Articles in press have been peer-reviewed and accepted, which are not yet assigned to volumes /issues, but are citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI).
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240326
Abstract:
Objective Flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) is a key enzyme in the synthesis of plant flavonoids. This study aims to investigate the relationship between RcF3H gene and flavonoid metabolism in Rubus chingii and analyze its biological function, so as to provide reference for further exploring the mechanism of RcF3H in the process of flavonoid accumulation in R. chingii. Methods RcF3H gene was cloned from R. chingii, and bioinformatics analysis was performed, including physicochemical properties, homology comparison, phylogenetic tree and promoter cis-acting elements. At the same time, this study detected the expression level of RcF3H gene in different tissues, fruit growth period and exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) induction. Results RcF3H gene, belonging to the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase superfamily, was located on the first chromosome, and its fragment length was 1098 bp. RcF3H gene consisted of 1 exon and encoded 365 amino acids. RcF3H belonged to the hydrophilic stable protein. Subcellular localization predicted that the protein was located in the cytoplasm. The secondary and tertiary structure of RcF3H was mainly composed of α-helix and irregular curl, which had the closest genetic relationship with dicotyledons such as Rubus coreanus and Arabidopsis thaliana. Analysis of promoter cis-acting elements showed that the promoter region of RcF3H gene contained multiple cis-acting elements, and its function mainly focused on responding to hormones and stress. RcF3H gene was highly expressed in fruits, and had obvious tissue specificity. In addition, the expression of RcF3H gene in different ripening stages of fruits was consistent with the accumulation of flavonoids, and the expression increased under the treatment of 100 μmol·L−1 MeJA. These results suggested that RcF3H gene is the key enzyme to promoting flavonoid synthesis. Conclusion RcF3H gene responds to MeJA stimulation and may act as a positive regulator of flavonoid biosynthesis in R. chingii, affecting flavonoid accumulation. [Ch, 8 fig. 2 tab. 28 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240187
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Light is a crucial environmental factor affecting plant growth and development. It is of great scientific significance and application value to enhance plant yield and quality in agricultural production by improving its photosynthetic efficiency. In dense plant communities, lower plants receive less light energy due to the coverage of upper vegetation, so lower plants need to compete for more light energy to maintain growth. Plants have two strategies to obtain more light energy: shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) and shade tolerance response (STR). Research on SAS is relatively thorough, but there is a lack of in-depth research on STR. This paper provides an overview of how sunny plants adapt to lower light level by extending hypocotyl, petioles, stems and other physiological morphological changes in shaded environments. At the same time, shade tolerant plants respond to limited light conditions by exhibiting shade resistance characteristics such as promoting carbon acquisition, low phenotypic plasticity ability and improving stress resistance. Combined with the mechanism of shade avoidance response of sunny plants in response to low light environment through the interaction between hormones and light signaling pathways, the shade tolerance response mechanism of shade tolerant plants in shaded environments is studied, which involves both activating antagonistic factors to inhibit shade avoidance syndrome and improving the transcription activity of shade tolerance response genes to enhance low light adaptability. This review provides reference for research on the mechanism of different plants responding to low light environments, and proposes effective ways to improve the efficiency of plant light energy utilization, cultivate crop varieties with high light efficiency, and construct efficient forest ecosystems. [Ch, 3 fig. 61 ref.]
Light is a crucial environmental factor affecting plant growth and development. It is of great scientific significance and application value to enhance plant yield and quality in agricultural production by improving its photosynthetic efficiency. In dense plant communities, lower plants receive less light energy due to the coverage of upper vegetation, so lower plants need to compete for more light energy to maintain growth. Plants have two strategies to obtain more light energy: shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) and shade tolerance response (STR). Research on SAS is relatively thorough, but there is a lack of in-depth research on STR. This paper provides an overview of how sunny plants adapt to lower light level by extending hypocotyl, petioles, stems and other physiological morphological changes in shaded environments. At the same time, shade tolerant plants respond to limited light conditions by exhibiting shade resistance characteristics such as promoting carbon acquisition, low phenotypic plasticity ability and improving stress resistance. Combined with the mechanism of shade avoidance response of sunny plants in response to low light environment through the interaction between hormones and light signaling pathways, the shade tolerance response mechanism of shade tolerant plants in shaded environments is studied, which involves both activating antagonistic factors to inhibit shade avoidance syndrome and improving the transcription activity of shade tolerance response genes to enhance low light adaptability. This review provides reference for research on the mechanism of different plants responding to low light environments, and proposes effective ways to improve the efficiency of plant light energy utilization, cultivate crop varieties with high light efficiency, and construct efficient forest ecosystems. [Ch, 3 fig. 61 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240170
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Objective By investigating the population density and activity rhythm of wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Longyou County of Zhejiang Province, this study is aimed to research the accurate countermeasures in wild boar prevention and control, and to provide exemplary monitoring and evaluation work from theory and practice to methodological application at the county level. Method Firstly, with the employment of infrared camera technology, a total of 1 308 independent and valid photographs were obtained from January 2021 to August 2023. Then the population density was estimated using a random encounter model, and the activity rhythm of the wild boar in the studied area was also investigated using the kernel density estimation method. Result The population density of wild boars in Longyou County ranged from 0.957 to 1.291 head per square kilometer with the total estimated population of wild boars in the county being approximately 417 to 563 considering suitable habitat areas and the number of wild boars decreasing from the southern mountainous areas, the northern mountainous areas to the central regions. In terms of habitat selection, the wild boar population preferred coniferous forests (relative abundance index IRA=38.45%), mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests (IRA=24.39%), and the elevation range of 1 100 to 1 300 m (IRA=57.25%). With significant density data observed at 17:00 in all four seasons, daily activity rhythms are similar in spring and winter, exhibiting a unimodal pattern while in summer, the daily activity rhythm is bimodal, with the main peaks occurring around sunrise and sunset and there is no significant fluctuation in the daily activity rhythm in autumn and the population exhibited a highly significant seasonal migration behavior along the altitudinal gradient (P＜0.01). Conclusion The distribution of wild boars in Longyou County exhibits significant spatial heterogeneity, while their activity rhythms are also influenced by factors such as altitude and season which can provide direct scientific evidence for the formulation of wild boar control policies in Longyou County and serve as a reference for estimating wild boar density and studying activity rhythms at the county level. [Ch, 2 fig. 4 tab. 29 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240243
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Objective This study used whey protein (WPI) and alginate dialdehyde (ADA) to prepare WPI-ADA copolymer microcapsules, and the interactions between WPI and ADA and their effects on the controlled release of curcumin in the microcapsules were investigated to provide a theoretical basis for the development of the encapsulation system of curcumin. Method WPI-ADA copolymers were prepared using a wet-heat method, and the interaction between WPI and ADA was explored through analysis of grafting degree, browning intensity, and infrared spectroscopy. The effects of different proportions of copolymers on the emulsion were studied in terms of particle size, zeta potential, and rheological properties. The influence of copolymers on microcapsules was investigated using X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and the release characteristics of curcumin. Result The results indicated that the optimum mass ratio of WPI and ADA for preparing microcapsules was 1:3. Grafting degree, browning intensity and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses confirmed the formation of conjugates. Driven by covalent binding, the particle size of WPI-ADA emulsion decreased from 415.4 nm to 325.9 nm, and the microcapsule encapsulation efficiency increased from 83.9% to 95.4%. Additionally, WPI-ADA copolymer microcapsules exhibited good thermal stability. In vitro simulated digestion experiments demonstrated that WPI-ADA copolymer microcapsules exhibited certain controlled release capabilities, extending the time for maximum curcumin release from 12 hours to 24 hours in simulated gastric fluid and intestinal fluid. Conclusion Under covalent interaction, WPI-ADA copolymers can improve the physicochemical properties and curcumin release properties of microcapsules, and can be used to modify the microcapsule system and the delivery of hydrophobic active substances. [Ch, 8 fig. 1 tab. 27 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240297
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Objective This study aims to explore the impact of various industrial organization models on the value realization of non-timber forest products and their mechanism of action, and to clarify effective pathways for the value realization of material-based ecological products. Method Based on the survey data of 811 farming households from 7 counties (cities) in Zhejiang Province in 2022, this study empirically analyzed the impact of different industrial organization models on the value realization of non-timber forest products, as well as the role of regional public brands in this process. Result Both horizontal cooperation (cooperative + farmer) and vertical collaboration (company + farmer) models had significant positive effects on the value realization of non-timber forest products. Mechanism verification showed that regional public brands played a mediating role in the value realization process of non-timber forest products by industrial organizations. Heterogeneity tests revealed that the premium effect of non-timber forest products sold by farmers with small operation scale and through the Internet was more significant. Conclusion Industrial organizations can facilitate the value realization of non-timber forest products by promoting farmers’ participation in regional public brands. Therefore, it is suggested that while improving the organization degree of farmers, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of regional public brand and optimize sales channels. [Ch, 6 tab. 35 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230535
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Objective This study, with an investigation of the water conservation capacity of litter layers in different forest types in the Bashang region, an important water conservation functional area in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, is aimed to provide a basis for the restoration, management and improvement of water and soil conservation in this region. Method With four types of forests, including Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii (PL), Betula platyphylla (NP), Populus davidiana and B. platyphylla mixed forest (NBP), L. gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii and B. platyphylla mixed forest (PBL), selected as research objects in the Heping Forest Farm in Zhangjiakou City, field investigations and indoor immersion methods were employed to measure the ecological hydrological indicators of litter layers. Result (1) The thickness of litter layers in different forests ranged from 32.0 to 62.0 mm, with the PBL mixed forest having the thickest litter layer, followed by PL forest, NBP mixed forest, and NP forest. (2) The maximum water holding rate, maximum retention rate, and effective retention rate of litter layers were higher in NP forest and NBP mixed forest than PBL mixed forest and PL forest, with NP forest having the highest values of 231.15%, 207.60%, and 172.94%, respectively, and PL forest having the lowest values of 208.92%, 170.29%, and 138.95%, respectively. (3) The biomass, maximum water holding capacity, maximum retention capacity, and effective retention capacity of litter layers in the four types of forests ranged from 8.27 to 23.33 t·hm−2, 18.96 to 49.71 t·hm−2, 16.73 to 39.05 t·hm−2, and 13.90 to 31.56 t·hm−2, respectively, and the general trend was PL＞PBL mixed forest＞NBP mixed forest＞NP forest. (4) The water holding capacity of litter layers in the four types of forests showed a logarithmic function relationship with the immersion time (R2＞0.94) while the water absorption rate showed a power function relationship with the immersion time (R2＞0.92). Conclusion The water absorption performance of litter layers per unit mass in PL forest was weaker than that in NP forest, but when considering the biomass, the total water holding and retention capacity of PL forest was significantly higher than NP forest, indicating a strong comprehensive water conservation capacity. [Ch, 5 fig. 3 tab. 38 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240373
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The implementation of carbon labeling for agricultural products can promote precise and efficient carbon reduction in agricultural sector, support the realization of agricultural ecological value, innovate agricultural income models, and enhance domestic and international market competitiveness. China started late in this respect compared with foreign countries, with insufficient guidance from the top, and it was necessary to accelerate the implementation process. Difficulties existing in the implementation process of carbon labeling for agricultural products were analyzed. On the one hand, the carbon footprint accounting capacity for agricultural products was weak. Due to incomplete accounting standards and the weak data base, the accounting results were incomplete and inconsistent and comparability was low. On the other hand, there was insufficient driving force for the implementation of carbon labeling for agricultural products. Factors such as limited awareness, ability, and motivation of agricultural producers, weak willingness of consumers to pay, and lack of established standards and systems all contributed to limited credibility of accounting and certification results, and funding and other elements of security were not guaranteed. The main paths for promoting the application of carbon labeling for agricultural products were discussed, such as speeding up the development of accounting standards, consolidating the data base, promoting international mutual recognition of standards, data, and results, so as to enhance the capacity of carbon footprint accounting. Then, sound carbon labeling system should be established, including certification system and factor support system. Finally, the promotion of carbon labeling should be intensified by developing green consumption scenarios and providing technical support. [Ch, 2 fig. 1 tab. 45 ref.]
The implementation of carbon labeling for agricultural products can promote precise and efficient carbon reduction in agricultural sector, support the realization of agricultural ecological value, innovate agricultural income models, and enhance domestic and international market competitiveness. China started late in this respect compared with foreign countries, with insufficient guidance from the top, and it was necessary to accelerate the implementation process. Difficulties existing in the implementation process of carbon labeling for agricultural products were analyzed. On the one hand, the carbon footprint accounting capacity for agricultural products was weak. Due to incomplete accounting standards and the weak data base, the accounting results were incomplete and inconsistent and comparability was low. On the other hand, there was insufficient driving force for the implementation of carbon labeling for agricultural products. Factors such as limited awareness, ability, and motivation of agricultural producers, weak willingness of consumers to pay, and lack of established standards and systems all contributed to limited credibility of accounting and certification results, and funding and other elements of security were not guaranteed. The main paths for promoting the application of carbon labeling for agricultural products were discussed, such as speeding up the development of accounting standards, consolidating the data base, promoting international mutual recognition of standards, data, and results, so as to enhance the capacity of carbon footprint accounting. Then, sound carbon labeling system should be established, including certification system and factor support system. Finally, the promotion of carbon labeling should be intensified by developing green consumption scenarios and providing technical support. [Ch, 2 fig. 1 tab. 45 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240171
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Objective To investigate the effects of raw and iron-modified biochar on the nutrient content and bioavailability of arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) in con-contaminated agricultural soil. Method An experiment using rice potted in soil mixed with 2% raw Ficus microcarpa biochar (FMB) and Polyferric Sulfate (iron)-modified biochar (Fe-FMB) was conducted, no biochar soil as control. We measured soil nutrient availability, soil enzyme activity, rice biomass and As and Pb concentrations in various plant organs at different growth stages. The bioavailable As and Pb in the soil were determined using the NH4H2PO4 and DTPA extraction methods, respectively. Result The results indicated that, compared to the control, Fe-FMB significantly enhanced the availability of nutrients such as phosphorus (P) and silicon (Si) in the soil and significantly altered the distribution of Si forms in the soil, primarily increasing the content of amorphous silicon (by 25.2%) and iron-manganese oxidized silicon (by 11%). Fe-FMB was more effective in immobilizing soil As, reducing it by 37.9% compared to the control, while original biochar (FMB) was more effective for soil Pb immobilization, reducing it by 24.9%. Application of Fe-FMB led to a 67.2% reduction in As content in rice grains as compared to the control. Furthermore, Fe-FMB significantly increased the activities of leucine aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase, and catalase, with maximum increases of 121.1%, 99.1%, and 33.2%, respectively. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that soil enzyme activity was significantly related to pH and As availability, indicating that biochar application can regulate soil enzyme activity by influencing soil pH and As bioavailability. Conclusion While F. microcarpa biochar is effective in remediating soils contaminated with Pb only, it is not suitable for the treatment of soils co-contaminated with As and Pb. On the other hand, iron-modified biochar shows a better prospect for remediating soils co-contaminated with As and Pb. [Ch, 8 fig. 2 tab. 39 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240266
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Objective Flower fragrance is an important characteristic of ornamental plants, which is very crucial for plants reproduction. This study aims to reveal the biosynthesis and release mechanism of floral substances in Chimonanthus, and to provide a solid theoretical basis for the utilization and development of Chimonanthus resources. Method Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to identify and analyze floral substances of 3 Chimonanthus species, including C. praecox, C. salicifolius and C. nitens. Result A total of 44 floral substances were identified in 3 Chimonanthus species, among which 19, 23 and 18 substances were identified in C. praecox, C. salicifolius and C. nitens respectively. The floral substances of alcohols and esters were the highest in C. praecox, while the content of alkenes was the highest in the floral substances of C. salicifolius and C. nitens. The daytime release rhythms of floral substances in 3 Chimonanthus species were different. The floral substances of C. salicifolius and C. nitens in the morning, noon and afternoon were different, but the floral substances of C. praecox changed little. Phylogenetic analysis showed that C. salicifolius and C. nitens were more closely related than C. praecox. Conclusion The floral substances of C. salicifolius and C. nitens are similar, which caters to the phylogenetic relationship between them. In view of the special low-temperature flowering environment of C. praecox, the interaction between pollination insects and floral fragrance may be the reason for the uniqueness of floral substances. [Ch, 3 fig. 3 tab. 35 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240156
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Objective The aim is to explore the spatiotemporal evolution law and influencing factors of carbon emissions in planting industry in Zhejiang Province, in order to develop a carbon sequestration and emission reduction plan and promote low-carbon and green transformation of planting industry in Zhejiang Province. Method Based on the energy input data of planting industry in Zhejiang Province, the carbon emission coefficient method was used to assess the spatiotemporal evolution of carbon emissions of planting industry in Zhejiang Province from 2006 to 2021. Combined with Logarithmic Mean Weighted Divisia Index(LMDI), the driving factors of carbon emissions changes in planting industry were analyzed, and the grey prediction model was used to predict the carbon emissions of planting industry from 2022 to 2040. Result (1) From 2006 to 2021, the overall carbon emissions from planting industry in Zhejiang Province showed an upward trend followed by a downward trend, with an annual variation rate of −1.80%, and a total cumulative carbon emission of 129 million tons. Between 2006 and 2012, carbon emissions slowly increased and then sharply decreased after reaching a peak in 2012, with an average annual decline of 2.94%. (2) The carbon emissions from planting industry in Zhejiang Province showed a distribution pattern of high in the central region and low in the north and south. Hangzhou, Jinhua and Taizhou in the central region were the main carbon emitting regions, accounting for 39.86% of the province’s carbon emissions. (3) The improvement of planting industry efficiency and the optimization of regional industrial structure played a promoting role in carbon reduction, and the improvement of economic development level, the increase of population size, and the optimization of agricultural production structure were the driving factors that caused the increase in carbon emissions, among which the level of economic development was the dominant factor affecting the changes in carbon emissions, accounting for 41.58% of the total carbon emissions change. (4) LMDI decomposition model prediction results showed that the carbon emissions from planting industry in Zhejiang Province would continue to decline from 2022 to 2040, and the carbon emissions in 2040 would decrease to 37.20% of those in 2021. Among them, Hangzhou, Jiaxing, Shaoxing and Jinhua would have the largest decline. Conclusion Planting industry in Zhejiang Province has achieved carbon peak. To ensure a continuous decline in carbon emissions in the future, we should focus on optimizing agricultural production technology and adjusting industrial structure, applying chemical fertilizers rationally, improving planting efficiency, reducing energy consumption, and speeding up modernization of green agriculture, so as to accelerate the achievement of carbon neutrality goal. [Ch, 4 fig. 2 tab. 37 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240148
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Objective The widespread degradation of Populous euphratica forests seriously threatens the ecological security of oases in arid zones. Therefore, mapping the health of P. euphratica forests is important for their sustainable management. Method The P. euphratica forests in Dali Yabuyi Oasis in the desert hinterland were taken as the object, and based on the field survey of 68 typical sample plots in the region, 17 indexes were selected from the aspects of forest productivity, forest community structure and habitat factors, and the health evaluation index system and health evaluation model applicable to the P. euphratica forests in the region were constructed by using the principal component analysis and the cluster analysis method, the forest health indexes were calculated, and the health of the P. euphratica forests in the region was comprehensively evaluated. Result (1) the overall forest health of oasis P. euphratica forests was poor, with 29.4% in an unhealthy state, 33.8% in a medium-healthy state, 30.9% in a sub-healthy state, and 5.9% in a healthy state. Groundwater burial depth, total nitrogen, depression, Simpson’s index, and Shannon-Wiener’s index were the main factors affecting forest health. (2) In the P. euphratica forests of Dali Yabuyi Oasis, the forest health index of deep groundwater burial depth is significantly lower than that of shallow and medium groundwater burial depth (P＜0.05), and the forest health level is relatively low. Shallow groundwater burial depths have relatively high levels of forest health. Overall, the forest health indices of different groundwater depths: shallow groundwater depth (0.65)＞medium groundwater depth (0.45)＞deep groundwater depth (0). (3) Among the P. euphratica forests in different regions of the oasis, the forest health index of the P. euphratica forests in the north is significantly lower than that in the center and south, and the forest health level is relatively low. Forest health is relatively high in the south. Overall, the forest health index showed an increasing trend from the north, center to the south, and the forest health index in different regions: south (0.61)＞center (0.58)＞north (−0.01). Conclusion The overall health level of P. euphratica forests in the oasis is poor, the shallower the water table is, the higher the health index of P. euphratica forests is, and the health index shows a decreasing trend from the south, the center to the north in different regions. [Ch, 2 fig. 3 tab. 29 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240195
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Objective Transposable elements (TE), an essential component of eukaryotic genomes are prone to activation under stress when they account for over 63% of the Phyllostachys edulis genome. This study, with an analysis of the expression patterns of transcripts of uncertain coding potential (TUCP) from transposable elements under abiotic stress, is aimed to provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of TEs in stress resistance in Ph. edulis. Method First, bioinformatics techniques were employed to investigate the transcriptional characteristics and patterns of TE-TUCPs, and neighboring genes in Ph. edulis under 4 stress treatments: low temperature, high temperature, high salinity, and UV irradiation. Then the reliability of the differentially expressed TE-TUCPs, data derived from the transcriptome was validated using RT-qPCR. Result A total of 57 627 TE-TUCPs were identified from the transcripts of Ph. edulis under 4 stress treatments. These TE-TUCPs exhibited specific expression patterns in response to different abiotic stresses. High temperature, high salinity, and UV irradiation promoted differential expression of genes neighboring TE-TUCPs with transcriptional activity, whereas low temperature suppressed such differential expression. Conclusion TE-TUCPs were primarily derived from the Ty1/Copia and Ty3/Gypsy superfamilies. The expression potential of genes and that of nearby TE-TUCPs were mutually inhibitory and the transcription of TE-TUCPs was regulated by abiotic stress to modulate the expression of neighboring genes in response to stress. [Ch, 7 fig. 2 tab. 44 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240254
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Objective This study is to investigate the seed traits of female Torreya grandis, analyze the genetic variation of the population based on SSR primers, and compare the differences in seed phenotype, quality, and genetic diversity between and within populations of T. grandis. Method Female T. grandis from Fuyang, Shengzhou, Lin’an, Jiande in Zhejiang Province and Mount Huangshan in Anhui Province were used as materials to compare the phenotypic traits of T. grandis leaves and seeds through variance analysis and principal component analysis. The genetic diversity of T. grandis was compared by SSR molecular markers using female T. grandis from Fuyang, Shengzhou, Lin’an, Chun’an and Mount Huangshan as raw materials. Result Analysis of seed traits revealed that there were significant individual differences (P＜0.01) in 8 indicators: leaf quality, leaf shape index, seed mass, seed shape index, seed weight, kernel shape index, seed coat thickness, and shell thickness between and within populations. The relative fat content and soluble sugar content also showed extremely significant differences among populations (P＜0.01), with fat content ranging from 29.36% to 42.35%, indicating rich variation in T. grandis seed appearance and kernel quality. SSR primer analysis showed that the mean Nei’s genetic diversity index (H) was 0.400, the mean Shannon’s information index (I) was 0.650, and the mean polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.400. Chun’an population exhibited the highest genetic diversity (H=0.410, I=0.658), while Shengzhou population showed the lowest (H=0.369, I=0.565). 92% of the total genetic variation existed within the population. Conclusion There are genetic variations in the phenotype and quality of T. grandis between and within populations. The genetic diversity of Chun’an population is the highest, and the genetic variation within the population is greater than that between populations. [Ch, 2 fig. 11 tab. 26 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240264
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Objective The objective is to study the distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon (SOC) and its active components in Pinus massoniana forest affected by pine wilt disease, so as to reveal the influence mechanism of natural vegetation restoration after logging on soil carbon sink in P. massoniana secondary forest and provide scientific support for organic carbon pool management. Method From March to June 2023, in Yuhang District and Lin’an District of Hangzhou City, the undamaged P. massoniana forest was used as the control (ck), four vegetation restoration types were set up by using the space substitution time survey method: moderate logging restoration for 5 a (ML5), moderate logging restoration for 15 a (ML15), heavy logging restoration for 5 a (HL5) and heavy logging restoration for 15 a (HL15) to compare the variation characteristics of SOC, readily oxidizable carbon (ROC), particulate organic carbon (POC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in different soil layers ( 0−10, 10−20, 20−40 cm ) of P. massoniana secondary forest under natural recovery after different logging intensities, and their relationship with soil physicochemical properties was analyzed to explore their mechanisms. Result (1) The content of SOC and its active components in each soil layer ranking from high to low were SOC, ROC, POC, MBC and WSOC, and the content decreased accordingly with the deepening of soil layer. The highest SOC content was 33.53 g·kg−1 in 0−10 cm soil layer of ML15, and the lowest WSOC content was 136.55 mg·kg−1 in 20−40 cm soil layer of ck. (2) Under the same logging intensity, the content of active organic carbon in soil of P. massoniana secondary forest increased with the increase of natural recovery years, among which the content of POC in each soil layer changed the most, and the content of POC in each soil layer of 15 a was over 2.6 times higher than that in each soil layer of 5 a. (3) The content of active organic carbon component in 0−10 cm soil layer of ML15 was the highest, and was significantly higher than that in ck (P＜0.05 ). (4) The results of correlation analysis showed that there were significant positive correlations among active organic carbon components in soil and between active organic carbon components and \begin{document}${\mathrm{NO}}_3^- $\end{document} Conclusion Moderate logging has a significant promoting effect on SOC and its active components in P. massoniana secondary forest. The longer the natural recovery time of vegetation, the more favorable it is to increase the content of soil active organic carbon components. Moderate logging of P. massoniana pure forests and their natural recovery can promote soil carbon pool accumulation. [Ch, 3 fig. 3 tab. 46 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240277
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Objective This study aims to assess the carbon footprint of bamboo shoot products and explore their emission reduction potential, so as to promote low-carbon and high-quality development of the industry. Method Based on the field survey data from 2022 to 2023 in Lin’an District of Hangzhou City and Anji County of Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, this study assessed the carbon footprint of 5 different types of bamboo shoot export products (seasoned bamboo shoots, hand-peeled bamboo shoots, dried bamboo shoots, boiled bamboo shoots, and fresh bamboo shoots) during the planting, production and distribution stages, identified carbon emission hotspots, designed emission reduction pathways, and calculated emission reduction based on scenario assumptions. The implied carbon emission and carbon emission intensity of bamboo shoot export products in China were estimated according to the export situation of bamboo shoot products in China from 2015 to 2023. Result (1) The carbon footprint of the 5 bamboo shoot products from large to small was as follows: seasoned bamboo shoot (1.387 4 kg·kg−1), hand-peeled bamboo shoot (1.010 7 kg·kg−1), dried bamboo shoot (0.927 4 kg·kg−1), boiled bamboo shoot (0.324 9 kg·kg−1), and fresh bamboo shoot (0.174 8 kg·kg−1). The carbon footprint composition analysis showed that the carbon emission hotspots of the 5 bamboo shoot products were mainly agricultural inputs, fresh shoot transportation, fresh shoot processing and additive inputs. (2) From 2015 to 2023, the average annual implied carbon emission of bamboo shoot exports in China was 1.848 2×105 t, with an average carbon emission intensity of 0.966 9 tons per 10 000 yuan. (3) The emission reduction scenario design based on carbon emission hotspots showed that the average decrease in carbon footprint of the 5 bamboo shoot products in 2023 was 20.15%. Conclusion There are significant differences in the carbon footprint of different types of bamboo shoot products. The implied carbon emissions of bamboo shoot products exported from 2015 to 2023 show a fluctuating downward trend. The comprehensive implied carbon emission intensity shows a fluctuating upward trend. The carbon emission hotspots of bamboo shoot products vary, and there is potential for further reduction in carbon footprint through emission reduction measures. [Ch. 2 fig. 7 tab. 36 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240161
Abstract:
Objective This study aim to explore the variation of leaf functional traits among different life forms of woody plants on the northern edge of the Dabie Mountains, investigate the coupling relationship between indicators of leaf functional traits, and provide a basis for deciphering the response mechanisms of plants to climate change. Method Leaf functional traits of 30 common woody plants with different life forms (evergreen, deciduous, arbor, shrub) in Liankangshan National Nature Reserve on the northern edge of the Dabie Mountains were collected, and eight leaf functional traits including chlorophyll content, dry/fresh ratio, nitrogen content, phosphorus content, potassium content, nitrogen/phosphorus ratio, leaf area, and specific leaf area were determined. The leaf functional traits and their correlations of different life forms of woody plants were analyzed. Result There were certain differences in leaf functional traits among different life forms of woody plants, among which the average chlorophyll content, nitrogen content, phosphorus content, potassium content, leaf area, and specific leaf area of evergreen and deciduous trees showed significant differences (P＜0.05). The average leaf area, nitrogen content, phosphorus content, potassium content, dry/fresh ratio, and nitrogen/phosphorus ratio of arbor and shrub showed significant differences (P＜ 0.05). There were certain correlations between some leaf functional traits, such as positive correlation between leaf nitrogen and phosphorus content and potassium content (P＜ 0.05), significant positive correlation between leaf nitrogen content and phosphorus content (P＜0.05), positive correlation between leaf area and leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium content (P＜0.05), and positive correlation between specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium content (P＜ 0.05). The principal component analysis results showed that the leaf phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium contents were important indicators of leaf functional traits, and the 30 woody plants could be classified into four functional groups based on the first and second principal components, with the contribution rates of 55.2% and 12.8% to the variation of plant leaf functional traits respectively. Conclusion There exists a certain pattern of variation in leaf functional trait indicators among different life forms of woody plants. Among them, leaf phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium mass fractions are indicative indicators, and they are significantly positively correlated with leaf area. [Ch, 4 fig. 1 tab. 28 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240251
Abstract:
Objective The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of soil moisture on the daily understory evapotranspiration in Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation, so as to provide a theoretical basis for understanding the mechanism of forest evapotranspiration adapting to climate change and developing plans for coordinated forest water management. Method Taking L. principis-rupprechtii plantation in Diediegou small watershed in semi-arid area of Liupan Mountain in Ningxia as the research object, two experiments (blocking precipitation or water-proof input, and natural precipitation input) were conducted. Soil moisture gradient was artificially increased, and the effects of environmental factors (air temperature, solar radiation intensity, precipitation, and so on) on the daily understory evapotranspiration under the two soil moisture conditions were analyzed. Result The daily understory evapotranspiration in August, September and October under natural precipitation condition was 67.06, 36.32 and 29.49 mm·d−1, respectively, which was greater than that under water-proof treatment (54.22, 20.07, and 11.35 mm·d−1). The daily understory evapotranspiration under the two water conditions was characterized by a gradual decrease, and the fluctuations under natural condition was greater than those under water-proof treatment. From August to October, the difference in daily understory evapotranspiration under both water conditions generally showed a wavy pattern of first increasing and then decreasing, while the ratio showed a gradually increasing wavy pattern. In August, September and October, the mean difference between natural evapotranspiration and water-proof evapotranspiration was 0.41, 0.54 and 0.59 mm·d−1, respectively, with ratios of 1.29, 1.91 and 2.74, respectively. As the potential evapotranspiration increased, the ratio of daily evapotranspiration difference to soil volumetric water difference under both water conditions gradually increased. The effect of soil moisture on understory evapotranspiration was small when the daily potential evapotranspiration was less than 3 mm·d−1, but increased when the daily potential evapotranspiration was more than 3 mm·d−1, and increased significantly when the daily potential evapotranspiration was more than 5 mm·d−1. Conclusion The factors affecting daily understory evapotranspiration are roughly the same under both water conditions. The difference lies in that the daily understory evapotranspiration under natural condition is more affected by precipitation, while that under waterproof treatment is more affected by soil moisture. Future study should focus on the influence of multiple soil moisture gradients on understory evapotranspiration difference. [Ch, 7 fig. 1 tab. 28 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240217
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to analyze the annual variation of the concentration and accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in Fritillaria hupehensis bulbs, and explore the impacts of different nitrogen dosages on the accumulation of dry matter and alkaloids of F. hupehensis, so as to provide scientific basis for rational fertilization of F. hupehensis. Method F. hupehensis obtained from Xintang township, Enshi City, Hubei Province was used as the material. Under the conditions of 102.4 kg·hm−2 phosphorus pentoxide and 86.4 kg·hm−2 potassium oxide for both phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, 4 nitrogen fertilizer treatments were set up: no nitrogen fertilizer (N0), 58.0 kg·hm−2 nitrogen fertilizer (N1), 116.0 kg·hm−2 nitrogen fertilizer (N2), and 174.0 kg·hm−2 nitrogen fertilizer (N3). Samples were collected at seedling, flowering and harvest stages to determine the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and various alkaloids in the bulbs of F. hupehensis at different growth stages. Result The accumulation of dry matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, total alkaloid, verticine, verticinone, peimissine and hupehenine in F. hupehensis bulbs significantly increased with increasing nitrogen application (P＜0.05), and all reached their peak at a nitrogen fertilizer application of 116.0 kg·hm−2. With the increase of nitrogen application, potassium to phosphorus ratio in F. hupehensis bulbs was less than 3.4 at seedling stage, while that during the flowering and harvesting periods was more than 3.4. Throughout the entire growth period, nitrogen to phosphorus ratio in F. hupehensis bulbs was less than 14.0, and nitrogen to potassium ratio was less than 2.1. During the seedling and harvest stages, the concentration of total alkaloid, verticine, verticinone, and hupehenine in F. hupehensis bulbs all decreased with increasing nitrogen application. During the flowering period, the concentration of verticine, verticinone and peimissine in F. hupehensis bulbs showed an increasing trend with the increase in nitrogen application. When the nitrogen fertilizer application amount was 116.0 kg·hm−2, the peak accumulation of total alkaloid, verticine, verticinone, hupehenine and peimissine in F. hupehensis bulbs were 56.50, 4.20, 12.73, 1.66, and 3.68 mg·plant−1, respectively. When the same amount of nitrogen fertilizer was applied, with the extension of growth period, except for peimissine, the concentration of all other alkaloids was the highest during the harvest period and the lowest during the flowering period. When the nitrogen fertilizer application amount was 116.0 kg·hm−2, the accumulation rate of verticine, verticinone and peimissine in bulbs decreased from flowering to harvest stage. The dry matter accumulation rate was relatively fast from seedling to flowering stage, and the accumulation ability of total alkaloids in the bulb during the flowering to harvest period was strong. Conclusion The amount of nitrogen fertilizer significantly affects the yield and quality of F. hupehensis. Excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer is not conducive to the accumulation of dry matter and alkaloids in bulbs. The accumulation of dry matter and alkaloids in bulbs of F. hupehensis at different growth stages is a dynamic process. Yield increase is predominant at vegetative growth stage, while alkaloids accumulation is dominant at productive growth stage. [Ch, 4 fig. 2 tab. 28 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240169
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to discuss the ecological risks caused by landscape fragmentation and habitat quality decline in green space in the water network area of southern Jiangsu Province under the background of rapid urbanization. Method Taking Kunshan City as an example, the land use data from 2000, 2010 and 2020 were selected, and the landscape pattern index was used to construct a landscape ecological risk assessment model. The spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of landscape ecological risks in green space of Kunshan City from 2000 to 2020 were analyzed, and green space control zones were defined based on the characteristics of landscape ecological risk level transfer and change. Result (1) From 2000 to 2020, the total area of green space in Kunshan City showed a continuous reduction trend, with a significant decrease in cultivated land, a total reduction of 20 203.11 hm2, accounting for 21.70%. The water area first slightly increased and then continued to decrease, with an overall decrease of 3813.66 hm2. The proportion of forest land and grassland was relatively small and stable. The area transfer matrix between land types of green space mainly showed a shift from arable land to construction land, reflecting the increasing interference degree of green space by artificial construction. (2) There were certain changes in the distribution of landscape ecological risks, mainly manifested as a shift from low risk level to higher risk level. The proportion of the highest and high risk areas increased by 8.10% and 6.61%, respectively, while the area of low and the lowest risk areas decreased by 8.25% and 9.73%, respectively. (3) Based on the characteristics of landscape ecological risk level transfer and change, the study area was divided into three types of control zones: key restoration zone, coordinated buffer zone and optimal utilization zone. Conclusion The landscape ecological risk of green space in Kunshan City shows an upward trend. There is a correlation between the transformation of green space land use type and landscape ecological risk, reflecting the increasing ecological pressure of green space under human construction activities. Green space zoning regulation strategies based on the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of risks are proposed in this study. [Ch. 4 fig. 5 tab. 28 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240110
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Objective This study aims to sequence, assemble, annotate, and analyze the chloroplast genome of Phyllostachys edulis f. luteosulcata. The research also involves comparing its chloroplast genetic information and phylogenetic relationships with those of other subspecies of Ph. edulis (moso bamboo). Method High-throughput sequencing data were used to assemble and annotate the complete chloroplast genome of Ph. edulis f. luteosulcata. Subsequently, we analyze the composition, codon preference, and repetitive sequences of the genome. Furthermore, sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis were conducted to compare the phylogenetic relationships and genome sequence differences among different subspecies of moso bamboo. Result The chloroplast genome of Ph. edulis f. luteosulcata is a double-loop DNA of 139 678 bp in length containing 132 genes, including 85 protein-coding genes, eight ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and 39 transfer RNAs (tRNAs). The codon preference for this genome has an A/U base at the end. There are 49 repetitive sequences with the most common type being A/T and 55 SSR sites. Phylogenetic analyses constructed using the chloroplast genome sequences showed that Ph. edulis f. luteulosulcata is in a monophyletic branch together with other subspecies of Ph. edulis and is closely related to the original variety of Ph. edulis var. pubescens. The analysis of chloroplast genome sequence and coding gene characteristics showed that there were differences in the number and structure of coding genes and low degree of sequence variation among the subspecies of Ph. edulis. Conclusion This study is the first to comparatively analyze the chloroplast genomes of subspecies of Ph. edulis and reveals a degree of sequence variation in these subspecies of Ph. edulis. This variation information would be available for the identification and comparison of subspecies of Ph. edulis. [Ch, 5 fig. 2 tab. 27 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240114
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Objective This study, with an exploration of the effects of typical afforestation tree species and horizontal soil preparation measures on soil moisture dynamics in 0−180 cm soil layer in the loess region of western Shanxi Province, is aimed to provide a reference for vegetation restoration and comprehensive watershed management. Method Taking the level benches of typical engineering measures and the main afforestation tree species (Robinia pseudoacacia and Platycladus orientalis) in Caijiachuan watershed in the loess plateau region of western Shanxi as the research objects, the soil moisture was monitored in the growing season of 2019 (May − September), with a synchronous observation made of the soil moisture of natural slopes of R. pseudoacacia and P. orientalis using the paired experimental design before an analysis was conducted of the soil moisture characteristics under the comprehensive influence of different vegetation and level benches and the response process to rainfall events and the effects of typical engineering measures on soil moisture of different vegetation were evaluated. Result The changes of soil moisture before and after soil preparation with different vegetation types and level benches were closely related to the changes of rainfall and the average soil moisture decreased from level bench-P. orientalis (18.68%), slope-P. orientalis (16.19%), level bench-R. pseudoacacia (16.10%) to slope-R. pseudoacacia (15.42%). Compared with natural slope, level benches could increase the soil moisture of P. orientalis and R. pseudoacacia by 15.38% and 4.41% respectively and according to the vertical variation characteristics of soil moisture, level benches could significantly increase the depth of active layer and secondary active layer of soil moisture: the depth of horizontal active layer and secondary active layer of P. orientalis ranged from 0 to 80 cm, which was 33%, higher than that of P. orientalis slope while the depth of horizontal active layer and secondary active layer of R. pseudoacacia ranged from 0 to 140 cm, which was 40% higher than that of R. pseudoacacia slope. Conclusion The dynamic change of soil water content is closely related to rainfall, engineering measures and vegetation. Level benches is an effective engineering measure to carry out ecological restoration in small watershed of loess plateau, and the lifting effect of P. orientalis level benches (40%) is better than that of R. pseudoacacia level benches (33.33%). [Ch, 3 fig. 3 tab. 37 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230626
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Objective This study is to reveal the dynamic changes of soil organic carbon (SOC) in evergreen broad-leaved forests during the expansion of Phyllostachys edulis in subtropical regions by affecting the accumulation of soil microbial residue carbon. Method Taking amino sugar, a biomarker of microbial residues, as the research object, this study investigated the succession sequence of the expansion of Ph. edulis in the state-owned forest farm of Lingfengsi in Anji, Zhejiang Province, namely, the accumulative effect of microbial residue carbon in surface soil (0−10 cm) of evergreen broad-leaved forest, Ph. edulis and broad-leaved mixed forest, and pure Ph. edulis forest, as well as the correlation characteristics with organic carbon. Result During the expansion of Ph. edulis, soil fungal residue carbon, bacterial residue carbon and microbial residue carbon all significantly decreased (36.76%, 35.13% and 40.32%, respectively), and the annual litter production indirectly affected SOC, fungi biomass, soil bacteria biomass and total microbial biomass, thereby affecting the cumulative effects of soil fungal residue carbon, bacterial residue carbon and total microbial residue carbon, respectively. There was no significant change in the ratio of fungal residue carbon, bacterial residue carbon and total microbial carbon residue to SOC in the early stage of Ph. edulis expansion (from evergreen broad. leaved forest to Ph. edulis and broad-leaved mixed forest), but in the late stage of expansion (from Ph. edulis and broad-leaved mixed forest to Ph. edulis forest), the ratio increased significantly. Conclusion The role of microbial carbon on SOC gradually increases during the expansion of Ph. edulis into evergreen broad-leaved forests. [Ch, 4 fig. 1 tab. 26 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230583
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Objective The objective is to explore the relationship between the content and accumulation of mineral elements in the branch-leaf mixture and seeds of Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’ during the early growth stage of seeds, in order to provide a basis for scientific fertilization and improve the quality and yield of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ seeds. Method (2+17) a T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ trees (2 a rootstocks and 17 a after grafting) were selected for experiment on Donghu campus of Zhejiang A&F University. Lateral branches (with leaves) and seeds of the second generation were collected from early March to early July, and the dynamic changes in nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) content and accumulation in branch-leaf mixture and seeds were analyzed. Result In the early growth stage of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ seeds, there was no significant change in the transverse and longitudinal diameter of the seeds, dry and fresh weight, and moisture content of each fruit before early April. However, from mid April to mid June, the growth rate increased rapidly and then stabilized, and the accumulation of N, P, and K in branch-leaf mixture decreased while the accumulation and content of N, P, and K in seeds continued to increase, which indicated that N, P, and K in branch-leaf mixture were preferentially supplied to the growth of seeds. During the slow growth and flower bud differentiation stage, the demand for N, P, and K by seeds was relatively small, while during the rapid growth stage, the demand for N, P, and K by seeds increased. This phenomenon intensified with time. On a time scale, Ca gradually absorbed and accumulated in the branch-leaf mixture, while Ca content and accumulation in seeds decreased and ertremely decreased significantly. After the rapid growth period, the accumulation of Mg in seeds increased, while the accumulation and content of Mg in branch-leaf mixture decreased with the expansion of seeds. During the early growth stage of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ seeds, the accumulation of Zn and Cu in branch-leaf mixture showed a decreasing trend, and the seed had a relatively small demand for Zn, Cu and Mn. Conclusion (1) The volume and moisture content of the fast-growing T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ seeds increase rapidly, and tend to stabilize after the filling period. (2) The content and accumulation of elements are closely related to the long-term growth of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ seeds. To improve the quality of seeds, N, P and K fertilizers should be applied at the end of the slow growth period and the beginning of the fast growth period, along with an appropriate amount of trace element fertilizers such as Zn and Cu. Mg fertilizer should be applied after seed harvest. [Ch, 5 fig. 27 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230584
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Objective Soil heavy metal pollution is a common problem encountered in agricultural production activities, and how to effectively and synchronously passivate arsenic and lead in soil has become a research hotspot. Method Raw biochar was prepared from rice husks, and manganese-modified biochar was obtained through potassium permanganate. Pot experiments were conducted using garlic (Allium sativum) as an indicator plant to evaluate the effects of raw biochar and manganese-modified biochar at different application rates (10 and 30 g·kg−1) on the bioavailability of arsenic and lead in soil and soil enzyme activities. Result The application of different proportions and types of biochar significantly increased the content and pH of soil organic matter, available potassium and available phosphorus (P＜0.05), while decreased the content of soil alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen. The effect of manganese-modified biochar was more significant than that of original biochar. The application of 10 g·kg−1 manganese-modified biochar significantly reduced the content of available arsenic in soil by 11.5%, while 30 g·kg−1 manganese-modified biochar significantly decreased the content of lead in the extractable state of diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) in soil by 28.3%. Compared with the control, the application of 10 g·kg−1 manganese-modified biochar increased the activities of β-N-acetylglucosamine glycase by 11.6%, and the application of 30 g·kg−1 manganese-modified biochar significantly increased the activity of acid phosphatase and β-glucoglycase by 9.8% and 37.7%, respectively. Meanwhile, the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in garlic plants treated with manganese-modified biochar significantly increased (P＜0.05), while the contents of arsenic and lead significantly decreased (P＜0.05). Conclusion Manganese-modified biochar has significant potential in improving soil fertility and repairing arsenic-lead contaminated soil. [Ch, 8 fig. 1 tab. 52 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240256
Abstract:
Objective The impact of different drying methods on the quality of dried Prunus mume flowers is to be studied and evaluated, so as to provide reference for maintaining the quality of dried P. mume flowers in drying process. Method 4 different drying methods (hot air drying, microwave drying, compound drying and vacuum freeze-drying) were used to treat 8 P. mume flower cultivars (‘Dongfang Zhusha’ ‘Guhong Zhusha’ ‘Xiaohong Gongfen’ ‘Fenpi Gongfen’ ‘Fentai Yudie’ ‘Yueguang Yudie’ ‘Jiuguang Lve’ and ‘Suyu Lv’). Color difference, antioxidant capacity, and total flavonoid content were used as evaluation indicators to compare the impact of different drying methods on the quality of P. mume flowers. The entropy weight-coefficient of variation method was used for combined weighting to calculate the comprehensive score. The evaluation model was verified by the weighted proximation ideal solution sorting method and the optimal drying method was obtained. Result The color difference and shrinkage rate treated with vacuum freeze-drying were the smallest, less than 33.09 and 28.7%, respectively, and the total flavonoids, anthocyanins, and total chlorogenic acid mass fractions of the samples were the highest. The soluble protein mass fraction and antioxidant capacity of the materials treated with vacuum freezing and composite drying methods were the highest. The retention rate of volatile substances was the highest after composite drying, exceeding 50%. The comprehensive scores ranking from high to low was vacuum freeze-drying group, composite drying group, hot air drying group, and microwave drying group. Conclusion The mass fraction of active ingredients is the highest after vacuum freeze-drying, followed by composite drying. The quality of P. mume flowers is the best after vacuum freeze-drying and composite drying, which can be used for high-quality processing and mass production. [Ch, 8 fig. 6 tab. 29 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240162
Abstract:
Objective The objective is to comprehensively evaluate the spatial structure of four forest types in Jinzishan state-owned forest farm in Hubei Province, and determine the main factors affecting the forest stand structure in the region, so as to provide a theoretical basis for improving sustainable forest management level and forest quality. Method Based on the measured plot data of evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed natural forest, Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation, Cryptomeria japonica var. sinensis plantation and Liriodendron chinense plantation, forest spatial structure indicators such as uniform angle index, neighborhood comparison, mingling degree, and crowding degree were selected, and the unit circle comprehensive evaluation system was applied to comprehensively evaluate the four typical forest types. Result The proportion of random individual trees in different types was the highest, and the proportion of trees in different neighborhood comparison degrees was similar on the whole. The overall distribution of trees in the evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed natural forest was random [average value of uniform angle index (\begin{document}$\bar W $\end{document} \begin{document}$\bar M $\end{document} \begin{document}$\bar U $\end{document} \begin{document}$\bar C $\end{document} \begin{document}$\bar W $\end{document} \begin{document}$\bar W $\end{document} \begin{document}$\bar C $\end{document} \begin{document}$\bar C $\end{document} \begin{document}$\bar C $\end{document} Conclusion There are differences in stand structure of different origins in the same region, and the spatial structure of evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed natural forest is better than that of Cunninghamia lanceolata, Cryptomeria japonica var. sinensis and L. chinense plantations. [Ch, 2 fig. 6 tab. 37 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240141
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Objective The objective is to simulate and analyze the spatiotemporal evolution trend of forest net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in Lishui City, and reveal its response mechanism to extreme precipitation, so as to provide data support for spatiotemporal assessment of forest carbon sink potential in Lishui. Method The spatiotemporal pattern of forest NEP in Lishui from 1979 to 2079 was simulated under three climate scenarios (RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, and RCP 8.5) by integrating plot survey, remote sensing observation and InTEC model. The spatiotemporal characteristics of extreme precipitation were analyzed and a structural equation model was constructed to explore the impact of extreme precipitation on NEP. Result (1) The frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation in Lishui during 1979－2015 showed an increasing trend. In the future climate scenario (except RCP 2.6), the extreme precipitation, frequency and intensity of RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 would continue to increase, with a higher trend of extreme precipitation events in areas such as Liandu District, Jinyun County and Jingning She Autonomous County. (2) Forest NEP showed an increasing trend from 1979 to 2015, with a growth rate of 20.18 g·m−2·a−1. From 2016 to 2079, forest NEP showed a downward trend under the three climate scenarios, but the total carbon sink showed an increasing trend, with the maximum NEP accumulation reaching 10.97 Pg. (3) From 1979 to 2015, extreme precipitation had positive effects on NEP, while it had negative impacts on NEP under the other two scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) during 2016－2079, except for RCP 2.6 scenario under which extreme precipitation had no significant effect on NEP. However, extreme precipitation under RCP 8.5 had less impact on NEP than that under RCP 4.5. Conclusion Forests in Lishui demonstrate strong carbon sink capacity, and have high carbon sink potential under future climate scenarios. However, the impact of extreme precipitation on NEP should not be ignored. [Ch, 5 fig. 22 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240180
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Objective This study aims to analyze the biomass distribution pattern of Eucalyptus plantations at different ages, so as to provide theoretical basis and data support for accurate assessment of carbon storage and carbon sink in China’s Eucalyptus industry. Method Eucalyptus urophylla×E. grandis plantation in Leizhou Peninsula was taken as the research object. The whole-plant harvesting method was used to measure the biomass of various organs in 57 trees aged 1, 2, 3, 6 and 10. Using diameter at breast height (DBH), height (H), and diameter at breast height-tree height (DBH 2 H and DBHH) as independent variables, allometric growth models for organ biomass, aboveground biomass, and total biomass without and with age variables were established, respectively, to screen for the optimal model. Result The biomass of different parts of E. urophylla×E. grandis increased with age, but the proportion of each organ to the total biomass varied with age. The proportion of stem biomass increased with age, from 45.21% at 1 year old to 68.25% at 10 years old, whereas the proportion of branch and leaf biomass decreased with forest age, from 19.43% and 16.31% at 1 year old to 10.51% and 2.91% at 10 years old , respectively. The proportion of root biomass first increased from 19.05% at 1 year old to 25.21% at 3 years old, and then gradually decreased to 18.33% at 10 years old. The root to shoot ratio of E. urophylla×E. grandis ranged from 0.16 to 0.39. In selecting the optimal model for biomass of various organs, the model with DBH as the independent variable (without age variable) had better predictions for root biomass and total biomass than other models. The model with DBH 2 H plus age as independent variables had the best predictions for leaf biomass and aboveground biomass. The model with DBH, H, and age as independent variables had the best predictions for branch biomass. Regarding the prediction accuracy for stem biomass, there was no significant difference between the prediction models with DBHH and DBH 2 H plus age as independent variables, and both models could predict stem biomass well. Conclusion Forest age has significant impacts on the biomass allocation ratio of various organs in E. urophylla×E. grandis plantations. The prediction accuracy of branch, leaf, and aboveground biomass in E. urophylla×E. grandis plantations significantly improves if forest age is included in the allometric growth model. [Ch. 2 fig. 4 tab. 45 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240160
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Objective This study, with an investigation of the classification of Osmanthus fragrans Colour Group and the changes of leaf color and related physiological characteristics during its growth, is aimed to provide theoretical basis for the classification, selection and improvement of Colour Group. Method With a total of 29 germplasm materials of Colour Group selected and classified by quantitative criteria and cluster analysis, two representative lines (‘Luocai 3’and‘Luocai 28’) were selected to observe the pigment distribution, component qualitative analysis, content determination and physiological index determination. Result Based on the cluster analysis at the stage of 30% leaf discoloration (S2), the cultivars were divided into two categories and three color series, namely the reddish brown series (the first subclass of Class Ⅰ), the orange brown series (the second subclass of Class I), and the purple pink series (the second subclass of Class Ⅱ). The anatomical structures of the two strains showed that anthocyanins were mainly distributed in the upper and lower epidermal cells of young leaves, and gradually decrease with leaf growth with the content of anthocyanins gradually decreasing, the content of chlorophyll continuing to rise and the content of carotenoids gradually increasing insignificantly. During the growth process of leaves, there was no significant pattern in the changes of soluble protein and soluble sugar content between the two, but they were relatively high in the S1 stage. The POD activity continued to increase, with‘Luocai 3’being higher than‘Luocai 28’ at each stage and the pH value of the leaves showed no significant change and remained within the acidic range. Conclusion Based on the leaf color parameters of the S2 period, a detailed color scheme division can be carried out for Colour Group. The color change of Colour Group leaves is mainly affected by the decrease in anthocyanin content and the increase in chlorophyll content, in which POD plays an important role. The difference between the reddish brown and orange brown series lies in the content and ratio of anthocyanins and carotenoids. [Ch, 7 fig. 1 tab. 29 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240571
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Objective This study is in order to explore the effects of stand density on biomass and soil physicochemical properties in Pinus tabuliformis forests, for high-quality development and performance of the ecological service function. Method A 30-year-old P. tabuliformis forest in Caijiachuan watershed, Jixian County, Shanxi Province, was used as the research object, and the standard wood method was used to measure the biomass of individual plants and the overall biomass of the sample plots under the conditions of different densities, and the soil physicochemical properties were determined, so as to analyze the effects of stand density on the biomass of P. tabuliformis forest and soil physicochemical properties, and to determine their relationship by redundancy analysis (RDA) and Spearman’s correlation analysis. Result (1) The differences in stand biomass and total tree biomass between different densities were significant (P＜0.05), and with the increase of stand density, stand biomass gradually decreased, and the total tree biomass had a peak at a density of 1 750 plants·hm−2; (2) The physicochemical properties of soil in forests of different densities differed significantly (P＜0.05), with soil porosity being the highest at 1 750 plants·hm−2, reaching 52.38%, soil moisture content being the highest at 2 750 plants·hm−2, reaching 13.84%, and soil fertility being the best at a density of 1 750 plants·hm−2; (3) RDA and Spearman’s correlation analyses revealed that total soil porosity, organic carbon and quick-acting phosphorus were all highly significantly correlated with arbor biomass in the sample plots (P＜0.01), and below-ground biomass was significantly affected by soil water content (P＜0.05). Conclusion The stand density should be maintained at 1750 plants·hm−2 for the purpose of sequestering carbon and releasing oxygen and maintaining maximum productivity, and for the purpose of increasing the carbon sink capacity of the soil and improving fertility, and at 1 750−2 750 plants·hm−2 for the purpose of retaining soil and water and improving soil water retention properties. [Ch, 4 fig. 5 tab. 40 ref.]
2024, 41(4): 669-678.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240145
Abstract:
Objective As an important factor of quality traits in national maize standard regional tests, test weight is a complex quantitative trait, and its influencing factor and regulatory mechanism is still unclear. Quality traits such as starch, protein, and fat content are important factors affecting test weight, but the relationship between them is still unclear. Method This research determined the test weight, starch, crude protein, gross fat, and amylose content of 517 maize germplasms mainly composed of local maize germplasm resources in Zhejiang Province. On the basis of correlation analysis, the kernels of four germplasms with higher test weight, higher starch content, lower protein content, lower fat content, and four germplasms with opposite phenotypes were selected for RNA-Seq analysis. Result By correlation analysis, this research found there was a significant positive correlation between test weight and starch content, while a negative correlation was found between test weight and protein or fat content. RNA-Seq analysis was performed for the extreme germplasm, a total of 159 differentially expressed genes were screened between 2 groups, and 8 candidate genes related to carbon metabolism or amino acid biosynthesis were used for further analysis. The expression difference of these genes was consistent with the change of test weight in different inbred lines by RT-qPCR. Conclusion The correlation between test weight and other quality traits was preliminarily clarified, providing superior germplasms and 8 candidate genes that play important roles in carbon reduction, endosperm development, starch metabolism, cellular metabolism, and seed fat accumulation for the selection of new high-quality maize cultivars. [Ch, 4 fig. 2 tab. 40 ref.]
Correlation research between rice quality traits and seed vigor in different types of rice cultivars
2024, 41(4): 679-687.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240214
Abstract:
Objective The level of seed vigor is closely related to crop emergence performance, population quality, yield and quality potential. By studying the correlation between rice quality traits and seed vigor in different types of Oryza sativa cultivars, this research aims to preliminarily reveal the effect of seed vigor on rice quality, and screen out high-quality rice cultivars to provide guidance for agricultural production. Method 12 conventional japonica rice and 12 hybrid indica rice cultivars were used as test materials to determine seed vigor and quality indexes such as brown rice rate, whole semolina rate, chalky whiteness, transparency, gel consistency, straight-chain starch quality fraction and protein quality fraction under different germination conditions, and analyze their differences and correlations to investigate the relationship between seed vigor and quality traits. Result There were significant differences in seed vigor and rice quality among different rice types and cultivars, and cultivars with excellent quality had significant advantages in brown rice rate, whole semolina rate, chalky whiteness, transparency and gel consistency. Among them, ‘Shennong 702’ ‘Shennong 9816’ ‘Liangyou 0367’ ‘Y-liangyou 900’ ‘Jingliangyou Huazhan’ had germination indexes of 23.8 − 27.2, vigor indexes of 2.8 − 3.7, brown rice rates of 79.0% − 82.7%, and whole semolina rates of 54.4%−66.0%, which had higher seed vigor and better quality compared with other rice cultivars. There was a significant positive correlation between rice quality and vigor index, in which the correlation between the whole refined rice rate and vigor index reached a significant level in both conventional japonica and hybrid indica rice. Conclusion Rice cultivars with high seed vigor have better rice quality. Considering all the indexes, ‘Shennong 9816’ ‘Shennong 702’ ‘Liangyou 0367’ ‘Jingliangyou Huazhan’ ‘Y-liangyou 900’ can be promoted for cultivation and application. [Ch, 4 tab. 32 ref.]
2024, 41(4): 688-695.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230521
Abstract:
Objective The aim is to investigate the tolerance of weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) seeds to different stress environments in Zhejiang Province, and to provide evidence for genetic improvement of rice varieties and prevention and control of weedy rice. Method The seeds of weedy rice and cultivated rice (O. sativa ‘Nangeng 46’) collected from the same field in Zhejiang Province were used as material. The germination of seeds and seedling quality were studied under indoor standard germination condition, salt stress (0.15 mol·L−1 NaCl), drought stress (simulated with 15% PEG 6000), flooding stress (simulated with 5 cm water depth), and low temperature stress (at 15 ℃). The antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of seedlings under drought and salt stress were measured. Result Under standard germination conditions, the germination indicators of weedy rice seeds were significantly better than those of cultivated rice (P＜0.05). Different environmental stresses inhibited seed germination and affected seedling quality. Under salt stress, the germination rate and germination index of weedy rice seeds were significantly higher than those of cultivated rice, and the seedling length was lower than that of cultivated rice (P＜0.05). Under drought stress, the germination potential, germination rate, and germination index of weedy rice seeds were significantly higher than those of cultivated rice (P＜ 0.05). After drought and salt stress treatment, the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase in weedy rice seedlings were significantly higher than those in cultivated rice , and the MDA content was significantly lower than that in cultivated rice (P＜0.05). Under flood stress, the germination potential and germination index of weedy rice were significantly lower than those of cultivated rice (P＜0.05). Under chilling stress, there was no significant difference in germination indicators between weedy rice and cultivated rice seeds, and the quality of weedy rice seedlings was better than that of cultivated rice. Conclusion The germination ability of weedy rice in Zhejiang Province is significantly stronger in suitable environments than that of cultivated rice in the same region, but it is sensitive to flooding stress. Compared with cultivated rice, weedy rice is more tolerant to drought and salt stress, which may be related to its stronger antioxidant activity. [Ch, 6 tab. 32 ref.]
2024, 41(4): 696-705.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230498
Abstract:
Objective The objective is to explore the preferred usage patterns of chloroplast genome codon in Dendrocalamus farinosus, analyze the main reasons affecting the codon usage preference of D. farinosus, and determine the optimal codon, so as to provide reference for chloroplast genomics research in Bambusoideae plants. Method According to the GenBank login number MZ681865.156, 85 chloroplast gene sequences of D. farinosus were downloaded from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database in the United States. CodonW, CUSP and R language software were used to analyze the effective number of codons (ENC), adaptation index (CAI) and relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU). Correspondence analysis of RSCU was performed and the codons were sorted based on ENC and RSCU values. Result The average ratio of guanine (G) and cytosine (C) in the chloroplast genome codon (GC ratio) was 39.48%, with GC1 (47.69%)＞GC2 (39.70%)＞GC3 (31.05%), and the last codon base preferred to end in A/U. The majority of ENC value was above 35, and CAI value was 0.167, so the codon preference was weak. Neutral plot analysis, ENC-plot and PR2-plot analysis showed that natural selection was the main factor affecting the codon preference of the chloroplast genome of D. farinosus. A total of 18 codons, including GCA, GCU, UUC, and GGU, were identified as the optimal codons for the chloroplast genome of D. farinosus. Conclusion Natural selection is the main factor contributing to the codon preference of the chloroplast genome in D. farinosus, and 18 optimal codons such as GCU, GAU, and GGU are screened for the chloroplast genome of D. farinosus. [Ch, 5 fig. 5 tab. 30 ref.]
2024, 41(4): 706-714.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230614
Abstract:
Objective Salvia miltiorrhiza is a traditional Chinese medicine used in clinical treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Elucidating the molecular regulation mechanism of metabolism and synthesis of pharmacophore of S. miltiorrhiza can provide scientific basis for breeding new varieties of S. miltiorrhiza with high quality. Method The transcriptional factor SmJRB2 in response to methyljasmonic acid (MeJA) induction was picked out based on comparative transcriptome mining. The coding sequence of this gene was cloned using homologous cloning technology and analyzed by bioinformatics. The tissue expression and MeJA induced expression of SmJRB2 gene were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The function of SmJRB2 gene was identified based on the genetic transformation technology of S. miltiorrhiza mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Result The results showed that SmJRB2 encoded 501 amino acids and belonged to the MYC transcription factor of bHLH transcription factor family. The expression of SmJRB2 gene was the highest in leaves and principal root. SmJRB2 gene was intensively induced by MeJA and its highest expression level peaked at the induction time of 4.0 h. Overexpression of SmJRB2 promoted the accumulation of tanshinones and suppression of SmJRB2 gene decreased the biosynthesis of tanshinones. Conclusion SmJRB2 is a positive regulator of tanshinone metabolic synthesis. [Ch, 8 fig. 1 tab. 40 ref.]
2024, 41(4): 715-723.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230567
Abstract:
Objective To establish a method for quantitative analysis of multi-index components in Saposhnikoviae radix (Saposhnikovia divaricata), and for comprehensive quality evaluation of the medicinal materials from different areas, using the contents of multiple-index components as evaluation indexes, and the contribution of different components to the anti-inflammatory activity. Method The concentrations of 6 chromones and 4 coumarins from Saposhnikoviae radix were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The quality was comprehensively evaluated using cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The correlations between 10 chemical components and their anti-inflammatory activities were analyzed in a lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammation model in RAW 264.7 mice. Result The 10 kinds of chemical components had good linear relationship, accuracy, and separation in their respective ranges, respectively. 17 batches of samples were grouped into 4 categories by cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The quality of 2-year-old S. divaricata grown in Inner Mongolia (S5) and Jilin (S8 to S11) were relatively better. 17 batches of S. divaricata alcohol extracts differentially inhibited NO, IL-6, and IL-1β secreted by lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Prim-O-glucosylcimifugin, 5-O-methylvisammioside, cimifugin, sec-O-glucosylhamaudol, 5-O-methylvisamminol, and imperatorin were positively correlated with anti-inflammation. The anti-inflammatory effect of S. divaricata is the result of the combined action of several components, and the correlation degrees among prim-O-glucosylcimifugin, 5-O-methylvisammioside, cimifugin, sec-O-glucosylhamaudol, and 5-O-methylvisamminol with three cellular indicators of inflammation (NO, IL-6, and IL-1 β) were over 0.8, which were the main material basis for the anti-inflammatory activity, according to the gray correlation analysis. Conclusion A comprehensive evaluation model of the quality of S. divaricata based on biological activity and combining the anti-inflammatory activity and gray correlation analysis was established, which provided a new method and scientific basis for the establishment of quality standards for a comprehensive evaluation of the quality of S. divaricata. [Ch, 3 fig. 7 tab. 30 ref.]
2024, 41(4): 724-734.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240138
Abstract:
Objective This study, with a comprehensive sequencing and analysis of the mitochondrial genome of Garella ruficirra as well as an investigation into the phylogenetic position of Noctuidae through mitochondrial genome sequencing, is aimed to offer a valuable reference for delving into the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary processes within the Noctuidae as well as exploring the phylogenetic relationship and evolutionary process of Noctuidae. Method First, the Illumina sequencing technique was employed to sequence the complete mitochondrial genome of G. ruficirra, allowing for the analysis of its overall characteristics and base composition. Subsequently, a phylogenetic tree encompassing mitochondrial genomes from 5 genera of Noctuidae, comprising 12 species, was constructed using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods so as to facilitate the examination of the phylogenetic relationships within the Noctuidae. Result The circular mitochondrial genome of G. ruficirra spanned 15 294 base pairs and encompasses 13 protein synthesis-related genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and two ribosomal RNA genes and its gene arrangement conformed to the standard configuration observed in Lepidoptera mitogenomes, featuring a region rich in adenine and thymine, an A+T content of 80.53% and a significant AT bias. The gene order of trnM-trnI-trnQ in G. ruficirra aligned with other Noctuidae species and the majority of Lepidoptera with ATN sequences serving as initiation codons for all 13 protein-coding genes. While trnS1 lacked a DHU arm, the remaining tRNA genes exhibited a typical cloverleaf-shaped structure. According to the study of mitochondrial genome, Garella was most closely related to Nycteola and least closely related to Pseudoips among the 5 genera. Conclusion Gene rearrangement was evident in the mitochondrial genome of G. ruficirra. Phylogenetic analyses, indicating that the clustering of G. ruficirra and G. musculana samples was within a single clade. This study has furnished valuable insights into the evolutionary patterns of Garella and offered a foundational framework for investigating the phylogeny and evolution of Noctuidae within the Lepidoptera order. [Ch, 4 fig. 4 tab. 47 ref.]
2024, 41(4): 735-743.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230581
Abstract:
Objective The objective is to study the relationship between the occurrence of Acantholyda posticalis larvae and stand and site factors, and screen out the key factors affecting the occurrence of A. posticalis larvae. Method 21 sample plots were set up from 2022 to 2023 in the main occurrence areas of the larvae in Luoshan National Nature Reserve of Ningxia to investigate the larval population density of A. posticalis, stand factors and site factors. Using stepwise regression analysis, the key factors affecting the average population density of A. posticalis larvae were screened out. The relationship between mean population density and key factors was obtained by variance analysis and correlation analysis. Result By stepwise regression analysis, it was found that herb coverage, crown width, canopy density, and slope position were the key factors affecting A. posticalis larval occurrence. A linear prediction equation for the average larval population density was established based on the key factors. Among the 4 key factors selected, herb coverage and slope position inhibited the larval occurrence, while crown width and canopy density promoted the larval occurrence. Conclusion Larvae of A. posticalis are easy to occur in uphill forest areas with low herb coverage, high canopy density and crown width in the understory. It is suggested that these forest areas be taken as the key areas for prevention and control, and herb coverage be adjusted to above 0.3, crown width below 2.5 m and canopy density below 0.7, so as to realize the ecological control of the larval population of A. posticalis in this area. [Ch, 5 fig. 3 tab. 39 ref.]
2024, 41(4): 744-751.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230588
Abstract:
Objective The impact of different particle sizes of biochar on the physicochemical properties and its remediation efficacy in mercury-contaminated rice soil was investigated, aiming to establish a scientific foundation for mitigating methylmercury accumulation in rice within mercury-polluted regions and ensure food safety. Method Rice straw was utilized as the feedstock for biochar production. The rice straw biochar with different particle sizes (＜ 0.5, 0.5 − 1.0, 1.0 − 2.0 mm) were obtained through sieving, and the structural characteristics of various biochar were analyzed using element analyzer, specific surface analyzer, FTIR spectrometer and scanning electron microscope. The impact of different biochar particle sizes on the accumulation of methylmercury in rice was investigated through a rice pot experiment. Result (1) With the reduction of particle size, the surface morphology of biochar had significant changes. There was an increase in the specific surface area and pore volume of biochar, as well as an enhancement in the strength of C—O, —OH and —COO oxygen-containing functional groups. (2) Compared with the control group, the application of biochar with different particle sizes reduced the bioavailability of methylmercury in soil, and the enrichment of methylmercury in rice tissues decreased. The application of biochar with the smallest particle size demonstrated the most significant effect, the addition of biochar with particles ＜0.5 mm reduced the mass fraction of methylmercury in polished rice grain by 47.01% compared to the control. (3) The application of biochar increased the mass fraction of methylmercury in the rhizosphere soil of rice, and this positive promoting effect became more obvious with the decrease of the particle size of biochar. Conclusion The reduction of biochar particle size can enhance the remediation capacity of biochar in mercury-contaminated rice soil, decrease the accumulation of methylmercury in rice, and mitigate the exposure risk of methylmercury. [Ch, 5 fig. 1 tab. 34 ref.]
2024, 41(4): 752-759.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230630
Abstract:
Objective While trees can accumulate heavy metals, their accumulation characteristics are currently unclear; this, to some degree, restricts the application of the technology of using trees to remediate heavy metal-contaminated soil. This study was designed to explore the cadmium (Cd) accumulation capacities of five greening tree species. Method The Cd accumulation characteristics of different parts of various greening trees (Paulownia fortunei, Catalpa bungei, Platanus acerifolia, Populus nigra, and Salix babylonica) planted in Cd-contaminated soil were analyzed, and the total amounts of Cd in the trees were determined. Result All the tested trees had a certain Cd accumulation capacity, and the cumulative amount of Cd per tree ranged from 43.01 to 886.28 mg·plant−1. Among the trees, S. babylonica had the highest accumulation amount of Cd (886.28 mg·plant−1), followed by Populus nigra (392.51 mg·plant−1). The Cd accumulation ability varied among different tree species and parts, with concentration coefficients ranging from 0.07 to 0.56, 0.10 to 1.24, 0.06 to 1.04, 0.32 to 1.58, and 0.06 to 0.97 for different parts of Paulownia fortunei, C. bungei, Platanus acerifolia, Populus nigra, and S. babylonica, respectively. The concentration coefficients of most parts (except for the stem bark) of Populus nigra were higher than those of the other trees. The Cd concentrations in the root bark, stem bark, and branch bark of all trees were significantly higher than those in their corresponding root wood, stem wood, and branch wood (P＜0.05). A highly significant positive correlation was found between the Cd contents in different parts of trees and those in the soil (P＜0.01). Conclusion The tested tree species accumulated Cd mainly in their branches and stems. Paulownia fortunei, C. bungei, and Platanus acerifolia accumulated Cd mainly in their branches, while Populus nigra and S. babylonica accumulated Cd mainly in their stems. Populus nigra and S. babylonica displayed higher Cd concentrations, which are the preferred tree species for the remediation of Cd-contaminated soil. [Ch, 5 fig. 2 tab. 23 ref.]
2024, 41(4): 760-768.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230522
Abstract:
Objective The objective of this study is to explore the response of soil CO2 emission flux from calcareous soil to frequent dry-wet alternation in farmland of karst areas in southwest China. Method Taking calcareous soil in karst farmland as the research object, two dry-wet alternation intensities (simulated precipitation of 10 and 25 mm) were designed, with a dry-wet alternation cycle of 10 days as one cycle process, to investigate the response of soil respiration to dry-wet alternation in karst farmland. Result The intensity of dry-wet alternation significantly affected soil CO2 emission flux and total soil CO2 emissions (P＜0.05). Under two different dry-wet alternation intensities, soil CO2 emission flux reached its maximum shortly after water was applied, and then gradually decreased. For the 10 mm dry-wet alternation intensity, there was no significant difference between soil CO2 emission flux and total soil CO2 emissions under different cycles. However, for the 25 mm dry-wet alternation intensity, the difference between soil CO2 emission flux and total soil CO2 emissions under most cycles was significant (P＜ 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed that the correlation between soil water content and soil CO2 emission flux decreased continuously under the multiple cycles of dry-wet alternation. Conclusion The intensity and process of dry-wet alternation are important factors affecting soil respiration release in karst farmland. [Ch, 5 fig. 1 tab. 64 ref.]
2024, 41(4): 769-777.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230545
Abstract:
Objective The aim is to reveal the mechanism of ecological restoration by analyzing the effects of contour reverse-slope terrace on soil nutrients and enzyme activities during the restoration of degraded slope forest . Method The degraded Pinus yunnanensis slope forest land in Yizhe minor watershed of Songhuaba water source area in Kunming City was taken as the research object. 1-year and 10-year contour reverse-slope terrace preparation trials were set up, with the original slope as a control (ck). Soil nutrients contents and enzyme activities above and below the terrace, as well as those at different soil depths (0 − 10, 10 − 20, 20 − 30, and 30 − 40 cm) were systematically compared. Result (1) Contour reverse-slope terraces displayed a significant increase in soil nutrient contents (P＜0.05), and the nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus increased by 15.3% − 236.2%. The nutrient levels below the terrace were higher than those above the terrace, and the increase in surface soil (0 − 10 cm) was the most significant. (2) The activities of soil urease, sucrase, acid phosphatase, and catalase in 10-year plots were significantly higher than those in ck (P＜0.05), and the 4 enzyme activities increased by 3.7% − 587.5%. Soil enzyme activities below the terrace were still higher than those above the terrace. The increase in enzyme activity in the surface soil was significant (P＜0.05). (3) Redundancy analysis showed that soil enzyme activities were better interpreted by soil nutrient indicators after soil preparation of contour reverse-slope terrace measures, with ck, 1-year plots, and 10-year plots accounting for 68.0%, 88.0%, and 92.7%, respectively. The positive correlation between soil nutrients contents and enzyme activities increased after soil preparation of contour reverse-slope terrace measures, and the range of correlation coefficients and the number of highly significant groups (P＜0.01) increased from 0.26 − 0.99 and 1 group in ck to 0.78 − 1.00 and 15 groups in 10-year plots, respectively. Conclusion The implementation of contour reverse-slope terrace soil preparation in degraded slope forest can increase the accumulation of soil nutrient, stimulate soil enzyme activity, increase the coordination between the two in soil physiological and biochemical reaction, and ultimately improve soil quality. [Ch, 4 fig. 1 tab. 35 ref.]
2024, 41(4): 778-786.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230527
Abstract:
Objective Soil amino sugars are specific markers of soil microbial death residues, and play an important role in soil carbon and nitrogen sequestration. This study aims to explore the impact mechanism of tree species diversity and dominant tree species importance on soil amino sugars. Method The experimental forest farm of Northeast Forestry University was taken as the research sample, and 0 − 20 cm surface soil was used to measure glucosamine (Glu), galactosamine (Gal), muramic acid (Mur) and total amino sugar (TA). The diversity index of tree species and important values (IV) of dominant tree species were calculated. The main factors and contribution affecting soil amino sugars were determined through correlation analysis, redundancy analysis, and variance decomposition analysis. Result (1) The contents of Glu, Gal, Mur, TA were significantly positively correlated with those of total nitrogen (TN), electrical conductivity (EC), and organic carbon in soil (P＜0.05). (2) The contents of Glu, Gal, Mur, TA were significantly negatively correlated with IV of Pinus tabulaeformis var. mukdensis (P＜0.01). The contents of Glu, Gal, TA were negatively correlated with IV of Quercus mongolica (P＜0.05). The contents of Glu and TA were significantly positively correlated with IV of Phellodendron amurense, Lonicera maackii, and Juglans mandshurica (P＜0.05), while the contents of Ga, Mur and TA were significantly positively correlated with IV of Acer negundo (P＜0.05). Redundancy analysis found that Pinus tabuliformis var. mukdensis and Q. mongolica were not conducive to the accumulation of amino sugars, while A. negundo, Phellodendron amurense, L. maackii, and J. mandshurica were conducive to the accumulation of amino sugars. (3) Variance decomposition analysis showed that the contribution of IV of tree species to changes in soil amino sugar content (35.4%) was significantly higher than that of tree species diversity (6.4%) and soil physical and chemical properties (17.2%). Conclusion The rich diversity of tree species maintained by increasing tree species such as A. negundo, L. maackii, Phellodendron amurense and J. mandshurica can better promote the accumulation of amino sugars in soil and improve soil carbon and nitrogen sequestration capacity. [Ch, 2 fig. 7 tab. 24 ref.]
2024, 41(4): 787-796.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230485
Abstract:
Objective The aim is to investigate the effects of soil physicochemical properties in different vegetation types on soil enzyme activity on the western slope of Helan Mountain, and to provide a reference basis for the changes of soil enzyme activity, nutrient cycling patterns and regulatory mechanisms in forest ecosystems in dry areas. Method The seven vegetation types on the western slope of Helan Mountain were selected as the research object, which were desert grassland, Ulmus glaucescens forest, Amygdalus mongolica shrub, Pinus tabuliformis forest, Picea crassifolia-Populus davidiana forest and Picea crassifolia forest and subalpine meadow respectively from 1 349 to 2 664 m. Three replicate plots were set up for each vegetation type, and soil physicochemical properties (water content, bulk density, pH, organic carbon, ammonium nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and effective phosphorus) and enzyme activities (β-glucosidase, cellobiose hydrolase, α-glucosidase, β-xylosidase, sucrase, and amylase) were measured by field survey sampling and indoor analysis, with ANOVA and redundancy analysis. Result Soil water content and organic carbon mass fraction in the 0 − 10 and 10 − 20 cm soil layers of different vegetation zones at different altitudes showed an overall increasing trend with the rise in altitude; while soil bulk weight showed a decreasing trend with the rise in altitude in the 0 − 10 and 10 − 20 cm soil layers as a whole; soil total phosphorus, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, effective phosphorus, and pH did not show any significant change patterns in the 0 − 10 and 10 − 20 cm soil layers with the rise in altitude; soil enzyme activities in the 0 − 10 cm soil layer were higher than those in the 10 − 20 cm soil layer. The activities of soil enzymes were higher in the 0 − 10 cm soil layer than in the 10 − 20 cm soil layer in different vegetation zones; Soil cellobiose hydrolase and β-glucosidase showed an increasing trend with elevation in the 0 − 10 cm soil layer, amylase activity showed an increasing trend with elevation in the 0 − 10 cm soil layer, while α-glucosidase, β-xylosidase, and sucrase activities showed small and non-significant variations in different soil layers in different vegetation zones; Soil organic carbon, total phosphorus, ammonium nitrogen, and water content were the main factors affecting soil enzyme activities in the 0 − 10 and 10 − 20 cm soil layers. In the 0 − 10 and 10 − 20 cm soil layers, soil organic carbon, total phosphorus, ammonium nitrogen, and water content were the main influencing factors of soil enzyme activities. Conclusion Changes in altitudinal gradient caused significant changes in soil physicochemical properties on the western slope of Helan Mountain, which in turn regulated the changes in forest soil enzyme activity along the distribution of altitude and soil layers. Soil organic carbon, pH and water content were the main factors influencing soil enzyme activity, and could better explain the differences in the altitudinal gradient of soil enzyme activity. [Ch, 4 fig. 1 tab. 36 ref.]
2024, 41(4): 797-809.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230448
Abstract:
Objective Vegetation restoration is an important method of improving soil erosion and ecological environment in the Loess Plateau. This study aims to assess the impact of vegetation restoration on nutrient cycling and ecological service functions in ecosystem, and further clarify the stoichiometry and distribution characteristics of chemical elements in forest vegetation and soil, which is of great importance for selecting rational models of vegetation restoration. Method 4 typical vegetation restoration types were selected in the loess area of western Shanxi Province, namely Pinus tabuliformis plantation, Robinia pseudoacacia plantation, Platycladus orientalis plantation, and Quercus mongolica natural forest. The contents of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) in branches, leaves, trunks, barks, roots of the tree layer, as well as those in the aboveground and underground parts of the shrub layer, herbaceous layer, and 0 − 100 cm soil layers were determined respectively. The effects of vegetation restoration types on nutrient cycling and eco-stoichiometry were analyzed by single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), minimum significant difference (MSD) and redundancy analysis (RDA). Result (1) Compared with other vegetation restoration types, the shrub layer and herbaceous layer in Q. mongolica forest had the highest biomass, with aboveground biomass of (8.62±0.78) and (5.91±0.18) t·hm−2 and underground biomass of (3.65±0.36) and (3.54±0.25) t·hm−2, respectively. (2) Q. mongolica natural forest had the highest C content, which was (552.90±19.33) g·kg−1, and the lowest N content, which was (10.36±0.30) g·kg−1. (3) There was a significant correlation (P＜0.05) between C, N and P contents in plants and soil. Soil C and P ratio in Q. mongolica was the highest (15.22±0.28), while that in R. pseudoacacia was the lowest (8.28±0.26). (4) Mantel Test and RDA showed that there was a significant correlation between nutrients in soil and vegetation in plantation forests (P＜0.05), but in Q. mongolica natural forest, the correlation was relatively small and the influence of tree layer on soil and vegetation stoichiometric characteristics was relatively weak. Conclusion Near natural afforestation can promote vegetation diversity and provide better ecosystem services. [Ch, 5 fig. 2 tab. 41 ref.]
2024, 41(4): 810-819.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230526
Abstract:
Objective The aim of this study is to analyze and compare the interpolation accuracy of different interpolation methods for missing latent heat flux value (FLE) in ecosystem. Method Eddy-covariance (EC) method was used to continuously monitor FLE and environmental factors of a typical natural deciduous broad-leaved forest ecosystem in Songshan National Nature Reserve, Beijing in 2019. Three interpolation methods, namely marginal distribution sampling method (MDS), linear regression method (REG), and artificial neural network method (ANN) were applied to interpolate the missing FLE data (randomly removed from 0.5 h data), and the relationship between measured FLE, interpolated FLE and environmental factors was analyzed. Result All the three interpolation results underestimated the measured FLE, among which ANN interpolation value was the closest to the measured one (R2=0.40). The measured FLE showed an exponential relationship with air temperature (Ta) and saturated vapor pressure deficit (DVP). MDS interpolated the relationship between FLE and Ta and DVP, and was the closest to the measured FLE. All the three interpolation methods changed the sensitivity of FLE to Ta and DVP to varying degrees. Conclusion The interpolation results of ANN are the closest to the measured values. The relationship between the results of MDS and environmental factors is the closest to the relationship between measured FLE and environmental factors. Therefore, appropriate interpolation methods should be selected in future research based on the research purpose. [Ch, 5 fig. 1 tab. 41 ref.]
2024, 41(4): 820-829.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230580
Abstract:
Objective To study the accessibility and social equity of urban park green spaces, and provide scientific basis for improving the quality of park green spaces and ensuring environmental justice for vulnerable groups. Method The park green spaces in Shangcheng District, Hangzhou City were chosen as the research object. By obtaining multi-source big data such as Mobile Signaling, the Public Comment, point of interest (POI) and so on, a database was constructed. The results of park quality evaluation, attraction algorithm, and Gaussian decay function were introduced to improve the two-step mobile search method, calculate the accessibility value of the elderly population at the residential community level to access park green spaces under the walking and public transportation modes. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze the differences in social equity and their causes. Result (1) There were significant differences in the quality of various types of parks in Shangcheng District, with 21.37% of park green spaces scoring higher than the average. (2) There were significant differences in accessibility levels among different transportation modes, with 65.98% of residential areas having extremely low accessibility levels under walking mode, while 33.81% had extremely low accessibility levels under public transportation mode. As the time threshold increased, there was a trend of high value diffusion and low value fading in accessibility. The accessibility of both types of transportation modes showed a clustering distribution, with a higher degree of clustering under public transportation modes. (3) There were social inequality in the park green spaces of Shangcheng District, with the highest level of unfairness in the walking mode, with a low fairness value of 74.8%. Overlay analysis showed that unfair areas were concentrated in the central part of the upper urban area, with a patchy distribution. Conclusion There is an imbalance between the supply of park green spaces and the demands of the elderly population. In the future, it is anticipated that during the planning and construction of urban green spaces, the quality of existing park green space services will be improved, transportation networks will be enhanced, the number of park green spaces will be moderately increased, and the living environment of residential communities will be improved. [Ch, 7 fig. 2 tab. 36 ref.]
2024, 41(4): 830-840.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230506
Abstract:
Objective This study, with an investigation into the impact of land use structure transformation in national key ecological functional areas on ecosystem service functions, is aimed to provide reference for the formulation of local economic and social development plans as well as the rational and effective allocation of land resources. Method With land use data collected of Taihu County in 2000, 2010, and 2020, a land use transfer matrix was established to analyze the law of land use changes whereas spatial quantitative calculations were performed based on the ecosystem service value (ESV) at the 600 m×600 m grid scale. Afterwards, spatial autocorrelation was employed to explore the spatiotemporal aggregation characteristics and hot and cold hot spot differentiation rules of ecosystem service value on land use changes. Result (1) The change in land use area in Taihu County from 2000 to 2020 was generally gradual with the proportion of construction land increasing by 1.43%, and the proportion of cultivated land decreasing by 1.00%; the area of grassland, forestland, and cultivated land from 2000 to 2020 was on the decline year by year while the construction land increased year by year. (2) The comprehensive land use change index was higher than 0 and the county’ s land use change structure was in the growth stage. (3) The past 20 years witnessed a decline in the ecosystem service value of all land use types in Taihu County with waters and forestland having the highest contribution rate to the total ecosystem service value of the study area. (4) Land use changes were positively correlated with the spatial distribution of ESV, mainly in low-low agglomeration areas and high-high agglomeration areas and such a correlation is enhanced with the changes in the land use structure, and in terms of the distribution of cold and hot spots in Taihu County, hot spots were mainly in the middle area while the cold ones are distributed in the northern area, with noticeable differentiation in the southern part. Conclusion Different land use types would cause significant differences in the quantity and spatial distribution of ESV in Taihu County, therefore, it is necessary to focus on the protection of water body area and the optimization of land resource allocation in the expansion of construction land in the south, and strengthen the optimization of land resource allocation for the sake of sustainable and effective ecological development of Taihu County. [Ch, 4 fig. 7 tab. 31 ref.]
2024, 41(4): 841-849.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230601
Abstract:
Objective Most of the existing leaf area index (LAI) products have some problems, such as low resolution, abnormal data and low accuracy, which are difficult to meet the requirements of some applications. Therefore, this study proposes a method of fusing multi-source LAI data to reduce the differences of data from different sources and improve product accuracy. Method The broad-leaved forest and coniferous forest in Maoershan experimental forest farm were taken as the research area. Based on MODIS LAI, VIIRS LAI and PROBA-V LAI products in 2017, the LAI background database was established to correct low-quality data by using years of LAI data as prior knowledge, and 3 LAI data sets were downscaled by mixed pixel decomposition. Based on Sentinel-2 reflectivity product coupling ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) algorithm, LAI dynamic model and radiative transfer model, data assimilation was carried out. Finally, 3 LAI data after assimilation were weighted and fused, and the accuracy was evaluated by using measured data. Result In broad-leaved forest, the correlation coefficients between the assimilated MODIS, VIIRS and PROBA-V LAI and the measured data were 0.59, 0.56 and 0.62, respectively, which were 0.57, 0.52 and 0.57 higher than the original data. The root mean square error (ERMSE) were 0.37, 0.31 and 0.14 respectively, which were 1.23, 1.69 and 1.06 lower than the original data. In coniferous forest, the correlation coefficients between the assimilated MODIS, VIIRS and PROBA-V LAI and the measured data were 0.59, 0.49 and 0.56, respectively, which were 0.52, 0.30 and 0.40 higher than the original data. ERMSE were 0.24, 0.28 and 0.19 respectively, which were 1.22, 0.67 and 1.35 lower than the original data. Through the fusion method, the correlation coefficients of LAI in broad-leaved forest and coniferous forest were 0.83 and 0.76 respectively, which were higher than the data after assimilation. ERMSE were 0.15 and 0.13, respectively, which were smaller than the error of the assimilated data. Conclusion Through data assimilation, the accuracy of 3 LAI products is improved, and the fused LAI data has higher accuracy and reliability than the single LAI data after assimilation. [Ch, 4 fig. 2 tab. 30 ref.]
2024, 41(4): 850-860.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230478
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to explore specific paths to improve the vitality of different regional types of rural areas in the context of rural revitalization and common prosperity, so as to provide scientific basis for rural development. Method Taking Taishun County in Zhejiang Province as the research object, a rural space vitality index evaluation system was constructed from the dimensions of rural life, ecology, and production vitality. The comprehensive evaluation method was applied to study the spatial differences in the development of rural spatial vitality, and the vertical and horizontal comparison method was used to identify leading and weak vitality of each township (town), and explore differentiated upgrading paths for various types of districts. Result (1) The spatial differentiation characteristics of rural spatial vitality in Taishun County were obvious, displaying an overall value of high in local areas, and high in the north and low in the south. The vitality level of most townships (towns) was relatively low. The vitality of each subsystem was different. The vitality of rural life, ecology and production space respectively showed the spatial distribution characteristics of locally low, high in the west and low in the east, high in the north and low in the south, locally prominent and high in the surroundings and low in the middle. (2) Based on the dividing principles of leading vitality and weak vitality, Taishun County was divided into four categories: comprehensive development, leading development, polarized development and underdevelopment, and the following vitality promotion strategies were proposed according to different regional types. The comprehensive development type should make full use of their respective advantageous resources to offer targeted assistance and form joint activation between the strong and the weak to promote a leap-forward improvement in rural spatial vitality. The leading development type should give full play to its own advantages and vitality to integrate and coordinate other vitalities. The polarized development should focus on exploring distinctive development path and filling gaps in vitality while enhancing the leading vitality. The underdevelopment type should deeply tap into core resources such as culture and ecology, and clarify the development orientation. Conclusion The overall level of rural vitality in Taishun County is low, and each township (town) also has different advantages and disadvantages, reflecting the unbalanced and inadequate development of vitality level. The proposed differentiated upgrading path is expected to have a certain guiding role in achieving rural revitalization and development in Taishun County. [Ch, 2 fig. 3 tab. 26 ref.]
2024, 41(4): 861-869.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230586
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to explore the effects of bamboo age and longitudinal position on wood and fiber properties of Bambusa blumeana, so as to provide theoretical and practical basis for the development and utilization of B. blumeana. Method The density, fiber morphology, chemical composition, mechanical properties and fiber bundle tensile properties of B. blumeana of different ages (1, 2, 3 and 4 years old) and different longitudinal parts (base, middle and tip) were analyzed by normal form washing, fiber segregation and microscopic observation and alkali boiling. Result With the increase of age, the air-dry density, total dry density, lignin mass fraction, tensile strength and longitudinal shear strength of B. blumeana increased, while the cellulose mass fraction gradually decreased. The average length difference of different longitudinal parts of B. blumeana aged 2, 3 and 4 were extremely significant (P＜0.01). The fiber morphology of B. blumeana was significantly influenced by the longitudinal position. From the base to the tip of the longitudinal parts of B. blumeana, the air-dry density, total dry density, lignin mass fraction, bending strength, longitudinal shear strength, fiber bundle tensile strength and modulus all increased, while the cellulose mass fraction gradually decreased. The effects of bamboo age and longitudinal position on the mass fraction of semi fiber and benzenol extract were not obvious. Conclusion B. blumeana fiber has excellent properties and great potential in the development and utilization of fibrosis. There are significant differences in the properties of B. blumeana at different ages and longitudinal parts, among which B. blumeana of 3 and 4 years old can be used as the preferred material for processing and development. [Ch, 5 fig. 3 tab. 40 ref.]
2024, 41(4): 870-878.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230585
Abstract:
Objective Aminated sodium lignosulfonate (SLS) and covalent organic framework polymer/aminated sodium lignosulfonate composites were prepared with SLS as raw materials, and their adsorption properties for the Congo red (CR) were investigated. Method Aminated sodium lignosulfonate (ASLS) was prepared by Mannich reaction of sodium lignosulfonate with formaldehyde and diethylenetriamine. The surface functional groups and morphology of ASLS were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effects of initial concentration of CR, ASLS dosage, the pH value of the solution, and the adsorption time on the adsorption efficiency of the materials were investigated. The adsorption kinetics and regeneration performance of ASLS were analyzed. The AQ-COF was prepared, and the ASLS, AQ-COF, AQ-COF/ASLS on the adsorption for CR was compared. Result FTIR and SEM characterization results showed that sodium lignosulfonate was successfully aminated, and rod-like nanostructures were self-assembled after the combination of ASLS and AQ-COF. ASLS adsorption experiment showed that when the initial concentration of CR was 200 mg·L−1, the dosage of ASLS was 70 mg, and the pH was 1 − 5, the adsorption rate reached above 95%, and adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 80 minutes. The adsorption process was in line with the quasi second order adsorption kinetics model and Langmuir isotherm adsorption model, and the adsorption process was mainly chemical adsorption. When a small amount of AQ-COF (2 mg) was added to 30 mg ASLS, the adsorption rate of the composite adsorbent could reach more than 80%. Conclusion The modified aminated lignin has good adsorption effect on CR and excellent regeneration property, which can be used as an excellent adsorbent for CR. The composite adsorbent prepared by combining covalent organic framework polymer AQ-COF with ASLS can significantly improve the adsorption capacity of ASLS for CR, indicating that covalent organic frame polymers have good application prospects in the adsorption of organic pollutant CR. [Ch, 9 fig. 2 tab. 25 ref.]
2024, 41(4): 879-886.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230473
Abstract:
The vascular cambium is located between the xylem and phloem, which is responsible for many growth and development processes, and also plays an important role in wood production. In simulating cambium growth and potential molecular processes, deep imaging combined with gene expression analysis is a cutting-edge research direction, and mathematical modeling and simulation combined with real-time imaging have important application prospects. Based on this technique, some representative achievements at the molecular level of cambium activity are summarized, and the future research prospects are proposed. At present, molecular studies on cambium activity in plants mainly focus on: (1) cambium activity is regulated by plant hormone signaling; (2) cambium activity is regulated by transcription factors and peptide receptor signaling; (3) cambium activity is regulated by receptor kinase signals peptide receptor signaling. The main conclusions are that WOX4, WOX14, HB4, HB7, HB8 and ANT positively regulate the activities of tree cambium and can be used as the first choice for transgenic wood roughening breeding. In the future, the analysis of cell-to-cell communication connections in the cambium through computer models can better analyze the molecular mechanism of vascular cambium development in woody plants. [Ch, 3 tab. 68 ref.]
The vascular cambium is located between the xylem and phloem, which is responsible for many growth and development processes, and also plays an important role in wood production. In simulating cambium growth and potential molecular processes, deep imaging combined with gene expression analysis is a cutting-edge research direction, and mathematical modeling and simulation combined with real-time imaging have important application prospects. Based on this technique, some representative achievements at the molecular level of cambium activity are summarized, and the future research prospects are proposed. At present, molecular studies on cambium activity in plants mainly focus on: (1) cambium activity is regulated by plant hormone signaling; (2) cambium activity is regulated by transcription factors and peptide receptor signaling; (3) cambium activity is regulated by receptor kinase signals peptide receptor signaling. The main conclusions are that WOX4, WOX14, HB4, HB7, HB8 and ANT positively regulate the activities of tree cambium and can be used as the first choice for transgenic wood roughening breeding. In the future, the analysis of cell-to-cell communication connections in the cambium through computer models can better analyze the molecular mechanism of vascular cambium development in woody plants. [Ch, 3 tab. 68 ref.]
Bimonthly, Start in 1984
Supervisor：Department of Education of Zhejiang Province
Sponsor：Zhejiang A&F University
Editor-in-Chief：SHEN Xi
Editor：Editorial Department of Journal of Zhejiang A&F University
Tel：0571-63732749
E-mail：zlxb@zafu.edu.cn
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