and interactive treatments to examine canopy light intensity, leaf photosynthesis, and the contents of soluble sugar, starch, soluble protein, oil and fatty acid components. Result Adjusting the opening angle of skeleton branches significantly influenced canopy light intensity. Under the opening angle of 60°, the light intensity in the central and lower layers of the canopy notably increased (P＜0.05) from May to September, peaking at 40 klx in the central layer in July. However, an excessively wide opening angle of 80° led to a decrease of canopy light intensity. Under the interactive treatment of different numbers and opening angles of skeleton branches, the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate of the leaves significantly increased in May, July and September (P＜0.05). Carbohydrate analysis revealed that the contents of soluble sugar and starch in seeds under 3 and 4 branches with the opening angle of 60° adjustment (N3-A60° and N4-A60°) were significantly increased (P＜0.05). The content of soluble sugar and starch in the seeds reached 609.05 and 576.63 mg·g−1, respectively. Furthermore, tree shape adjustment significantly promoted the accumulation of soluble protein and oil in the seeds. Conclusion The tree shape adjustment of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ can enhance the canopy light intensity, leaf photosynthesis and seed quality, and the 3 and 4 skeleton branches with the opening angle of 60° has the best promotion effect. [Ch, 2 fig. 7 tab. 38 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230492
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Objective With the increasing depletion of petrochemical resources and the environmental pollution caused by the extraction and use process, sustainable and environmentally friendly lubricating grease products have been prepared using renewable natural cellulose as a thickener. Method Three sets of lubricating grease products with a viscosity grade of 2# were prepared using pure cellulose, gas-phase SiO2, and cellulose/SiO2 as thickeners, and their penetration, drop point, oil separation rate, rheological properties, and tribological properties were tested. Result The silicon hydroxyl groups on the surface of SiO2 can undergo hydrogen bonding crosslinking with the hydroxyl groups of cellulose, improving the physicochemical properties, rheological properties, and tribological properties of lubricating grease. In terms of physicochemical properties, compared to cellulose grease and SiO2 grease, cellulose/SiO2 grease has a lower oil separation rate and improved colloidal stability; And a drop point appeared at 327 ℃, which improved the fluidity at high temperatures of silicone grease. In terms of rheological properties, the viscosity temperature performance and shear resistance of cellulose/SiO2 lubricating grease have been improved, and the structural recovery speed is faster than that of silicone grease, and the structural system is more stable. In terms of tribological performance, compared to cellulose grease and SiO2 grease, cellulose/SiO2 grease has an improved friction reduction effect, with the lowest friction coefficient and friction force. Conclusion A cellulose based grease with practical prospects has been obtained, which is in line with the national low-carbon and sustainable development strategy. [Ch, 7 fig. 2 tab. 32 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230481
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Objective The purpose of this study is to examine the provenance variations in growth, shape and quality traits of 10-year-old Toona sinensis, to reveal the variation of different traits in geographical provenance, and to carry out provenance division and selection. Method Using the 10-year-old T. sinensis provenance test in Kaihua County, Zhejiang Province as material, the tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), height under the branch, crown width, volume, trunk completeness, and crown completeness were measured, and various ecological and environmental factors were obtained. Variance, principal component, correlation, and cluster analysis were applied to calculate the general heritability, comprehensive selection index, and genetic gain to elucidate the geographical variation patterns of growth, shape, and quality traits and their relationship with ecological factors of different origin. Result There were significant provenance differences (P＜0.01) in tree height, DBH, trunk completeness, and volume. The DBH, tree height, crown width, height under branches, and volume of the provenances displayed typical zonal variation patterns. There was a highly significant positive correlation (P＜0.01) between DBH and crown width, height under branches and volume. DBH was positively correlated (P＜0.05) with the annual mean temperature, the average daily minimum temperature in the coldest month, and the average daily mean temperature in the driest season. According to the clustering results of all provenances, T. sinensis could be divided into two provenance zones: south and north. Three excellent provenances were selected, namely Yuanmou, Enshi and Taihe. Conclusion There are significant differences among the provenances of 10-year-old T. sinensis, with a gradual decrease in the variation of tree height, DBH, and volume from south to north. DBH is the main genetic improvement trait during selection, which can provide a reliable basis for the selection of high-quality T. sinensis varieties for timber use. [Ch, 3 fig. 6 tab. 25 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230259
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Objective The aim of this study is to simulate suitable habitat changes of snow leopards (Panthera uncia) under land use change before and after Natural Forest Protection Project (NFPP) and different climate scenarios, which has practical significance for rare animal conservation in alpine mountains. Methods Total 22 environmental variables that may have an impact on the distribution of snow leopards were selected and the land use data in 2000 and 2020 were used to represent the changes in land use type before and after the implementation of NFPP. The maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) was used to simulate the distribution change of suitable habitats for snow leopards, and the potential suitable habitats for snow leopards in 2050 under two climate scenarios, namely RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, were simulated. Results Before the implementation of NFPP, the high suitable area of snow leopards in Qinghai Province was about 117 900 km2, the medium suitable area was 119 600 km2, and the low suitable area was 229 600 km2. The total suitability distribution area was 467 100 km2 (accounting for 64.7% of the study area). After the implementation of NFPP, the high, medium, and low suitable areas of snow leopards were 117 800, 117 700 and 241 400 km2, respectively, and the total suitable area increased to 476 900 km2 (accounting for 66.0% of the study area). The simulation results of future scenarios showed that by 2050, the suitable habitat of snow leopards in Qinghai Province would generally show a trend of contraction and agglomeration, with a certain degree of decrease in the areas of high, medium and low suitable habitats compared with 2020. Among them, the medium suitable habitats would decrease by 3 000 and 4 900 km2 under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios, respectively, while the high suitable habitat area would decrease by 14 400 and 14 600 km2, respectively. Conclusion The land use changed from 2000 to 2020, with a slight increase in the suitable habitat for snow leopards, inferring that NFPP has not led to the expansion of sirable habitat for snow leopards. A future warming climate will have a negative impact on the suitable habitat for snow leopards. Therefore, forestry management departments should strengthen monitoring of snow leopard activities and develop conservation strategies in advance for endangered wildlife such as snow leopards under climate change.[Ch, 3 tab. 42 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240177
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Objective This study aims to study the changes of oil quality in nano-film packaged Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’ nuts during storage, and provide theoretical basis for searching new packaging material. Method The nanocomposite film solution prepared from pseudoseed residue after essential oil extraction and its essential oil were used as packaging raw materials. The oxidation experiment of the nuts during storage(0-6 weeks) was conducted by Schaal oven method. Two packaging types were set up (direct coating: control, short for ck; nanocomposite film solution coating, short for Coating; film bagged: plastic bag, short for PE; nanocomposite film bag, short for Film). Result (1) During 4 to 6 week of storage time, the iodine value of the nuts with Coating was significantly higher than that of ck (P＜0.05), but it of the nuts with Film was significantly lower than that of PE (P＜0.05). (2) During 5 to 6 week of storage time, the lipid oxidase activity, peroxidation value, carbonyl value and thiolbarbituric acid content of the nuts with Coating were significantly higher than those of ck (P＜0.05), and the above indicators of the nuts with Film were significantly lower than those of PE. (3) PCA analysis showed that there was no obvious separation between the nuts with Coating and Film, however, the two treatments clearly separated from PE and ck. Conclusion The newly prepared nanocomposite film solution, whether directly coating or film bagged can significantly delay the rancidity of the nuts, with better oil quality during storage. [ Ch, 6 fig. 36 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230469
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Objective With the clarification of the relationships and temporal dynamics of large moth species in Mount Tianmu in Zhejiang Province, this paper aims to provide a theoretical basis for the insect investigation in Mount Tianmu. Method Large moth specimens were collected from Zhejiang Mount Tianmu National Nature Reserve at different altitudes during the four-month period from May to August in 2022 before a systematic analysis was conducted of them and their population temporal dynamics. Result A total of 3367 large moth specimens were collected, belonging to 269 species of 25 families. The dominant taxa were the families Geometidae, Crambidae, Sphingidae and Noctuidae. At the altitude ranges of 600 − 1 200 m, the Simpson index, Shannon index, Margalef richness index and Pielou uniformity index were high, and the overall correlation was positive. The species-multidegree curve of large moths tended to be lognormal distribution at this altitude gradient, and the rest of altitude gradients were consistent with the niche priority occupation hypothesis. The number of large moth species was the largest with the strongest stability in July. Conclusion The large moth species were sensitive to time in Mount Tianmu with the number of species and individuals of them increasing at first and then decreasing from May to August. Species diversity of large moths increased at first and then decreased with the increase of altitude, and the similarity coefficient between medium and low altitude gradients was at medium and high levels. [Ch, 3 fig. 4 tab. 20 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230366
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Objective This study aims to investigate the impact of applying silicon fertilizer and biochar on water-soluble silicon, bioavailable silicon, organically bound silicon, iron-manganese oxide bound silicon, amorphous silicon (biogenic and pedogenic), and total silicon mass fraction in Phyllostachys edulis plantation soil, and analyze the relationship between soil water-soluble silicon, soil active silicon components and soil characteristics. Method Based on the factorial design, 4 treatments were used, including control (S0B0), application of silicon fertilizer at 450 kg·hm−2 (S1B0), application of biochar at 10 t·hm−2 (S0B1), and combination of silicon fertilizer and biochar (S1B1). Result Silicon fertilizer increased bioavailable silicon and iron-manganese oxide bound silicon in Ph. edulis soil. The addition of biochar increased the amorphous silicon reservoir (main effect). The combined application of silicon fertilizer and biochar increased the water-soluble silicon in soil. The addition of silicon fertilizer, biochar, and soil depth all changed the composition of soil active silicon and promoted their mutual transformation. There was a highly significant positive correlation between soil organic carbon mass fraction and soil active silicon component (P=0.002). In addition, the addition of silicon fertilizer could directly and indirectly improve soil water-soluble silicon, mediate the conversion of soil silicon components, and improve the solubility of soil active silicon pools. The addition of biochar improved the accumulation of water-soluble silicon in soil. On the one hand, it increased botanical silicon. On the other hand, it increased soil pH and the mass fraction of amorphous silicon in soil formation, and regulated the distribution of soil silicon in each component. Conclusion The application of silicon fertilizer and biochar promotes the accumulation of active silicon in soil and changes their mutual conversion in Ph. edulis plantation in subtropical China, but the transformation pathways are different. [Ch, 4 fig. 5 tab. 41 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230457
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Objective This study, with an investigation of the effects of plant growth regulator soaking, substrate type and growth stage of cutting scion on rooting of Cornus hongdongensis subsp. tonkinensis as well as the morphological characteristics and physiological and biochemical properties of cutting during the rooting process, is aimed to establish a scientific basis for its propagation and production . Method First, using clear water treatment as a control, an orthogonal design was performed for plant growth regulator treatment, including types (ABT-1, NAA and IAA), concentrations (100, 300 and 500 mg·L−1) and soaking duration (30, 60 and 180 min); then, 4 types of cutting substrates were prepared, containing vermiculite (S1), river sand (S2), V(peat soil)∶V(vermiculite)∶V(perlite)=2∶2∶1(S3) and V(peat soil)∶V(loess)=1∶1(S4); afterwards, cutting scions were collected at three stages on July 12, August 15 and September 1, respectively before the rooting index was statistically analyzed, and the changes of nutrient content and rooting-related enzyme activities in the process of rooting were measured. [Result] (1) The rooting type was dominated by skin rooting, which accounted for 58.60% of the total number of roots. (2) In the orthogonal test, the hightest rooting rate of 77.78% was achieved by soaking the cutting with 300 mg·L−1 IAA for 30 min. (3) In the cutting substrate test, the highest rooting rate and rooting index were found in S3 substrate treatment (82.22% and 19.34). (4) In growth stage test, mid-growth cutting rooting was highest (82.88%). (5) Compared with the control treatment, the IAA treatment effectively promoted nutrient consumption in the cutting and increased the activity of oxidative enzymes. (6) Correlation analysis showed that rooting rate was significantly negatively correlated with soluble sugars, starch and soluble proteins during the period of root primordium induction and healing formation (P＜0.05), and highly significantly positively correlated with POD and SOD (P＜0.01). Conclusion Cutting scion taken at mid-growth through 300 mg·L−1IAA for 30 min treatment and embed in S3 substrate achieved the highest rooting percentage and rooting index up to 82.22% and 19.34, respectively. [Ch, 2 fig. 7 tab. 30 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230501
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In the context of global change, research on greenhouse gas emission and sink in forest soil, especially on the response of soil greenhouse gas emission in Phyllostachys edulis expansion forests, is increasing. This paper reviews the soil greenhouse gas response and mechanism in Ph. edulis expansion forest. Ph. edulis relies on its powerful bamboo whips to grow rapidly and continuously expand into the surrounding stands, completing its growth within a short time. Due to its unique reproductive mode and strong expansion ability, many adjacent native forests are invaded by Ph. edulis expansion to form mixed forests, which gradually evolve into pure Ph. edulis forests. The expansion of Ph. edulis has an increasing impact on the native ecosystem, changing the material cycling process of the ecosystem, leading to an imbalance in soil carbon and nitrogen input and transformation, and thus affecting greenhouse gas emissions. Nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are two important greenhouse gases. Soil is an important carbon and nitrogen pool related to CO2 and N2O emissions. Soil physiochemical properties, litter decomposition and soil microbial community structure jointly determine soil greenhouse gas emissions. In recent years, the expansion area of Ph. edulis has been increasing, resulting in continuous changes in the soil environment in the expansion area, which has affected N2O and CO2 emissions to a certain extent. The results showed that after Ph. edulis expansion, soil pH increased, litter decomposition rate accelerated, and soil carbon and nitrogen increased. Ph. edulis expansion promoted soil CO2 emission, increased the abundance of soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the expanded forest and affected nitrification and denitrification by regulating the abundance of N2O related functional genes such as amoA in ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), nitrite reductase gene (nirK) and nitrous oxide reductase gene (nosZ), thereby further affecting soil N2O emissions. Future research should further explore its internal mechanism to provide theoretical support for the scientific management of Ph. edulis expansion forest and greenhouse gas emission reduction. [Ch, 79 ref.]
In the context of global change, research on greenhouse gas emission and sink in forest soil, especially on the response of soil greenhouse gas emission in Phyllostachys edulis expansion forests, is increasing. This paper reviews the soil greenhouse gas response and mechanism in Ph. edulis expansion forest. Ph. edulis relies on its powerful bamboo whips to grow rapidly and continuously expand into the surrounding stands, completing its growth within a short time. Due to its unique reproductive mode and strong expansion ability, many adjacent native forests are invaded by Ph. edulis expansion to form mixed forests, which gradually evolve into pure Ph. edulis forests. The expansion of Ph. edulis has an increasing impact on the native ecosystem, changing the material cycling process of the ecosystem, leading to an imbalance in soil carbon and nitrogen input and transformation, and thus affecting greenhouse gas emissions. Nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are two important greenhouse gases. Soil is an important carbon and nitrogen pool related to CO2 and N2O emissions. Soil physiochemical properties, litter decomposition and soil microbial community structure jointly determine soil greenhouse gas emissions. In recent years, the expansion area of Ph. edulis has been increasing, resulting in continuous changes in the soil environment in the expansion area, which has affected N2O and CO2 emissions to a certain extent. The results showed that after Ph. edulis expansion, soil pH increased, litter decomposition rate accelerated, and soil carbon and nitrogen increased. Ph. edulis expansion promoted soil CO2 emission, increased the abundance of soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the expanded forest and affected nitrification and denitrification by regulating the abundance of N2O related functional genes such as amoA in ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), nitrite reductase gene (nirK) and nitrous oxide reductase gene (nosZ), thereby further affecting soil N2O emissions. Future research should further explore its internal mechanism to provide theoretical support for the scientific management of Ph. edulis expansion forest and greenhouse gas emission reduction. [Ch, 79 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230471
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Objective This study, with an exploration of the rooting differences and the physiological differences in response to drought stress between male and female Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’, is aimed to provide a scientific basis for the cultivation of drought-resistant germplasm resources of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’. Method First, with the shoots of newborn male and female T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ selected as materials, a comparison is conducted of the differences in rooting of summer cuttings between them. Then, PEG solution was applied to male and female T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ with consistent rooting status for simulated drought treatment after which the changes of antioxidant enzyme activity, osmomodulating substances, membrane lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species content of male and female seedlings were compared and analyzed under different treatment times. Result The survival rate of male T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ of summer cuttings was generally higher than female and the best time for cuttings was different for male and female T. grandis ‘Merrillii’. Cuttings for the female in June had higher survival, rooting rates and a higher number of lateral roots than those in July and August whereas the survival rate and rooting rate of male cuttings in August were higher than those in June and July, and the number of lateral roots was higher. When the male and female T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ were cut for the same number of days, the survival rate and rooting rate of male plants were higher than the female ones. Drought stress caused significant changes in antioxidant enzyme activity in fragrant leaves, and disturbed its osmoregulatory function and reactive oxygen species metabolism balance. Under drought stress, female plants had higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity and catalase (CAT) activity, as well as lower malondialdehyde (MDA), proline (Pro), superoxide anion (O2−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) than male strains. Conclusion The male T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ of summer cuttings have a higher survival rate of cuttings than female, and under drought stress, the female T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ can better use the antioxidant system to reduce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and cell damage caused by drought stress. Thus, the female T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ are more drought-tolerant than male ones. [Ch, 4 fig. 1 tab. 28 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230369
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Objective The objective is to understand the effects of earthworm activity on soil CO2 emission and labile organic carbon change in Phyllostachys edulis forest, which is crucial to comprehending the role that soil fauna plays in the carbon cycle of P. edulis forest. Method Three treatments including ck (control, P.edulis), MBL (P.edulis with litter) and MBLE (P.edulis with litter and earthworms) were employed to conduct a three-month greenhouse pot experiment. Static chamber-gas chromatograph was used to collect and analyze CO2 release from soil in different times. The contents of soil organic carbon (SOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) were measured. Result The activity of earthworms significantly increased the biomass of P. edulis by 20.3% (P＜0.01), and the response of soil CO2 emission to earthworm activity was sensitive to changes over time. There was no significant difference in CO2 emissions between MBLE treatment and MBL treatment in the early stage of the experiment (＜51 d). However, in the later stage of the experiment (＞51 d), the cumulative CO2 emission under MBLE treatment was significantly higher than that under MBL treatment (P＜0.05). On the 85th day, the cumulative CO2 emission under MBLE treatment increased only by 4.5% compared with MBL treatment. The soil CO2 emission flux under MBL treatment increased by 25.2% compared with MBLE treatment. The impact of earthworm activity on soil carbon mass fraction was also varies over time. The contents of SOC, DOC, POC and MAOC under MBLE treatment were lower than those under MBL treatment in the first 68 days, while the MBLE treatment significantly increased DOC content by 15.2% on the 85th day (P＜0.05). SOC content, MAOC content, and POC content increased by 8.5%, 8.5%, and 10.6%, respectively. MBC content significantly reduced 26.3% at the end of the experiment (P＜0.01). Conclusion Earthworm activity can promote the growth of P.edulis, increase soil carbon content, and reduce soil CO2 emission flux and cumulative emissions at the end of the experiment.[Ch, 3 fig. 2 tab. 47 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230468
Abstract:
Objective The objective is to analyze the effects of biochar and organic amendments application on organic carbon composition and enzyme activities of red soil in arid areas, and investigate limiting characteristics of microbial nutrients, so as to provide a theoretical basis for improving the stability of red soil organic carbon. Method A field experiment with 6 treatments were set up, including a non-amendment control (ck), corn (Zea mays) straw and sheep manure single application and their combination with biochar (corn straw biochar). 2 years after the start of the experiment, soil organic carbon components, soil nutrient mass fraction, hydrolase activities and oxidase activities related to carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling were determined. Result Compared with the single application of straw and sheep manure, the combination of biochar and its application significantly increased the mass fraction of soil organic carbon and available nitrogen (P＜0.05), increased the soil carbon-nitrogen ratio (C∶N), carbon-phosphorus ratio (C∶P) and the mass fraction of recalcitrant carbon pools, and reduced soil organic carbon activity index. The application of organic amendments significantly increased the activities of β-D-cellobiosidase hydrolase (CB), β-1,4-N-acetylglucosacosidase (NAG) and peroxidase (PERO) (P＜0.05). Compared with the single application of sheep manure, the combined application of biochar and sheep manure significantly reduced the β-glucosidase (BG) activity, leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activity, NAG activity and acid phosphatase (PHOS) activity (by 50.9%, 32.1%, 45.3% and 40.0%, respectively, P＜0.05). Compared with the single application of straw, the combined application of biochar and straw reduced the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PHOX) by 28.6% and PERO activity by 22.2%, but had no effect on the activity of other enzymes. Compared with the single application of straw, the combination of biomass charcoal and straw reduced the vector length. Compared with applying sheep manure alone, the combination of biomass charcoal and sheep manure had no significant effect on enzyme stoichiometry, vector length, and vector angle (P＜0.05). PERO and PHOX were significantly negatively correlated with soil recalcitrant carbon pools, C∶N and C∶P (P＜0.05). Redundant analysis showed that soil recalcitrant carbon pools, C∶N and C∶P were the main factors affecting soil enzyme activity and its stoichiometric characteristics. Conclusion Compared with the single application of organic materials, the combined application of biochar and sheep manure can better improve the nutrient and the size of recalcitrant carbon fraction in red soil in arid cropland, reduce the activity of carbon degrading enzymes, and alleviate microbial carbon and phosphorus limitation, and can be an effective measure to improve the microbial nutrient limitations and carbon sequestration capacity in red soil. [Ch, 2 fig. 3 tab. 44 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230534
Abstract:
Objective Place attachment and environmental behavior are the results of the interaction between tourists and the environment, closely related to the construction of landscape perception, and of great significance for exploring the impact mechanism of the forest parks and tourists’ health. This paper explored the internal transformation mechanism of the forest parks’ health benefits from the perspectives of tourists’ place perception and environmental behavior. Method Taking Fuzhou National Forest Park as an example, this paper combined the perspective of tourists’ perceived evaluation, emotion response, and behavior practice, to construct the relational model of landscape perception, place attachment, environmental behavior, and health benefit assessment. Finally, analysed the influence relationship between the four through the structural equation model. Result (1) The perception of natural attributes, facility attributes, cultural attributes, and spatial attributes are the four dimensions that constitute the landscape perception. The influence coefficients are 0.777, 0.696, 0.743, and 0.755. Landscape perception has significant correlation with place attachment, with an impact degree of 74.4%. (2) Landscape perception has a significant impact on environmental behavior, with a direct impact effect of 39.8%, and an indirect impact effect of 44.3%. Place attachment is a mediator variable in the relationship between the two. (3) Landscape perception has a significant impact on health benefit evaluation, with a direct impact effect of 30.2%, and an indirect impact of 50.9% is achieved through the mediator effect of place attachment and environmental behavior. Conclusion Through the construction and testing analysis of structural equation model testing, this paper revealed the impact mechanism of forest park and tourists’ health benefit, is a composite system formed by the interaction elements of “perceived evaluation, emotional response, behavioral practice”. It is necessary to combine media data and scientific human health testing equipment to expand the depth and breadth of research in future. [Ch, 1 fig. 6 tab. 30 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230445
Abstract:
Objective The ICE gene family of Phyllostachys edulis (moso bamboo) was identified and analyzed to find out the key family members responding to cold resistance of moso bamboo, and to lay a theoretical foundation for further research on the biological functions of moso bamboo ICE genes, the molecular mechanisms responding to low-temperature stress, and the genetic transformation to improve the cold resistance of moso bamboo. Method Bioinformatics methods were used to identify and analyze the ICE gene family members of moso bamboo, and to analyze the physiological indexes and the expression patterns of ICE genes in moso bamboo at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 24.0, and 48.0 h of low-temperature treatments at 4, 0 and −2 ℃. Result A total of four mosaic bamboo ICE genes were identified. Conserved structural domains and multiple sequence comparison analyses showed that their structures were highly similar. Phylogenetic relationships and promoter cis-acting element analyses showed that the PeICE gene was more closely related to rice, and a large number of cis-acting elements associated with abiotic stresses were also present. Reactive oxygen radical (superoxide anion) staining revealed that the ROS staining gradually deepened with the increase in treatment time, but its staining gradually weakened after 24.0 h of 0 ℃ treatment and 1.0 h of −2 ℃ treatment. Proline content and superoxide dismutase activity assays revealed an overall increase in Pro and SOD content at 4 ℃ and 0 ℃, but their expression was lower than the control at −2 ℃, and peroxidase activity assays revealed an increase at all three temperatures. Analysis of ICE gene expression pattern revealed that the overall expression of PeICE increased in 4 ℃ and 0 ℃ treatment, and the most obvious increase was in PeICE3. The overall expression level of PeICE was lower than that of the control at −2.0 ℃. Conclusion With the decrease of cold treatment temperature and the enhancement of treatment time, moso bamboo was subjected to increasing damage, and its in vivo enzyme activity system as well as ICE genes responded positively to cold stress, and PeICE3 was the most sensitive to cold stress, whereas the expression of ICE genes did not increase at −2 ℃, and it was hypothesized that this gene family responded to low-temperature stress instead of freezing stress. [Ch, 7 fig. 1 tab. 42 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230435
Abstract:
Objective The types of land use in Tongzhou District of Beijing have changed greatly. Heavy metals in the soil of green land were investigated, source analysis and risk assessment were carried out to understand whether the current use of green land meets the requirements of cleanliness and safety, and suggestions on risk prevention and control of heavy metals were given. Method The pH values and total amounts of heavy metals including Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, As, Cu, and Zn in 60 surface soil samples from the study area were determined. Source apportionment was carried out using Principal Component Analysis and the Absolute Principal Component Scores-Multiple Linear Regression (APCS-MLR) receptor model. The assessment of heavy metal element pollution was conducted using the Geo-accumulation Index method and the Potential Ecological Risk Assessment method. Result The average contents of 7 heavy metals Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, As, Cu and Zn in the soil were 0.53, 47.87, 11.95, 0.25, 6.71, 4.64 and 51.21 mg·kg−1, while the average content of the remaining elements were below the background. All of the samples’ heavy metal concentrations were less than the screening values for Soil Pollution Risk Control Standards for Agricultural Land (GB 15618−2018). Principal component analysis demonstrated that Cd, Pb, Hg and As were influenced by human sources, including coal combustion, traffic pollution, industrial and agricultural activities pollution; Zn originated from natural sources and was related to the soil parent material; Cu and Cr were mixed sources reaulted by soil parent materials and agricultural pollution. The contribution rates of sources calculated by APCS-MLR were as follows, a certain amount of Cd accumulated on the surface came mostly from human sources (92%); Hg was from source 3 (29%), source 1 (17%), source 4 (13%), and there were also 35% unknown sources, which were suggested as mixed sources. Moreover, sources 1, 3, and 4 were all anthropogenic sources, while source 2 was a natural source. Environmental quality evaluation of green soil was investigated through the ground accumulation index, which illustrated that Cd and Hg performed a higher ecological risk response. Most of the comprehensive potential risk values in the study area were slight and medium potential ecological risks, only few points were belonged to severe ecological risks. Conclusion The study shows that the overall risk level of green land soil in Tongzhou District is in the middle and low risk. The main elements causing the risk are Cd and Hg, which are the priority control elements of ecological risk, and can be controlled from the control of coal burning, traffic and industrial emissions. [Ch, 5 fig. 4 tab. 32 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230446
Abstract:
Objective The objective is to study the impact of site factors on forest regeneration in the mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests in Mount Tianmu, and provide a theoretical basis for the management of subtropical mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests. Method A mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest in Mount Tianmu was taken as the research object. Spearman’s correlation analysis was conducted between forest regeneration factors, soil factors and terrain factors. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the differences in forest regeneration among different soil and terrain factors. A linear regression model was constructed to quantitatively describe the relationship between forest regeneration and terrain and soil factors. Result (1) There were 79 species of mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests in Mount Tianmu, among which the dominant species were Camellia fraterna, Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Lithocarpus brevicaudatus, Cyclobalanopsis myrsinifolia, Machilus pingii, Rhododendron ovatum, Torreya grandis, Lindera glauca, Eurya japonica, and Litsea coreana. (2) There was a highly significant negative correlation between available potassium and the total number of updated tree species (P＜0.01), a highly significant positive correlation between altitude and the total number of updated tree species (P＜0.01), a significant negative correlation between organic matter and the number of updated tree species (P＜0.05), and a highly significant positive correlation between available potassium and the total number of updated tree species (P＜0.01). (3) There was a significant difference in the total number of updated tree species with different slope orientations and available potassium levels (P＜0.05). There were significant differences in the number of updated tree species with different grades of slope and soil organic matter (P＜0.05). (4) In the linear regression model with the total number of upgraded tree species as the dependent variable, the regression coefficients of available potassium and altitude were significant (P＜0.05). Conclusion In the mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests in Mount Tianmu, altitude, slope, aspect, soil organic matter and available potassium have significant effects on forest regeneration. [Ch, 3 fig. 5 tab. 49 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230473
Abstract:
The vascular cambium is located between the xylem and phloem, which is responsible for many growth and development processes, and also plays an important role in wood production. In simulating cambium growth and potential molecular processes, deep imaging combined with gene expression analysis is a cutting-edge research direction, and mathematical modeling and simulation combined with real-time imaging have important application prospects. Based on this technique, some representative achievements at the molecular level of cambium activity are summarized, and the future research prospects are proposed. At present, molecular studies on cambium activity in plants mainly focus on: (1) cambium activity is regulated by plant hormone signaling; (2) cambium activity is regulated by transcription factors and peptide receptor signaling; (3) cambium activity is regulated by receptor kinase signals peptide receptor signaling. The main conclusions are that WOX4, WOX14, HB4, HB7, HB8 and ANT positively regulate the activities of tree cambium and can be used as the first choice for transgenic wood roughening breeding. In the future, the analysis of cell-to-cell communication connections in the cambium through computer models can better analyze the molecular mechanism of vascular cambium development in woody plants. [Ch. 3 tab. 68 ref.]
The vascular cambium is located between the xylem and phloem, which is responsible for many growth and development processes, and also plays an important role in wood production. In simulating cambium growth and potential molecular processes, deep imaging combined with gene expression analysis is a cutting-edge research direction, and mathematical modeling and simulation combined with real-time imaging have important application prospects. Based on this technique, some representative achievements at the molecular level of cambium activity are summarized, and the future research prospects are proposed. At present, molecular studies on cambium activity in plants mainly focus on: (1) cambium activity is regulated by plant hormone signaling; (2) cambium activity is regulated by transcription factors and peptide receptor signaling; (3) cambium activity is regulated by receptor kinase signals peptide receptor signaling. The main conclusions are that WOX4, WOX14, HB4, HB7, HB8 and ANT positively regulate the activities of tree cambium and can be used as the first choice for transgenic wood roughening breeding. In the future, the analysis of cell-to-cell communication connections in the cambium through computer models can better analyze the molecular mechanism of vascular cambium development in woody plants. [Ch. 3 tab. 68 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230511
Abstract:
Objective Based on the self-developed wood-plastic composite material 3DP equipment micro-droplet injection system, research on the process of UV adhesive micro-droplet injection is aimed to optimize the processing parameters and the structural parameters of the micro-droplet injection system, and provide data support for the study of droplet spreading and infiltration in the 3DP process of wood plastic composite materials. Method The displacement characteristics of the needle-type jet valve and the rheological properties of the UV adhesive were analyzed to determine the injection parameters affecting the micro-droplet injection process of the wood plastic composite 3DP processing. The finite element method was used to simulate the micro-droplet injection process to analyze the influence of injection parameters and obtain the variation characteristics of droplet velocity, pressure and mass flow rate at the nozzle during the micro-droplet injection process. The needle velocity, nozzle diameter and UV adhesive supply pressure as evaluation factors, and the mass of the droplet and the main droplet velocity as indicators, simulation experiments were conducted to optimize parameter combination. Result The results of the single factor experiment indicated that needle speed 0.3−0.9 m·s−1, nozzle diameter 0.10−0.20 mm, UV adhesive supply pressure 0.1−0.3 MPa were reasonable printing parameters. The results of the orthogonal experiment indicated that nozzle diameter is a significant factor of droplet mass, and the UV adhesive supply pressure is a significant factor of the droplet velocity. The droplet mass and droplet velocity are good when the nozzle diameter is 0.10 mm, the needle speed is 0.9 m·s−1, the UV adhesive supply pressure is 0.1 MPa, and the valve seat cone angle is 130°. Conclusion The VOF finite element model of 3DP micro-droplet injection process of wood-plastic composite was established on the basis of pre-experiment and theoretical analysis. The study on the influence of injection parameters on micro-droplet injection has been completed, and the optimal combination of injection parameters has been obtained. [Ch, 8 fig. 4 tab. 17 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230194
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to explore aspects of Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’ seeds, including appearance, nutritional quality, element content, flower bud differentiation, and expansion and fruit setting, so as to provide a theoretical basis for supplementing tree nutrition and improving seed quality. Method During the seed filling period of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ from June to August, the seeds were treated with water as a control and sprayed with 7 commercial foliar fertilizers (amino acid water-soluble fertilizer, fulvic acid water-soluble fertilizer, active potassium water-soluble fertilizer, high-strength calcium water-soluble fertilizer, liquid boron water-soluble fertilizer, trace element water-soluble fertilizer, and macro-element water-soluble fertilizer). Physiological indicators of seeds in terms of seed morphology, oil content and fatty acid composition, crude protein content, starch content, soluble sugar content, and flowering intensity were measured and their effects on seed quality were analyzed. Result Spraying amino acid water-soluble fertilizer and macro-element water-soluble fertilizer significantly increased (P＜0.05) the kernel shape index, single kernel mass, nucleation rate, kernel type index, and single kernel mass of seeds, as well as oil content, soluble sugar content, and flowering intensity, and significantly reduced starch content. Among them, the single kernel mass of seeds treated with amino acid water-soluble fertilizer increased by 9.8% compared with the control, while the starch content decreased by 1.9%. The single kernel mass, oil content, and soluble sugar content of seeds treated with macro-element water-soluble fertilizer increased by 9.5%, 11.9%, and 15.9%, respectively, compared with the control. At the same time, spraying amino acid water-soluble fertilizer significantly promoted (P＜0.05) the content of taxoleic acid in seeds, which increased by 15.9% compared with the control, while spraying macro-element water-soluble fertilizer significantly (P＜0.05) increased the content of unsaturated fatty acids in seeds by 4.2% compared with the control. In addition, high-strength calcium water-soluble fertilizer had a significant promoting effect (P＜0.05) on the increase of kernel yield, flowering intensity, and fruit setting rate, which were 3.3%, 17.1%, and 10.9% higher than the control. The active potassium water-soluble fertilizer significantly increased the protein content of seeds by 13.6% compared with the control. Principal component analysis showed that the comprehensive quality score of seeds treated with amino acid water-soluble fertilizer was the highest. Conclusion The amino acid water-soluble fertilizer treatment has the best effect, followed by high-strength calcium water-soluble fertilizer and macro-element water-soluble fertilizer. [Ch. 3 fig. 5 tab. 29 ref.]
2024, 41(2): 223-233.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230385
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to investigate the effects of UV-B radiation on phenolic components, antioxidant capacity and relation genes expression in Tetrastigma hemsleyanum. Method Three-year-old T. hemsleyanum seedlings were subjected to continuous UV-B radiation for 12.0 h and their phenotypes were observed at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 6.0, and 12.0 h. With those untreated as control (ck), some other T. hemsleyanum were irradiated for 1.0 and 3.0 h (T1 and T3), and supplemented with dark treatment for 24.0 h (T1+23 and T3+21). Mass fractions of phenolic substances (total phenols and total flavonoids), antioxidant capacity, anti-stress enzyme activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) mass molar concentration in leaves were determined and transcriptome analysis was made. Result Continuous UV-B radiation had an effect on the phenotype of T. hemsleyanum. The leaves of 3-h group were partially yellowed, while the leaves of 6-h and 12-h groups were significantly yellowed and slightly curled. The mass fractions of total phenols (2.65 and 2.63 mg·g−1) and total flavonoids (7.16 and 7.30 mg·g−1) in leaves and root tubers, as well as the antioxidant capacity (86.56%) in root tubers reached the maximum in T1+23 group. Meanwhile, dark treatment after UV-B radiation promoted a significant increase in activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), which reached the maximum in T1+23 group. The MDA mass molar concentration was the highest in T3+21 group (7.21 mmol·g−1). UV-B radiation and dark treatment down-regulated the expression of flavonoid synthesis pathway genes (ThF3H, ThANS, ThCHS, ThANR, etc.) and up-regulated the expression of oxidation-related regulators (CAT and SOD). Conclusion Darkness treatment after UV-B radiation increases the mass fraction of phenolic substances, antioxidant capacity and anti-stress enzymes activity of T. hemsleyanum, reaching the maximum in T1+23 group. The expression of flavonoid synthase genes is down-regulated and the expression of oxidative stress-related genes is up-regulated. [Ch, 7 fig. 2 tab. 52 ref.]
2024, 41(2): 234-242.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230422
Abstract:
Objective For the purpose of developing storage and fresh-keep technology, this study is aimed to evaluate different post-harvest methods that target at the prevention of puffiness, a common physiological disorder that occurs in mature or post-harvest storage stages of citrus fruits (Citrus reticulata) which seriously affects its marketability. Method Ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) were used to treat the postharvest ‘Ponkan’ fruit, and the main quality indexes and puffing index, as well as the characteristics of albedo cell morphological and physiological changes were studied after treatment. Result (1) Ethylene treatment brought about an increase of soluble solid content during fruit storage, accelerated the decline of cell density, cellulose content, and pectin content of the albedo, while promoting an increase in lignin content and the activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes (cellulases, pectin esterases, and polygalacturonases). (2) 1-MCP treatment slowed down the decrease of albedo cell density and cellulose content, delaying the increase of lignin content and the activity of cell wall degrading enzymes (cellulase, pectin esterase and polygalacturonase), and therefore slowing down the rise of puffiness index. Conclusion Ethylene treatment accelerated the physiological and metabolic level of ‘Ponkan’ fruit during storage and aggravated the occurrence of puffiness whereas 1-MCP treatment inhibited the peel physiological and metabolic level during storage and alleviated the occurrence of puffiness. As a result, the peeling difficulty of the fruit can be controlled by ethylene or 1-MCP treatment during production. [Ch, 7 fig. 31 ref.]
2024, 41(2): 243-251.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230321
Abstract:
Objective This study, with an exploration of the changes of cytology and physiological and biochemical indexes during somatic embryogenesis of Lycoris chinensis × radiate ‘Astro Girl’, which can improve the coefficient and quality of tissue culture and rapid propagation of ‘Astro Girl’, is aimed to provide technical support for the factory production of new Lycoris varieties. Method Paraffin section, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) were used to determine the changes of somatic embryo morphology, histology and corresponding physiological and biochemical indexes such as content of soluble starch and total protein, antioxidant enzyme activity and polyamine content during somatic embryo culture (0 − 40 d) of ‘Astro Girl’. Result (1) During the process of somatic embryogenesis, the globular embryo lasted for about 20 days from initiation to transient expansion, before it was further differentiated into heart-shaped embryo, rod-shaped embryo and cotyledon embryo with vascular bundles formed at the base of the enlarged globular embryo or heart-shaped embryo. (2) During somatic embryogenesis, significant changes occurred in the content of total protein and starch and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The change of starch content was positively correlated with the formation of globular embryo and negatively correlated with somatic embryo morphogenesis and somatic embryo maturation, whereas the changes of total protein (TP) content, peroxidase (POD) activity and catalase (CAT) activity were positively correlated with cotyledon embryo formation but negatively correlated with cotyledon embryo maturation. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was negatively correlated with globular embryo and cotyledon embryo, but positively correlated with heart-shaped embryo and rod-shaped embryo. Such results showed that starch, protein and antioxidant enzymes which are closely related to plant physiology play an important role in somatic embryogenesis. (3) The activity of polyamine oxidase (PAO) and the content of polyamine (PAs) changed significantly during somatic embryogenesis, and the contents of putrescine (Put), spermine (Spm) and spermidine (Spd) determined the change trend of polyamine content. Polyamine content and polyamine oxidase activity mainly accumulated in the early stage of somatic embryo differentiation, which was positively correlated with globular embryo differentiation, and the changes of spermine and spermidine content were positively correlated during cotyledon embryo formation. In the mature stage of cotyledon embryo, putrescine, spermine and spermidine decreased at first and then increased, while spermine and spermidine increased at first and then decreased. Conclusion During the 0 − 40 days of somatic embryogenesis of ‘Astro Girl’, the main morphology of somatic embryo developed from proembryo, globular embryo, heart-shaped embryo and rod-shaped embryo to cotyledon embryo, among which, the physiological characteristics changed significantly, and the accumulation or consumption of starch content may be an important factor affecting the formation of globular embryo and the subsequent morphological development and maturation of somatic embryo. During the formation and maturation of cotyledon embryo, the changes of total protein content, peroxidase activity and polyamine content may play a closely joint role. The active accumulation of polyamine oxidase activity and polyamine content may be beneficial to the early development of somatic embryos. [Ch, 4 fig. 32 ref.]
2024, 41(2): 252-261.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230196
Abstract:
Objective The objective is to analyze the synthesis, transportation and distribution of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in Lycoris radiata. Method 13C isotope pulse labeling method was used to study the distribution and transport pathway of newly assimilated carbon in different organs (leaves, roots, inner bulb, middle bulb and outer bulb) and NSC components (sucrose, fructose, glucose and starch). Result (1) The biomass and total carbon content were the highest in the inner bulb. The sink vitality of each organ in descending order was leaf, inner bulb, root, middle bulb and outer bulb. (2) After absorbing 13CO2, the distribution ratio of 13C in different organs from high to low was leaf, stem and root. The distribution in bulbs gradually decreased from inside to outside. The distribution ratio of 13C-labeled sucrose in different organs of L. radiata from high to low was manifested as inner bulb, leaf, middle bulb, root and outer bulb. The distribution ratio of 13C-labeled fructose and glucose ranging from high to low was leaf, inner bulb, root, middle bulb and outer bulb. The distribution ratio of 13C-labeled starch from high to low was expressed as leaf, inner bulb, middle bulb, root and outer bulb. (3) The transport of 13CO2 in L. radiata mainly involved two major pathways: horizontal and vertical, with 13C being transported more in vertical direction. (4) The distribution of 13C in NSC components was the highest in sucrose, followed by 13C-labeled fructose, while the content of 13C-labeled glucose was minimal in various parts, lower than other sugars. (5) In the process of sugar conversion and metabolism, the 13C distribution rate of fructose in leaves, roots and inner bulb was 9.6, 41.5 and 118.1 times that of glucose, respectively. The newly synthesized fructose was much more than glucose in a short time. Conclusion The distribution of newly assimilated carbon in L. radiata gradually decreases in both vertical and horizontal transport. The photosynthetic products in the leaves of L. radiata are first transported to the inner layer of bulbs, and some are first transported to the roots. The other part is transported from the inner layer to the outer layer of the bulb. At this point, the middle and outer layers of the bulb mainly serve as temporary nutrient reservoirs. Sucrose is not only the main product of photosynthesis in L. radiata leaves, but also the main form of NSC transport in L. radiata. The production of a large amount of 13C-labeled fructose in L. radiata is related to the preferential use of sucrose synthase pathway in the sucrose hydrolysis process, which also elucidates the significance of illustrates that fructose for the growth and development of L. radiata. [ Ch, 6 fig. 36 ref.]
2024, 41(2): 262-274.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230279
Abstract:
Objective This study, with a comparison of the different floral scent compounds of different cultivars of Prunus mume, is aimed to investigate the floral composition of P. mume so as to lay a foundation for mining the key enzyme genes in the pathway of floral aroma metabolism and molecular breeding in the future. Method With 20 cultivars of P. mume from different groups selected as experimental materials, headspace solid phase microextraction method and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) were employed to determine the floral components of 20 cultivars of P. mume and identify the characteristic aroma substances of P. mume before an analysis was conducted of the floral components and relative content differences of P. mume in different cultivars groups whereas a cluster analysis was conducted of the cultivars in accordance with the floral components. Result A total of 43 volatiles were identified from 20 cultivars of P. mume, among which benzene/phenylpropane compounds were the most diverse and had the highest content, and their relative content in all cultivars was higher than 85%. Among the volatiles, the benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, eugenol, methyl eugenol, benzaldehyde and cinnamyl alcohol were the main components of P. mume flower fragrance, the number of floral compounds in Cinnabar Purple and Pink Double group was the highest, followed by that in Versicolor and Green Calyx group, and the number of floral compounds in Alboplena and Pendulous Mei group was relatively smaller. Cluster analysis showed that 20 cultivars of P. mume could be divided into 5 categories according to the types and contents of flower aroma components. Conclusion The aroma components and relative contents of different cultivars of P. mume were different, so was the contribution of different floral components to the aroma of different cultivars of P. mume. [Ch, 1 fig. 11 tab. 28 ref.]
2024, 41(2): 275-285.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230342
Abstract:
Objective This study is aimed to identify the bZIP transcription factor family members from Phoebe bournei and investigate the response levels of its members to abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. Method A bioinformatic method was employed to identify the PbbZIPs family throughout the whole genome and to analyze its physicochemical properties, gene structure, evolutionary relationships, cis-acting elements in promoter, and the expression patterns under ABA treatment by RT-qPCR. Result A total of 63 PbbZIP genes were identified from 12 chromosomes in P. bournei, divided into 12 subfamilies with significantly different in gene structure and motifs, but highly conserved in the same subfamily. Most of the PbbZIPs were localized in the nucleus, and their encoded protein were 110 − 835 amino acid in length, −1.19 − −0.19 in hydrophobicity, and 4.48 − 11.95 in isoelectric point. The 27 pairs of PbbZIPs distributed on 12 chromosomes were featured with collinearity existence, which was the main pattern of PbbZIPs family expansion. A variety of abiotic stress-related action elements were found in the upstream promoter region of PbbZIPs, among which ABA, salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate were more abundant response elements and the genes expression of RT-qPCR revealed that 17 PbbZIPs were induced differentially by ABA signals and generally up-regulated in leaves and roots when P. bournei was treated with 2 mmol·L−1ABA for 1 − 72 h, with the relative expression of PbbZIPs in roots being generally lower than that in leaves. Conclusion The 63 PbbZIPs identified from the P. bournei genome were unevenly distributed across the 12 chromosomes and highly similar in gene sequences, whereas the chromosomal localization genetic structure and conserved motifs were evolutionarily diverse and different between subgroups. The PbbZIPs in leaves and roots responded differently to ABA treatment and got involved in the regulation of other abiotic processes. [Ch, 9 fig. 35 ref.]
2024, 41(2): 286-296.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230278
Abstract:
Objective This study is aimed to conduct an in-depth study of the functions associated with members of the R2R3-MYB subfamily in cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Method First, an analysis was conducted of the whole cucumber genome so as to identify R2R3-MYB subfamily members. Then, bioinformatics was employed to analyze their phylogenetic relationships, physicochemical properties of proteins, chromosomal localization, gene structure, conserved motifs, and cis-acting elements, as well as the protein interactions. Result The whole cucumber genome contained 99 R2R3-MYB transcription factors with typical structural domains, and the protein sequences contained amino acids ranging from 195 to 552, with conserved motifs and amino acid sites. They were unevenly distributed on chromosomes. They were unstable proteins with the instability index of most subfamily members being greater than 40. As was shown by the analysis of cis-acting regulatory elements, most of the elements contained in the promoter regions of genes were closely related to hormone regulation, MYB binding sites, and stress. Conclusion The R2R3-MYB family members were obtained through whole cucumber genome identification, which were divided into 30 subgroups and mapped on 7 chromosomes and the upstream promoter region of this family members contained stress-related action elements. [Ch, 7 fig. 1 tab. 36 ref.]
2024, 41(2): 297-305.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230412
Abstract:
Objective This study is aimed to clarify the structure traits of chloroplast genome and phylogenetic status of medicinal plant Wikstroemia indica, providing a scientific basis for the resource protection and sustainable utilization of W. indica. Method An Illumina high-throughput sequencing platform was employed to acquire the chloroplast genome sequence which was then assembled, annotated, compared and analyzed using bioinformatics technologies and software. Result The chloroplast genome of W. indica was an annular quadripartite molecule with a length of 149 864 bp and composed of a large single copy (LSC, 86 347 bp), a small single copy (SSC, 10 601 bp) and a couple of inverted repeat (IR, 26 458 bp) and 124 genes were annotated in the chloroplast genome. In the chloroplast genome there were a total of 24 180 codon, which were divided into 64 types of which 30 types of codon were used frequently and 29 of them ended with A/T. Altogether 93 chloroplast simple sequence repeat (SSR) were identified from the chloroplast genome with Mononucleotide being the predominate type taking up a number of 72 and the motifs formed by A/T contributing the most and obvious variations were observed in IR boundary between W. indica and closely related plants whereas sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree revealed that W. indica shared high sequence identity with W. nutans. Conclusion The chloroplast genome of W. indica exhibited typical structure of plant chloroplast genome, and possessed codon preference and several SSRs with rich polymorphism. Additionally, the chloroplast genome of W. indica showed the closest similarity to W. nutans. [Ch, 5 fig. 2 tab. 24 ref.]
2024, 41(2): 306-313.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230371
Abstract:
Objective The study aims to explore the genetic variation in seedling growth and nitrogen fixation traits of Falcataria falcata and select fast growing families with strong nitrogen fixation ability. Method Seedlings of 1 to 6 months in 37 half-sib families from the 1st generation clonal seed orchard of F. falcata were used as materials. Indicators such as seedling height, ground diameter, relative chlorophyll content, biomass, and number of root nodules were investigated and measured. The methods of genetic variation analysis, correlation analysis and cluster analysis were used to compare growth and select seedlings. Result There was no significant difference in growth traits among 1 − 2 month seedlings in 37 half-sib families, but the height or ground diameter of 4-month seedlings in more than 16 families was significantly better than that of the mixed seeds of mother forests (ck) in Raoping County. The family heritability of seedling height and ground diameter was 0.89 − 0.90 and 0.84 − 0.86, respectively, and the genetic progression was 0.118 9 − 0.221 4 and 0.096 2 − 0.154 3, respectively, at a selection rate of 30%. There was a highly significant or significant positive correlation between different traits (P＜0.01 or P＜0.05). 13 families were selected, accounting for 34% of the population. Compared with the population mean, the realistic gains in seedling height and ground diameter were 27.99% and 12.73%, respectively, and the genetic gains were 24.91% and 10.69%, respectively. Compared with ck, the realistic gains were 62.47% and 41.65%, and the genetic gains were 55.59% and 34.98%, respectively. Conclusion The half-sib families of F. falcata have significant genetic variation in growth traits such as seedling height and ground diameter from 4 months of seedling age, and have a high level of family heritability and good selection potential. Based on the synergistic analysis of growth and nitrogen fixation traits, 13 excellent families with both seedling growth advantage and efficient nitrogen fixation capacity are selected. [Ch, 3 fig. 4 tab. 23 ref.]
2024, 41(2): 314-321.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230304
Abstract:
Objective This study is aimed to establish a highly efficient system for regeneration and genetic transformation of in vitro leaves of Populus yunnanensis so as to help genetic engineering breeding research in P. yunnanensis. Method First, with P. yunnanensis leaves as explants, an investigation was conducted of the effects of different combinations of exogenous hormone concentrations on the induction of callus, adventitious bud differentiation and rooting so as to obtain regenerated seedlings of P. yunnanensis. Then, Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated method was used to explore the effects of bacterial concentration, infection time and co-culture time on the genetic transformation efficiency of P. yunnanensis. Result The optimal medium for callus induction was 1/2 MS + 0.005 mg·L−1 thidiazuron (TDZ) + 0.010 mg·L−1 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA), with an induction rate of 91.7%. The optimal medium for the induction of adventitious bud was 1/2 MS + 0.002 mg·L−1 TDZ + 0.010 mg·L−1 NAA, with an induction rate of 75.0% whereas the optimal medium for rooting was 1/2 MS + 0.010 mg·L−1 NAA + 0.100 mg·L−1 3-indolebutyric acid (IBA), and the rooting rate was as high as 96.7%, with an average number of 2.57 roots. The optimal concentration of transforming bacterium D(600) was 0.2, the infection time was 5 min, and the co-cultivation time was 2 days. During differentiation, the optimal concentration of cefotaxime to inhibit the growth of A. tumefaciens was 200 mg·L−1, and the optimal concentration of kanamycin in the screening medium for resistant buds was 20 mg·L−1. The regenerated plants were identified by β-glucuronidase (GUS) staining and PCR, identified 20 positive plants, with a positive transformation rate of 45.45%. Conclusion The leaf regeneration system and genetic transformation system of P. yunnanensis were successfully established. [Ch, 5 fig. 5 tab. 27 ref.]
2024, 41(2): 322-332.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230466
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to analyze root morphological characteristics of Pinus yunnanensis seedlings after stumping at different ages, and to provide evidence for selecting suitable stump-age. method Taking P. yunnanensis seedlings aged 6, 10, 14, 18 and 30 months as materials, all seedlings were pruned to a uniform height of 5 cm. The root morphology and biomass were measured at 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, and 480 d after stumping, and the root structure of different seedling ages of P. yunnanensis after stumping was analyzed. Result Stumping at different seedling ages significantly affected the root morphological characteristics of P. yunnanensis seedlings (P＜0.05). At 480 days after stumping, the seedlings stumped at 6 months had smaller average root diameter (0.825 mm) and root volume (4.435 cm3) compared with those stumped at 30 months, which had an average root diameter of 1.302 mm and root volume of 16.282 cm3, but the total root length was larger. The specific root length for 6 to 30-month-old stumped seedlings showed a decreasing tendency, and the root specific surface area, root tissue density, and root fineness of the seedlings stumped at 6 months were significantly greater than those of the seedlings stumped at other ages (P＜0.05), showing a decreasing trend with increasing seedling age. There was no significant difference in the growth rate of average root diameter, root volume, and root biomass, while total root length, root surface area, and root biomass showed a trend of decreasing growth rate with increasing seedling age. Conclusion Younger seedlings build finer and denser root systems, which is conducive to the absorption and utilization of water and nutrients. The seedlings aged 6 months showed the best effect of stumping. [Ch, 2 fig. 5 tab. 40 ref.]
2024, 41(2): 333-342.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230377
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to analyze the structural characteristics of wild Acanthopanax senticosus population in Northeast China, clarify its survival status and predict the future succession trend, so as to provide scientific basis for conservation, utilization and sustainable development of A. senticosus population in Northeast China. Method Survey sample plots were set up in representative habitats in Xiaoxinganling, Zhangguangcailing and Changbai Mountain and the plants in the sample plots were surveyed. Based on sample survey and data statistics, the age structure of wild A. senticosus was mapped, its static life table was compiled, survival and mortality curves and survival function curves were fitted, and survival analysis and quantitative dynamic parameters were used to predict population development trend. Result (1) The age structure of wild A. senticosus population in the three regions was similar to a “pyramid” type, and the number of young and mature plants accounted for 68.58% − 83.04% of the total number of the species and the age structure of the population was stable. (2) In the three regions, the dynamic indices of quantitative changes in the population structure (\begin{document}${V}_{{\rm{p}}n})$\end{document} \begin{document}${V'_{{\rm{p}}n}}$\end{document} Conclusion At present, the population structure of wild A. senticosus in the three regions is of a growth type, but the number of young plants is small and the development potential of the number of old individuals in the population is small. It is difficult to maintain an overall long-term stability of wild A. senticosus population. It is recommended to strengthen the precise nurturing and management of 1-year-old individuals, improve the seedling preservation rate through artificial measures, and promote the sustainable development of wild A. senticosus population. [Ch, 3 fig. 5 tab. 35 ref.]
2024, 41(2): 343-352.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230363
Abstract:
Objective To establish a tree height-diameter model for mixed forests of Pinus massoniana and Schima superba, introduce tree species as dummy variables into the model, and consider the spatial autocorrelation and heterogeneity of residuals of the model, in order to provide theoretical basis for the construction of the tree height-diameter model of mixed forests and the scientific management of mixed forests. Method Based on the survey data of 727 groups of tree height-diameter in mixed forests of P. massoniana and S. superba in Kaiyang County, Guizhou Province, we constructed ordinary least squares (OLS), generalized additive model (GAM), linear mixed model (LMM), geographically weighted regression model (GWR), and geographically weighted regression kriging (GWRK) models for tree height-diameter-whole-forest model, on the basis of which tree species was introduced as a dummy variable, and five model residuals spatial autocorrelation and spatial heterogeneity were selected for global Moran’I, local Moran’I, and intra-block variance analyses with the coefficients of determination (R2), mean squared error (MSE), and the Akaike information criterion (AIC) to evaluate the models. Result (1) The fitting accuracies of the whole-forest base models of P. massoniana-S. superba mixed forest were OLS＜GAM＜LMM＜GWR＜GWRK in descending order. (2) The fitting accuracies of the models were higher than those of the whole-forest base models after introducing tree species as a dummy variable into the models. (3) The global Moran’ I of the residuals of the OLS and GAM models was significant at the α=0.05 level (Z＞1.96), and there were more hot spots in the local Moran’I distribution maps, which showed strong spatial autocorrelation. In contrast, the global Moran’I of the residuals of the LMM, GWR and GWRK models is insignificant at the α=0.05 level (−1.96≤Z≤1.96) and there are more cold spots in the local Moran’I distribution plot, indicating that spatial autocorrelation of the model residuals has been eliminated. (4) The intra-block variance of the residuals of the five models show a tendency to increase with the lag distance, but the GWR and GWRK models have smaller intra-block variance, which can better reduce the heterogeneity of the model residual space. Conclusion The OLS and GAM models do not have high fitting accuracy and cannot eliminate spatial autocorrelation and heterogeneity of model residuals, so they are not the best choices for modeling tree height-diameter. The LMM, GWR, and GWRK models perform well in improving the model fitting accuracy and decreasing the spatial autocorrelation, but the GWR and GWRK models are more significant in decreasing the spatial heterogeneity, and they are the most appropriate of the tree height-breast diameter models. [Ch, 2 fig. 3 tab. 38 ref.]
2024, 41(2): 353-361.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230324
Abstract:
Objective Songyang County in Zhejiang Province is rich in forest resources and has great potential for carbon sinks, and is a tertiary linkage area of Baishanzu National Park. This study aims to monitor forest disturbance and restoration in Songyang County, so as to provide an important reference for forest management in this region and ecological protection for Baishanzu National Park. Method Using the LandTrendr algorithm of the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform, as well as Landsat satellite remote sensing time series data from 1987 to 2020, the forest disturbance and restoration status in Songyang County, Zhejiang Province from 1987 to 2020 were detected, and the spatial and temporal characteristics of forest disturbance and restoration were analyzed. Result (1) The overall accuracy of the LandTrendr algorithm in detecting forest disturbance and restoration reached 82%, and the production accuracyand user accuracy of forest disturbance and restoration were both higher than 80%, indicating that the monitoring of forest disturbance and restoration in Songyang County was effective. (2) The total area of forest disturbance and restoration in Songyang County reached 148.14 and 236.86 km2, accounting for 12.74% and 20.37% of the forest land area, indicating a net increase in forest area in Songyang County from 1987 to 2020. (3) Forest changes in Dadongba Township, Banqiao She Township, Xinxing Township and Yuyan Township in Songyang County were relatively frequent, and the area of forest disturbance and restoration was higher than that in other townships. In particular, the forest area of Dadongba Township changed the most, with an increase of 20.04 km2. Conclusion The LandTrendr algorithm based on the GEE cloud platform has achieved precise monitoring of forest disturbance in this county. The overall forest area in Songyang County has shown an increasing trend in the past 30 years. [Ch, 3 fig. 3 tab. 46 ref.]
2024, 41(2): 362-368.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230167
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to clarify the spatial distribution of Monochamus saltuarius and Arhopalus rusticus on Pinus koraiensis from the perspective of vertical space, and explore the interspecific relationship between these two species, so as to provide theoretical basis for their control measures. Method Adults of M. saltuarius and A. rusticus were simultaneously detected in P. koraiensis forest in Fushun, Liaoning Province, and both species of beetle larvae were found on the same P. koraiensis tree. Taking P. koraiensis as the habitat resource of longhorn beetle larvae and the vertical height of P. koraiensis as the resource sequence, P. koraiensis affected by longhorn beetles was selected using 40 cm as a unit to study the morphological characteristics, distribution location, niche width and niche overlap of M. saltuarius and A. rusticus larvae. Result The distribution of M. saltuarius larvae on P. koraiensis was (87.20±8.45) heads per plant, and that of A. rusticus larvae was (24.40±2.37) heads per plant. The distribution of M. saltuarius larvae was positively skewed on P. koraiensis, with the largest distribution of (16.40±2.38) heads per plant at 80 − 120 cm above ground, significantly higher than the number below 80 cm and above 120 cm (P＜0.05). A. rusticus larvae were evenly distributed in the aboveground parts of the affected trees, with the most abundant at a height of 200 − 280 cm, accounting for 33.63% of the total number of larvae, significantly higher than the number below 120 cm, 160 − 200 cm and above 320 cm (P＜0.05). No larvae of these two pests were found in the underground parts of damaged P. koraiensis. There was a certain difference in niche width between M. saltuarius and A. rusticus larvae, with values of 0.694 4 and 0.757 6, respectively, and a niche overlap value of 0.804 6. Conclusion M. saltuarius larvae are mainly distributed in the middle and lower parts of the trunk of P. koraiensis, while A. rusticus larvae are evenly distributed at various heights of the trunk. The ecological niche overlap between the two is relatively high on P. koraiensis, and the degree of similarity in ecological characteristics is relatively high, indicating a high competitive relationship between the two in P. koraiensis forest to a certain extent. [Ch, 2 fig. 25 ref.]
2024, 41(2): 369-378.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230460
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to investigate the response of phytolith and phytolith-occluded organic carbon (PhytOC) formation to exogenous nitrogen (N) and silicon (Si), and study the effect of exogenous N and Si addition on PhytOC sequestration capacity of Ph. edulis. Method N-Si two factor three level orthogonal cultivation experiment was designed [CO(NH2)2: 0(N0), 250(N1), 500(N2) mg·kg−1, Na2SiO3: 0(Si0), 75(Si1), 150(Si2) mg·kg−1], and samples of leaves, branches, culm, culm stump and litter were collected to analyze PhytOC content in different organs under different treatments. Result With the increase of Si addition, PhytOC content of different organs and litter showed an upward trend. PhytOC contents in different treatments of leaves, branches, culm, culm stump, and litter were 3.15 − 4.68, 2.10 − 3.47, 0.30 − 1.18, 1.09 − 2.15 and 3.21 − 4.63 g·kg−1, respectively, and all showed the highest content of PhytOC in N2Si2 treatment [CO(NH2)2: 500 mg·kg−1, Na2SiO3: 150 mg·kg−1], while the lowest content of PhytOC in N0Si0 treatment [CO(NH2)2: 0 mg·kg−1, Na2SiO3: 0 mg·kg−1]. The results of the difference significance analysis showed that PhytOC content showed significant differences (P＜0.05) between N0Si1, N0Si0 and N2Si2 treatments in culms. The correlation analysis results showed that there was a highly significant positive correlation between PhytOC and Si (R2=0.481 8, P＜0.01), as well as between PhytOC and phytolith (R2=0.463 2, P＜0.01). There was a highly significant negative correlation between PhytOC and C (R2=0.318 3, P＜0.01). Conclusion Exogenous N addition contributes to the absorption of Si and the accumulation of organic matter in Ph. edulis, while Si addition helps to increase the content of phytolith and PhytOC, as well as the proportion of PhytOC to C. [Ch, 1 fig. 9 tab. 36 ref.]
2024, 41(2): 379-386.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230417
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to analyze the impact of evaluate prescribed burning and intervals on soil chemical stoichiometry of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in Pinus yunnanensis forest. Method The study object was P. yunnanensis forest in Xinping Zhaobi Mountain, Yuxi in central Yunnan Province. Soil samples of 0 − 10 and 10 − 20 cm soil layers were collected separately from unburned plots (control), plots of 1 year after prescribed burning (T1) and plots of 3 years after prescribed burning (T2), respectively, and the mass fractions of soil C, N, P, and K were measured. The impact of prescribed burning on soil stoichiometry in P. yunnanensis forest was studied. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Spearman’s correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to investigate the effects of different burning intervals on the soil stoichiometry. Result Compared with the control, there was no significant change in soil pH in both soil layers (0 − 10 and 10 − 20 cm) of T1 plot, while there was a significant increase in soil pH in both layers of T2 plot (P＜0.01). In the 0 − 10 and 10 − 20 cm soil layers of T1 and T2 plots, there was no significant variation in total carbon (TC), organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and hydrolysable nitrogen (AN). The available phosphorus (AP) in the 0 − 10 cm soil layer of T2 plot significantly decreased (P＜0.05), while the available potassium (AK) in both soil layers significantly increased (P＜0.05). The soil carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio significantly increased only in the 10 − 20 cm soil layer of T2 plot (P＜0.05). Conclusion The impact of the prescribed burning on the quality fraction of soil nutrients in the study area is influenced by such as factors burning interval and soil depth. Both interval time after prescribed burning has no significant impact on C and N contents of soil in P. yunnanensis forest. However, burning has a larger effect on soil pH, C/N ratio, AP, and AK. [Ch, 3 fig. 3 tab. 34 ref.]
2024, 41(2): 387-395.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230228
Abstract:
Objective This study, with an investigation of the dynamic characteristics of 0 − 500 cm soil moisture in the restoration process of artificial forests in the loess region of western Shanxi Province, is aimed to provide theoretical basis for improving soil water environment of plantation and realizing forest water balance. Method First, with five typical plantations (Robinia pseudoacacia, Platycladus orientalis, Pinus tabuliformis, R. pseudoacacia-Platycladus orientalis, R. pseudoacacia-Pinus tabuliformis) selected as the research objects, oil drill drying method was employed to measure the soil moisture content of 0 − 500 cm before an anlysis was conducted of the vertical distribution and dynamic change characteristics of soil moisture in artificial forests. Result The average soil water content of plantations from large to small is Platycladus orientalis＞R. pseudoacacia-Platycladus orientalis＞ Pinus tabuliformis＞R. pseudoacacia-Pinus tabuliformis＞ R. pseudoacacia, showing a significant difference in the soil content and that precipitation and soil texture were the main factors affecting soil water content in plantations (P＜0.05). Vertically, the variation degree of soil water content was moderate, and the variation coefficient decreased with the increase of soil depth with the variation of soil water content of each plantation becoming steady at a depth of about 360 cm whereas the artificial vegetation mainly affected the soil water in the range of 0 − 360 cm with the water variation of R. pseudoacacia forest being the highest, and that of Platycladus orientalis forest being the most stable. The vertical layers of soil water in the plantation were divided into exchange layer, use layer, regulation layer and stability layer by using the ordered clustering method with some differences in the depth of the layers among different stands. Conclusion The artificial forest land can reduce soil moisture to some extent in the study area and the consumption of deep soil water increases with the occurrence of drought in R. pseudoacacia, Pinus tabuliformis, R. pseudoacacia-Pinus tabuliformis, especially R. pseudoacacia forest. Therefore, it is suggested that during the construction of forestry ecological engineering, efforts should be made to reduce the planting of R. pseudoacacia forest and increase the planting of Platycladus orientalis in an appropriate manner, as well as transform the existing R. pseudoacacia forest with poor soil water status into a mixed forest, so as to improve the soil water environment and achieve forest water balance. [Ch, 5 fig. 2 tab. 28 ref.]
2024, 41(2): 396-405.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230389
Abstract:
Objective The heavy metal contamination of farmland in one town of Liandu District, was comprehensively mapped through soil sample collection and analysis, providing a scientific basis for subsequent comprehensive soil safety management and comprehensive pollution management. Method The principal component analysis (PCA), single-factor pollution index method (Pi), the Nemero index method (Pc), the land accumulation index method (Igeo), the potential ecological risk index method (IR) and ecological risk early warning index (IER) were used to analyze pollution assessment, and source analysis of heavy metal pollution in the study area. Result The exceedance rates of Cd and Pb (risk screening value) were 60.71% and 39.29%, respectively, but both were lower than the risk control value of soil pollution on agricultural land. The average value Pi of Cd was 1.31, indicating a slightly polluted level, while Pi value of the other heavy metals was less than 1, indicating in the clean. Pc value was 1.10, indicating a slightly polluted level. The Igeo value of Cd and Pb was 1.74 and 0.79, indicating in moderate pollution and no pollution-moderate pollution respectively, the rest of the heavy metals was in the clean. The average potential ecological hazard coefficient \begin{document}$E_{\rm{r}}^i $\end{document} Conclusion The soil in the study area is generally slightly polluted. Cd and Pb are the most important ecological elements in agricultural soils, and subsequent treatment and dynamic detection should be increased to ensure the safety of agricultural products. [Ch, 4 fig. 6 tab. 37 ref.]
2024, 41(2): 406-418.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230331
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to explore the spatiotemporal dynamic characteristics of soil bacterial structure and diversity in plateau degraded wetlands, so as to provide key data support for understanding the response process and mechanism of soil microbial communities to plateau wetland degradation. Method Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology was used to detect the dry and wet seasonal changes of soil bacterial community composition and diversity during different wetland degradation stages (swamp wetlands, swamp meadows, and meadows) in the Napahai Plateau. Result (1) A total of 10 phyla and 21 genus of soil bacteria were detected, dominated by Proteobacteria and unclassified genera, with relative abundance of 35.92% and 20.64%, respectively. (2) Compared with native swamp wetlands, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria in swamp meadows increased by 14.06% and 47.72%, respectively, while that of Chloroflexi significantly decreased by 38.54% (P＜ 0.05). The relative abundance of Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and Planctomycetes in meadows increased by 210.15%, 231.37%, 229.55% and 315.22%, respectively. The relative abundance of above phyla was greater in the dry season than in the wet season. The relative abundance of Firmicutes in swamp meadows significantly increased by 72.38% in the dry season and decreased by 73.17% in the wet season (P＜ 0.05). The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in meadows significantly decreased by 55.50% in the dry season and increased by 223.54% in the wet season (P＜0.05). (3) The Shannon index of swamp meadows and meadows significantly increased compared with native swamp wetlands (P＜0.05). The Shannon indices in swamp wetlands and marsh meadows were higher in the wet season than in the dry season, while those in meadows showed an opposite pattern. (4) Mantel test indicated that the composition of bacterial community structure in the dry season was regulated by soil pH and the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, while in wet season it was mainly regulated by soil water content, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and pH. The Pearson correlation analysis showed that the controlling factors affecting bacterial diversity in the dry season were soil water content, organic matter, nitrogen and pH, while those in the wet season were soil phosphorus and potassium and carbon nitrogen ratio. Conclusion The degradation of plateau wetlands leads to a decrease in soil moisture and pH, which in turn affects the nutrient status of soil carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, ultimately regulating the dry and wet season changes in soil bacterial community composition and diversity. [Ch, 4 fig. 4 tab. 47 ref.]
2024, 41(2): 419-428.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230288
Abstract:
Objective Tongxiang City of Zhejiang Province is a typical “canal town in south of the Yangtze”. Its water system has been greatly disturbed by human activities. Assessing the changes of the water system in Tongxiang is of vital importance to optimize the water pattern and enhance the sustainable development. Method Based on six multi-source remote sensing images and land use survey data from 1975, 1998, 2005, 2012, 2016 and 2019, the water system data were obtained by visual interpretation method. The quantitative changes in the number, structure, shape, function, and spatial distribution of rivers and ponds in Tongxiang since 1975, were studied using river network water system indicators, landscape pattern indices, and spatial overlay analysis. Result (1) The length and area of rivers in Tongxiang increased before 2005, declined sharply during the period of rapid urbanization, and recovered rapidly after 2016. The length and area of Class-I rivers increased in all phases, but the tributaries changed significantly. (2) The river network density, tributary development coefficient, and fractal dimension increased first, then declined, and finally increased rapidly throughout the process. The river water surface rate continued to grow but the growth rate stagnated significantly during the period of rapid urbanization. The ring degree of river network and the actual integration degree fluctuated continuously and reached its peak in 2016. (3) The variation of river network density in suburban and exurbs was much larger than that of urban areas. Before 2005, the changes of water surface rate were larger in urban area than that in exurbs and suburbs. But during the rapid urbanization period, the changes of water surface rate were larger in urban area than that of suburbs and exurbs. The changes of tributary development index was not significant in exurbs. (4) The areas of pond experienced the same process as that of the river. It first increased, then decreased and finally increased rapidly. And the structure of the pond was constantly changing. The proliferation of farming ponds was the main factor in the change of pond area. The shape of the pond became regular during the development, and its distribution gathered, then dispersed, and finally reconnected. Large-scale aggregation of the pond occurred in in the western of exurbs. Conclusion The changes in the water system of Tongxiang in different periods have been greatly influenced by urban development policies, mainly including urbanization development, agricultural structure adjustment, ecological governance, and restoration, and showed obvious periodicity. The characteristics of changes in plain water network cities of the same type are similar and different. [Ch, 3 fig. 8 tab. 36 ref.]
2024, 41(2): 429-436.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230307
Abstract:
Objective This study, with an investigation of the production process and application fields of activated charcoal of Bambusa sinospinosa, is aimed to make full use of B. sinospinosa, improve its utilization rate, and improve its added value. Method First, with B. sinospinosa charcoal used as the raw material, steam activation method as well as single factor experiment were employed to explore the effect of temperature, time, steam vapour amount on the yield of B. sinospinosa activated charcoal and its adsorption performance. Then, Fourier infrared absorption spectrometer (FTIR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), specific surface area and porosity analyzer (BET), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and other testing instruments were utilized to test and characterize the prepared activated charcoal of B. sinospinosa. Result (1) The activation process of the B. sinospinosa activated charcoal was optimal when activation temperature was 875 ℃, activation time was 2.0 h while steam vapour amount was 0.50 L·h−1 under which the yield of activated carbon was 29.07%, the strength was 97.68%, the adsorption value of iodine was 1 235.03 mg·g−1, and the methylene blue adsorption value was 276 mg·g−1, making a favorable adsorption performance. (2) The infrared absorption spectra showed that the absorption peaks started to weaken at 3 130, 3 010 and 1 670 cm−1 until they disappeared at 876, 809 and 747 cm−1 but the main peaks persisted; XRD analysis showed that the activated carbon contained graphite α-axis structure and as shown by surface area test and electron microscope observation, the pore volume and pore size of activated carbon activated by the optimal process were developed, with the total pore volume, the micropore volume, the average pore size and the BET specific surface area being 0.489 cm3·g−1, 0.388 cm3·g−1, 23.378 nm, and 837.005 m2·g−1 respectively. Conclusion The B. sinospinosa activated charcoal prepared by the optimal activation process had good performance and could be used on various occasions such as adsorption and decontamination. [Ch, 5 fig. 1 tab. 27 ref.]
2024, 41(2): 437-446.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230427
Abstract:
Phloem unloading contains a series of complex processes. Phloem unloading plays an important role in the transportation and distribution of assimilates in horticultural plants (fruit trees, vegetables, ornamental plants). This study summarizes the main ways of phloem unloading, and focuses on the main research results of phloem unloading in the growth and development of horticultural plants, including: (1) the main sugar substances transported by phloem; (2) phloem unloading mode; (3) research approaches for phloem unloading; (4) research on phloem unloading in horticultural plants. The key enzymes and sucrose transporters involved in phloem unloading process need further clarification with in-depth research combining the emergence of new technologies, which will help to further elucidate the underlying molecular regulation mechanism of phloem unloading during the key economic and ornamental traits formation in horticultural plants, as well as to provide new ideas for detail research on phloem unloading in other plants. [Ch, 1 fig. 1 tab. 75 ref.]
Phloem unloading contains a series of complex processes. Phloem unloading plays an important role in the transportation and distribution of assimilates in horticultural plants (fruit trees, vegetables, ornamental plants). This study summarizes the main ways of phloem unloading, and focuses on the main research results of phloem unloading in the growth and development of horticultural plants, including: (1) the main sugar substances transported by phloem; (2) phloem unloading mode; (3) research approaches for phloem unloading; (4) research on phloem unloading in horticultural plants. The key enzymes and sucrose transporters involved in phloem unloading process need further clarification with in-depth research combining the emergence of new technologies, which will help to further elucidate the underlying molecular regulation mechanism of phloem unloading during the key economic and ornamental traits formation in horticultural plants, as well as to provide new ideas for detail research on phloem unloading in other plants. [Ch, 1 fig. 1 tab. 75 ref.]
Bimonthly, Start in 1984
Supervisor：Department of Education of Zhejiang Province
Sponsor：Zhejiang A&F University
Editor-in-Chief：SHEN Xi
Editor：Editorial Department of Journal of Zhejiang A&F University
Tel：0571-63732749
E-mail：zlxb@zafu.edu.cn
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