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生物磁学(biomagnetism)是研究外磁场对生物体的影响以及生物磁性与生命活动关系的磁学和生物学相互渗透的新兴交叉学科,得到国内外各领域专家的重视,在农业、医学、环保、食品以及生物工程等领域均有广泛应用,其中磁化水处理技术在农业中应用成为研究的热点问题之一。磁化水是指灌溉水流经特定磁场后,受洛伦兹力的作用,水分子氢键断裂,液态水分子的缔结结构和理化性质发生改变,造成分子间作用力减弱、聚合度降低,水密度增大,水的黏度和表面张力减小,pH值升高,电导率升高,溶氧量提高等[1-3]。研究发现:磁化水能提高盐渍化土壤的脱盐效果,显著减轻盐害对植物的伤害;提高土壤矿质营养元素利用率、减少化肥使用量;提高水分利用效率、节约水资源;有效提高种子萌发率,加快生长发育速度,增加作物的产量和干物质积累量,提高碱消值等[4-7]。关于不同磁强度处理的磁化水对植物生理生化影响的研究报道较少。不同磁感应强度的磁场,可能对水的物理化学性质的影响程度不相同,与此同时,植物对不同磁感应强度的磁化水产生的生物学响应也有所不同。桑树Morus alba是中国重要的经济树种,是饲养家蚕的唯一优质饲料,具有很高的经济利用价值。桑树生产多采用扦插,或者播种育苗培育砧木,然后进行嫁接育苗技术繁育。扦插生产中多施加植物生长调节剂或生根粉提高生根成活率。由于扦插育苗在实际扦插过程中会受到桑树品种、扦插时间、扦插部位、外部环境条件以及扦插管理技术等影响,可能导致桑树育苗生产效率不稳定,育苗周期延长[8-9]。试验所选用桑树品种为山东省蚕业科学研究所通过杂交育种的三倍体桑树成苗‘鲁插1号’Morus alba‘Lucha-1’,该品种在扦插育苗生产中生根率偏低[10]。本研究采用磁处理技术对硬枝扦插育苗的喷淋水进行磁化处理,以探索不同磁感应强度处理对扦插苗生根生理的影响,为提高桑树扦插育苗效率提供更简洁有效的技术。
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由表 1可知:0.22 T处理的桑树扦插苗生根率最高,平均达66.00%,较对照高16.7%,0.06和0.14 T处理生根率则较对照高出7.0%和12.3%,各处理组与对照之间均呈显著差异(P<0.05)。扦插后第10天取样观察愈伤组织发生情况发现:0.22 T处理有部分出现愈伤组织,并能观察到不定根原基明显膨大,而对照没有出现愈伤组织;0.06和0.14 T处理则有少部分植株出现愈伤组织。从不定根发生时间来看,0.06,0.14和0.22 T处理分别较对照提前3,6和8 d;于第30天时取样观察一级根发生数量,0.14和0.22 T处理一级根发生数量显著高于对照(P<0.05)。通过对不同生根部位根系发生数量的观察结果发现:皮部生根根系发生数量都较对照呈现显著差异(P<0.05);愈伤组织根系发生数量较对照没有显著差异;对根系活力的测定发现,各磁化水处理都高于对照且呈显著差异(P<0.05),其中0.22 T处理根系活力水平最高。
表 1 不同磁感应强度处理对桑树扦插苗根系的影响
Table 1. Influence on taking roots of mulberry seedlings under different intensity of magnetic field treatments
磁感应强度/Т 生根时期/d 一级根数量/根 皮部根数量/根 愈伤组织根数量/根 第30天根系活力/(μg·g-1·h-1) 生根率/% 0(对照) 23 3.00 ± 0.71 с 2.80 ± 0.45 b 0.20 ± 0.45 а 67.77 ± 10.46 с 49.33 ± 1.53 d 0.06 20 4.40 ± 0.89 bc 4.00 ± 1.00 а 0.40 ± 0.89 а 120.26 ± 9.24 b 56.33 ± 1.53 с 0.14 17 5.20 ± 0.84 ab 4.60 ± 0.55 а 0.60 ± 0.55 а 167.02 ± 16.77 а 61.67 ± 1.53 b 0.22 15 5.60 ± 0.55 a 4.60 ± 1.14 а 0.75 ± 0.50 а 172.92 ± 9.91 а 66.00 ± 2.00 а 说明:数据为3次测定的平均值±标准差, 同列数值后不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05) -
由表 2可知:氮、磷、钾在根系组织中的质量分数从大到小依次为氮,磷,钾。与对照相比,磁化水处理的氮、钾质量分数呈显著差异(P<0.05),其中0.06,0.14和0.22 T处理氮质量分数较对照分别提高23.2%,28.7%和36.5%;钾质量分数分别提高24.1%,25.0%和25.9%;磷质量分数差异不显著。
表 2 不同磁感应强度处理对桑树扦插苗根系矿质元素质量分数的影响
Table 2. Root parameters of mulbeny cutting under different intensities of magnetic field conditions
磁感应强度/Т w氮/(g·kg-1) w磷/(g·kg-1) w钾/(g·kg-1) w铁/(g·kg-1) w锰/(g·kg-1) w锌/(g·kg-1) w铜/(g·kg-1) 0(对照) 3.516 ± 0.133 b 1.130 ± 0.154 а 0.242 ± 0.027 b 2.847 ± 0.094 a 0.027 ± 0.002 a 0.166 ± 0.033 b 0.017 ± 0.001 а 0.06 4.351 ± 0.436 а 1.046 ± 0.047 а 0.300 ± 0.015 а 2.299 ± 0.322 b 0.031 ± 0.005 a 0.329 ± 0.036 а 0.018 ± 0.001 а 0.14 4.531 ± 0.195 а 1.235 ± 0.084 а 0.303 ± 0.006 а 1.672 ± 0.371 с 0.031 ± 0.002 a 0.317 ± 0.085 ab 0.018 ± 0.002 а 0.22 4.803 ± 0.689 а 1.144 ± 0.106 а 0.305 ± 0.005 а 1.103 ± 0.151 d 0.030 ± 0.004 a 0.426 ± 0.128 а 0.017 ± 0.001 а 说明:数据为3次重复平均值±标准差;同列数值后不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05) 与对照相比,磁化水处理中微量元素铁、锌质量分数均有显著差异(P<0.05),其中0.06,0.14和0.22 T处理铁质量分数均低于对照,分别为对照的19.1%,41%和61.2%;锌质量分数处理组均高于对照,分别提高98.6%,97.3%和156.7%。而锰、铜2种微量元素差异不显著。
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由表 3可知:磁化水处理桑树扦插苗总根长、总表面积、总体积、平均直径、根系生物量均高于对照,总根长、总表面积、总体积、平均直径、根系生物量等5项指标由高到低均为0.22 T,0.14 T,0.06 T处理,对照。其中,0.06,0.14和0.22 T磁化水处理总根长分别较对照提高13.4%,27.7%和103.8%,均呈显著差异(P<0.05);总表面积分别提高44.1%,72.8%和105.7%,均呈显著差异(P<0.05);根系总体积分别升高86.0%,108.3%和136.1%,均呈显著差异(P<0.05)。0.14和0.22 T处理根系平均直径分别较对照提高33.3%和27.8%,呈显著差异(P<0.05),0.06 T磁化水处理差异不显著。0.06,0.14和0.22 T处理中根系生物量较对照提高40.2%,64.6%和101.2%,均呈显著差异(P<0.05)。可以看出,磁化水处理的桑树扦插苗根系形态各指标均高于对照,特别是0.22 T中根系形态指标为对照2倍。
表 3 不同磁感应强度处理对桑树扦插苗根系形态特征的影响
Table 3. Morphological characteristics of mulberry seedlings under different intensity of magnetic field conditions
磁感应强度/T 根系生物量/g 总根长/cm 总表面积/cm2 总体积/cm3 平均直径/mm 0(对照) 0.082 ± 0.005 d 357.55 ± 23.17 c 40.28 ± 5.25 c 0.36 ± 0.07 b 0.36 ± 0.27 b 0.06 0.115 ± 0.006 c 405.57 ± 23.89 b 58.04 ± 1.27 b 0.67 ± 0.05 a 0.36 ± 0.03 b 0.14 0.135 ± 0.010 b 456.81 ± 64.04 b 69.60 ± 17.00 ab 0.75 ± 0.09 a 0.46 ± 0.03 a 0.22 0.165 ± 0.005 a 728.64 ± 32.28 a 82.87 ± 3.65 a 0.85 ± 0.29 a 0.48 ± 0.06 a 说明:数据为3次重复平均值±标准差; 同列数值后不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05) -
由图 1A可知:各处理可溶性糖质量分数在喷淋过程中均呈上升趋势。在第10天时,与对照相比,0.22 T处理中可溶性糖质量分数最高,呈显著差异(P<0.05),较对照提高50.8%,0.06和0.14 T处理无显著差异;在第20天时,0.22 T处理中可溶性糖质量分数最高,高出对照约83.7%,呈显著差异(P<0.05),0.06和0.14 T处理较对照呈显著差异(P<0.05),并较对照分别高出41.4%和64.9%。由此看出,0.22 T磁化水处理的桑树扦插苗中可溶性糖质量分数最高,且差异显著(P<0.05)。
图 1 不同磁感应强度处理的桑树扦插苗可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质质量分数
Figure 1. Contents of soluble sugar and soluble protein in mulberry cutting under different intensity of magnetic field conditions
从图 1B可知:各个处理中可溶蛋白质质量分数在喷淋过程中均呈上升趋势。在处理第10天时,0.06,0.14和0.22 T中可溶性蛋白质质量分数均高于对照,呈显著差异(P<0.05),其中0.22 T处理中可溶性蛋白质质量分数最高,较对照提高84.1%;0.06和0.14 T处理较对照分别高出31.8%和45.0%。处理第20天时,0.06,0.14和0.22 T处理较对照呈显著差异(P<0.05),0.22 T处理的扦插苗可溶性蛋白质质量分数最高,较对照高出83.7%;0.06和0.14 T处理分别高出32.5%和34.0%。因此,0.22 T磁化水处理对桑树扦插苗可溶性蛋白质质量分数影响最大。
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从图 2A和2D可知:脱落酸(ABA)和玉米素(ZT)质量分数水平分别从对照、低磁感应强度到高磁感应强度依次减少,且各磁化水处理较对照都呈显著差异(P<0.05)。其中,0.22 T磁化水处理ABA和ZT质量分数最低,分别较对照降低37.9%和26.1%。可以看出,ABA和ZT质量分数与磁感应强度大小呈负相关。
图 2 磁化水处理对第10天桑树扦插苗内源激素的影响
Figure 2. Levels of abscisic acid, indolebutyric acid, indoleacetic acidand zeatinon the 10th under different intensity of magnetic field conditions
从图 2B和2C可知:吲哚丁酸(IBA)和吲哚乙酸(IAA)质量分数水平分别从对照,低磁感应强度到高磁感应强度依次增加,且与对照相比均呈显著差异(P<0.05)。其中,0.22 T磁化水处理中IBA和IAA质量分数最高,分别较对照高出46.3%和47.3%。可以看出,IBA和IAA质量分数与磁感应强度呈正相关。
Physiological characteristics of hardwood cuttings from mulberry trees with magnetic field conditions
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摘要: 以非磁化自来水为对照(ck),以0.06,0.14和0.22 T等3种磁感应强度磁化水处理器处理自来水对桑树品种‘鲁插1号’Morus alba ‘Lucha-1’扦插苗进行喷淋。通过测定插条基部可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖质量分数、内源激素质量分数、生根数量、根系形态及根系矿物质元素质量分数,分析不同磁感应强度对‘鲁插1号’桑树硬枝扦插生根生理特性的影响。结果表明:①磁化水处理使扦插苗根系生物量、总根长、总表面积、总体积、平均直径及根系形态特征值等显著提高(P < 0.05);扦插苗根系氮、钾、锌质量分数均显著高于对照(P < 0.05),铁质量分数显著降低(P < 0.05)。②磁化水处理显著提高桑树扦插苗可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质质量分数(P < 0.05),磁感应强度越高效果越明显,显著增加了吲哚丁酸(IBA)和吲哚乙酸(IAA)质量分数(P < 0.05),显著降低了脱落酸(ABA)和玉米素(ZT)质量分数(P < 0.05),显著提升了扦插苗生根数量、根系活力水平和生根率(P < 0.05)。综上所述,磁化水处理不仅影响桑树品种‘鲁插1号’的扦插苗不定根形成,且随着喷淋时间的延长,对根系生长及发育有明显的促进作用。Abstract: To explore the influence of magnetized water (MW) on roots architecture of Morus alba, magnetizers of a PP-25-ADS with different magnetic intensities (0.06, 0.14 and 0.22 T) were used to irrigate one-year-old hardwood mulberry cuttings, and the non-magnetized tap (0 T) was set as the control (ck). The contents of soluble proteins, soluble sugars and endogenous hormones, parameters of root morphology, rooting rates, and rooting activities were measured. A randomized block experiment design was used with 5 replicates of each treatment. After irrigating with different magnetic field strength for 10 days, Ten cuttings with uniform growth were selected for every ten days, and there were three replications in per treatment. The cuttings were rinsed with distilled water and used to measure the important physiological and biochemical indexes. Enzyme-linked immunsorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the phytohormones level (IAA, IBA, ZT and ABA); phenol method was adopted to determine the content of soluble sugar; coomassie brilliant blue staining was applied to measure the content of soluble protein, and the WinRHIZO system was adapted to analyse the root morphology. The results showed that (1) Biomass, total length, total surface area, volume, and average root diameter, as well as the morphological characteristics were significantly improved (P < 0.05) by MW treatment. Contents of the mineral elements nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and zinc (Zn) were remarkably increased (P < 0.05) in MW compared to ck, but the iron (Fe) significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Phosphorus (P), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) was no marked differences (P > 0.05). (2) The levels of soluble sugar, soluble protein, indole butyric acid (IBA), and indoleacetic acid (IAA) were significantly promoted by MW (P < 0.05); whereas, levels of abscisic acid (ABA) and zeatin (ZT) were markedly decreased (P < 0.05). Moreover, root number, root vigor, and rooting rates were a bit higher in the treament than that of in the control (P < 0.05). In conclusion, MW could positively influence the formation of adventitious roots with mulberry seedlings and could improve the growth and development of roots with prolonged spraying time.
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Key words:
- silviculture /
- magnetized water /
- mulberry /
- hardwood cutting /
- physiological characteristics /
- root development
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表 1 不同磁感应强度处理对桑树扦插苗根系的影响
Table 1. Influence on taking roots of mulberry seedlings under different intensity of magnetic field treatments
磁感应强度/Т 生根时期/d 一级根数量/根 皮部根数量/根 愈伤组织根数量/根 第30天根系活力/(μg·g-1·h-1) 生根率/% 0(对照) 23 3.00 ± 0.71 с 2.80 ± 0.45 b 0.20 ± 0.45 а 67.77 ± 10.46 с 49.33 ± 1.53 d 0.06 20 4.40 ± 0.89 bc 4.00 ± 1.00 а 0.40 ± 0.89 а 120.26 ± 9.24 b 56.33 ± 1.53 с 0.14 17 5.20 ± 0.84 ab 4.60 ± 0.55 а 0.60 ± 0.55 а 167.02 ± 16.77 а 61.67 ± 1.53 b 0.22 15 5.60 ± 0.55 a 4.60 ± 1.14 а 0.75 ± 0.50 а 172.92 ± 9.91 а 66.00 ± 2.00 а 说明:数据为3次测定的平均值±标准差, 同列数值后不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05) 表 2 不同磁感应强度处理对桑树扦插苗根系矿质元素质量分数的影响
Table 2. Root parameters of mulbeny cutting under different intensities of magnetic field conditions
磁感应强度/Т w氮/(g·kg-1) w磷/(g·kg-1) w钾/(g·kg-1) w铁/(g·kg-1) w锰/(g·kg-1) w锌/(g·kg-1) w铜/(g·kg-1) 0(对照) 3.516 ± 0.133 b 1.130 ± 0.154 а 0.242 ± 0.027 b 2.847 ± 0.094 a 0.027 ± 0.002 a 0.166 ± 0.033 b 0.017 ± 0.001 а 0.06 4.351 ± 0.436 а 1.046 ± 0.047 а 0.300 ± 0.015 а 2.299 ± 0.322 b 0.031 ± 0.005 a 0.329 ± 0.036 а 0.018 ± 0.001 а 0.14 4.531 ± 0.195 а 1.235 ± 0.084 а 0.303 ± 0.006 а 1.672 ± 0.371 с 0.031 ± 0.002 a 0.317 ± 0.085 ab 0.018 ± 0.002 а 0.22 4.803 ± 0.689 а 1.144 ± 0.106 а 0.305 ± 0.005 а 1.103 ± 0.151 d 0.030 ± 0.004 a 0.426 ± 0.128 а 0.017 ± 0.001 а 说明:数据为3次重复平均值±标准差;同列数值后不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05) 表 3 不同磁感应强度处理对桑树扦插苗根系形态特征的影响
Table 3. Morphological characteristics of mulberry seedlings under different intensity of magnetic field conditions
磁感应强度/T 根系生物量/g 总根长/cm 总表面积/cm2 总体积/cm3 平均直径/mm 0(对照) 0.082 ± 0.005 d 357.55 ± 23.17 c 40.28 ± 5.25 c 0.36 ± 0.07 b 0.36 ± 0.27 b 0.06 0.115 ± 0.006 c 405.57 ± 23.89 b 58.04 ± 1.27 b 0.67 ± 0.05 a 0.36 ± 0.03 b 0.14 0.135 ± 0.010 b 456.81 ± 64.04 b 69.60 ± 17.00 ab 0.75 ± 0.09 a 0.46 ± 0.03 a 0.22 0.165 ± 0.005 a 728.64 ± 32.28 a 82.87 ± 3.65 a 0.85 ± 0.29 a 0.48 ± 0.06 a 说明:数据为3次重复平均值±标准差; 同列数值后不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05) -
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https://zlxb.zafu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2018.06.024