-
松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus是目前国际公认的检疫对象,能引起林业上的最具毁灭性病害——松材线虫病[1-2],其原产于北美地区,但在中国和日本造成的损失最为严重[3-4]。在传入中国的30多年中,此病迅速蔓延,国内外学者、林业技术人员等对其防治手段进行不断探索与实践,但至今尚未找到根除松材线虫病的方法[5]。在众多松材线虫病的防治方法中,注干施药是一种有效、安全的防治技术,对未感病松树进行药剂注干能够起到很好的预防效果,特别适合于重点风景名胜、自然文化遗产等地区的松材线虫病的防治,在害虫种群的有效控制和保护天敌方面发挥着重要作用[5-6]。对于注干药剂的筛选,国内外学者也做了大量研究,其中日本、葡萄牙等都开发预防松材线虫病的注射针剂[6-7]。进入21世纪,中国加大了对松材线虫病防治药物的筛选研究[8-11],取得了系列成果。在实际应用中,林茂松等[12]引入日本2%阿维菌素针注射试验,证明的确能预防松材线虫病。贾进伟[13]研究了甲维盐注干对松材线虫病的预防和治疗效果表明,提前注干预防对松材线虫的效果达100%;线虫侵染树体后20 d 注药,治疗效果仅为20%,林间试验注药预防1次,可连续3 a 将马尾松Pinus massoniana的死亡率控制在1%以下,说明注干防治可在一定程度上防控松材线虫的发生与传播。本研究选取市场上应用较多的6种药剂,进行其林间防治效果试验并比较分析,采用高效液相色谱测定了松树体内各药剂主要有效成分的残留量,并利用松材线虫恒温扩增核酸试纸条检测试剂盒测定了注药前后死亡松树体内是否含有松材线虫。试验结果为松材线虫的有效防控提供数据参考。
-
林间各处理防治效果见表 1。由表 1可知:与不清理死树对照区相比,各种注干药剂施药对松材线虫病的防治效果显著,均与对照组差异显著(P<0.05)。各注干药剂在注干2 a后将马尾松的死亡率控制在0.4%~4.4%,防治效果为58.49%~96.23%;6种防治药剂中,3.0%甲维盐注干防治剂、3.2%阿维菌素注干剂、5.0%啶虫脒注干剂防治效果较好,1 a后其注干标准样地松树死亡率分别为0.4%,0.8%和0.6%,防治效果均大于82.61%,药后2 a其防治效果均大于86.79%,与其他几种处理有显著性差异(P<0.05);1.0%阿维菌素微胶囊悬浮剂及1.0%甲维盐注射液的防治效果大于79.25%;0.3%苦参碱疫苗注射液较差。清理死树对照也有一定的效果,松树死亡率分别仅为2.0%和4.0%,不清理死树对照样地的马尾松死亡率最高,2 a后高达10.6%,与整片林地防治前的平均死亡率相当(约为10.0%)。
表 1 各种药剂防治效果
Table 1. Control effect of different trunk injections in forest
药剂 注干松树/株 死亡松树/株(药后1a/2a) 松树死亡率/%(药后1a/2a) 防治效果/% 药后1a 药后2a A 500 7/11 1.4/2.2 69.57c 79.25c B 500 2/2 0.4/0.4 91.30a 96.23a C 500 4/5 0.8/1.0 82.61b 90.57ab D 500 3/7 0.6/1.4 86.96ab 86.79b E 500 6/10 1.2/2.0 73.91c 81.13c F 500 12/22 2.4/4.4 47.83e 58.49e G 500 10/20 2.0/4.0 56.52d 62.26d H 500 23/53 4.6/10.6 说明:字母相同代表在α=0.05水平上没有显著性差异。 -
采用高效液相色谱测定了各药剂的质量分数,添加回收率均在85%以上。6种药剂有效成分在药后3个月和1 a在树体内均能被检测到(表2)。其中,5.0%啶虫脒注干剂与3.0%甲维盐注干防治剂在药后3个月检测,树体内残留药剂质量分数最高,分别为(5.67 ± 1.07)和(2.65 ± 0.35) mg·kg-1;而在药后1 a,3%甲维盐注干防治剂、1.0%甲维盐注射液在树体内残留质量分数较高,分别为(0.95 ± 0.11)和(0.15 ± 0.04) mg·kg-1,说明各药剂能在树体内有一定的持效期。对药后死亡松树进行药剂残留量检测,所有药剂均未被检测到。
表 2 各种药剂注干后树体内后药剂残留量
Table 2. Residue of different trunk injections in pine tree
药剂 添加回收率/% 取样松树数/株 药后3个月树体内药剂平均残留量/(mg.kg-1) 药后1a树体内药剂平均残留量/(mg.kg-1) 死亡松树体内药剂平均残留量/(mg.kg-1) A 100.25 ± 1.32 30 0.005 ± 0.002 0 0.002 0 ± 0.000 5 0 B 99.86 ± 2.16 30 2.650 ± 0.350 0 0.950 0 ± 0.110 0 0 C 97.86 ± 0.76 30 0.250 ± 0.075 0 0.050 0 ± 0.003 0 0 D 95.86 ± 0.26 30 5.670 ± 1.070 0 0.140 0 ± 0.060 0 0 E 99.13 ± 3.11 30 1.340 ± 0.650 0 0.150 0 ± 0.040 0 0 F 85.13 ± 2.46 30 0.010 ± 0.002 0 0.001 0 ± 0.000 5 0 -
采用松材线虫恒温扩增核酸试纸条检测试剂盒,对样地中注干后所有死亡松树采用贝尔曼漏斗法进行线虫分离,并进行线虫阳性检测。结果表明:所有死亡松树内均含有松材线虫,含线虫数量至少为897.34条·g-1。
表 3 注干后枯死松树松材线虫阳性及线虫数量检测
Table 3. Positive and quantitative detection of Bursαphelenchus χylophilus in died pine tree
药剂 死亡松树数(药后1a)/株 阳性检测 死亡松树数(药后2a)/株 阳性检测 平均线虫数量(药后2a)/(条.g-1) A 7 全部阳性 11 全部阳性 1678.45 B 2 全部阳性 2 全部阳性 1376.47 C 4 全部阳性 5 全部阳性 2311.2 D 3 全部阳性 7 全部阳性 897.34 E 6 全部阳性 10 全部阳性 899.11 F 12 全部阳性 22 全部阳性 1356.2 G 10 全部阳性 20 全部阳性 3421.7 H 23 全部阳性 53 全部阳性 2996.78
Field efficacy of six trunk-injected pesticides on Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
-
摘要: 为研究注干施药预防松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus的效果,以6种松材线虫药剂林间注干,测定了施药2 a内的防治效果。采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定了各药剂主要有效成分注干后3个月和1 a的在树体残留动态,并利用松材线虫恒温扩增核酸试纸条精准检测了注药后死亡松树体内松材线虫数量。结果表明:6种注干药剂林间防治后,对松材线虫防治效果存在显著差异(P<0.05),各种注干药剂在注干2 a后将马尾松Pinus massoniana的死亡率控制在0.4%~4.4%,以甲维盐、阿维菌素、啶虫脒为主要成分的药剂注干防治效果在80%以上;药后1 a高效液相色谱(HPLC)抽检测定的树体内各药剂均有残留(枯死松树中未检测到),其中甲维盐质量分数较高,平均为(0.15±0.11) mg·kg-1。检测注药后死亡松树体内均有松材线虫,且平均至少为897.34条·g-1,说明能在树体内传导的注干药剂均有一定的防效及持效期,可在林间推广和应用。Abstract: Forest efficacy of six liquid-formulated trunk-injected pesticides (avermectin, emamectin benzoate, matrine and acetamiprid) were studied using auto flow trunk injection. After 15 months residues from liquid-formulated trunk-injections in pine were recovered and detected using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Also, positive and quantitative detection of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (BX) in dead pine trees was studied with a BX Isothermal Amplification Diagnostic Kit. Results showed that the prevention effect from the six liquid-formulated trunk injection pesticides was significant (P<0.05) with one injection controlling pine death rate between 0.4%-4.4% for two consecutive years. Avermectin, emamectin benzoate, and aloperine with trunk-injection slowed the spread of pine wilt disease with a field efficacy above 80%. All liquid-formulated residue concentrations in the trunk xylem were reached except dead pine trees one year after injection the maximum residue concentration was found with emamectin benzoate[having at least (0.15±0.11) mg·kg-1]. Also, after injection all pine trees died due to BX nematodes with an average BX nematode content of at least 897.34 g-1 in the trunk xylem. Thus, because of its favorable effect and long duration of efficacy, this liquid-formulated pesticide injection could be popularized and used in practical control.
-
表 1 各种药剂防治效果
Table 1. Control effect of different trunk injections in forest
药剂 注干松树/株 死亡松树/株(药后1a/2a) 松树死亡率/%(药后1a/2a) 防治效果/% 药后1a 药后2a A 500 7/11 1.4/2.2 69.57c 79.25c B 500 2/2 0.4/0.4 91.30a 96.23a C 500 4/5 0.8/1.0 82.61b 90.57ab D 500 3/7 0.6/1.4 86.96ab 86.79b E 500 6/10 1.2/2.0 73.91c 81.13c F 500 12/22 2.4/4.4 47.83e 58.49e G 500 10/20 2.0/4.0 56.52d 62.26d H 500 23/53 4.6/10.6 说明:字母相同代表在α=0.05水平上没有显著性差异。 表 2 各种药剂注干后树体内后药剂残留量
Table 2. Residue of different trunk injections in pine tree
药剂 添加回收率/% 取样松树数/株 药后3个月树体内药剂平均残留量/(mg.kg-1) 药后1a树体内药剂平均残留量/(mg.kg-1) 死亡松树体内药剂平均残留量/(mg.kg-1) A 100.25 ± 1.32 30 0.005 ± 0.002 0 0.002 0 ± 0.000 5 0 B 99.86 ± 2.16 30 2.650 ± 0.350 0 0.950 0 ± 0.110 0 0 C 97.86 ± 0.76 30 0.250 ± 0.075 0 0.050 0 ± 0.003 0 0 D 95.86 ± 0.26 30 5.670 ± 1.070 0 0.140 0 ± 0.060 0 0 E 99.13 ± 3.11 30 1.340 ± 0.650 0 0.150 0 ± 0.040 0 0 F 85.13 ± 2.46 30 0.010 ± 0.002 0 0.001 0 ± 0.000 5 0 表 3 注干后枯死松树松材线虫阳性及线虫数量检测
Table 3. Positive and quantitative detection of Bursαphelenchus χylophilus in died pine tree
药剂 死亡松树数(药后1a)/株 阳性检测 死亡松树数(药后2a)/株 阳性检测 平均线虫数量(药后2a)/(条.g-1) A 7 全部阳性 11 全部阳性 1678.45 B 2 全部阳性 2 全部阳性 1376.47 C 4 全部阳性 5 全部阳性 2311.2 D 3 全部阳性 7 全部阳性 897.34 E 6 全部阳性 10 全部阳性 899.11 F 12 全部阳性 22 全部阳性 1356.2 G 10 全部阳性 20 全部阳性 3421.7 H 23 全部阳性 53 全部阳性 2996.78 -
[1] MAMIYA Y, ENDA N. Transmission of Bursaphelenchus lignicolus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) by Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera:Cerambycidae) [J]. Nematologica, 1971, 18(2): 159-162. [2] YANG Baojun, WANG Qiuli. Distribution of the pinewood nematode in China and susceptibility of some Chinese and exotic pines to the nematode [J]. Can J For Res, 1989, 19(12): 1527-1530. [3] MOON Y S, LEE S M, PARK J D, et al. Distribution and control of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its vector Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus [J]. J For Sci, 1995, 51: 119-126. [4] OH I J, JU W T, KIM Y J , et al. Occurrence of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) and the microhabitat distribution of fungi in declining pine trees in a locale in Korea [J]. Entomol Res, 2014, 44(3): 93-101. [5] 李兰英,高岚,温亚利,等. 松材线虫病研究进展[J]. 浙江林业科技,2006,26(5):74-79. LI Lanying, GAO Lan, WEN Yali, et al. Advance in research on Bursaphelenchus xylophilus [J]. J Zhejiang For Sci Technol, 2006, 26(5): 74-79. [6] TAKAI K, SOEJIMA T, SUZUKI T, et al. Emamectin benzoate as a candidate for a trunk-injection agent against the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus [J]. Pest Manage Sci, 2000, 56(10): 937-941. [7] SOUSA E, NAVES P, VIEIRA M. Prevention of pine wilt disease induced by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Monochamus galloprovincialis by trunk injection of emamectin benzoate [J]. Phytoparasitica, 2013, 41(2): 143-148. [8] 赵博光,吴如其,李小平. 苦豆碱防治松材线虫病的林间试验[J]. 林业科学,1998,34(6):113-117. ZHAO Boguang, WU Ruqi, LI Xiaoping. Field tests of controlling the pine wilt disease with the alkaloid-aloperine[J]. Sci Silv Sin, 1998, 34(6): 113-117. [9] 来燕学,池树友,王亚红,等. 杀灭松材线虫的高效药物筛选与毒性测定[J]. 浙江农林大学学报,2011,28(3):479-485. LAI Yanxue,CHI Shuyou,WANG Yahong,et al. Pesticide toxicity and selection for the pine wood nematode[J]. J Zhejiang A & F Univ, 2011, 28(3): 479-485. [10] 翁群芳,钟国华,胡美英,等. 骆驼蓬提取物对松材线虫的生物活性及生理效应[J]. 中国农业科学,2005,38(10):2014-2022. WENG Qunfang,ZHONG Guohua,HU Meiying,et al. Bioactivities and physiological effects of extracts of Peganum harmala against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus [J]. Sci Agric Sin, 2005, 38(10): 2014-2022. [11] 胡林,徐汉虹,梁明龙. 鱼藤酮水基纳米悬浮剂的特性及对松材线虫的杀虫作用[J]. 农药学学报,2005,7(2):171-175. HU Lin,XU Hanhong,LIANG Minglong. The characterization of aqueous nanosuspension of rotenone and the bioactivity against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus [J]. Chin J Pestic Sci, 2005, 7(2): 171-175. [12] 林茂松,周国明. 2%阿维菌素乳油对松材线虫的生物活性测定[J]. 农药学学报,2001,3(3):40-44. LIN Maosong, ZHOU Guoming. The activity of abamectin for pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus control [J]. Chin J Pestic Sci, 2001, 3(3): 40-44. [13] [14] 孙扬, 徐应明, 秦冬梅,等. 苦参碱在黄瓜和土壤中的检测方法及其残留动态研究[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2010, 29(4): 686-691. SUN Yang, XU Yinming, QIN Dongmei, et al. Residue detection and degradation of matrine in cucumber and soil[J]. J Agro-Environ Sci, 2010, 29(4): 686-691. [15] MENDEL R M, RECKMANN U, F?譈HR F. Xylem transport of the pesticide in imidacloprid in Citrus [J]. Acta Hortic, 2000, 531(18): 129-134. [16] REARDON R C, BARRETT L J, KPERBER T W, et al. Implantation and injection of systemic to suppress seed and cone insects in Douglas fir in Montana [J]. Can Entomol, 1985, 117(8): 961-969. [17] KUSUNOKI M. Symptom development of pine wilt disease-histopathological observations with electron microscope[J]. Jpn J Phytopathol, 1987, 53(5): 622-629. [18] IKEDA T, SUZAKI T. Influence of pine-wood nematodes on hydraulic conductivity and water status in Pinus thunbergii [J]. J Jpn For Soc, 1984, 66(10): 412-420. [19] FUKUDA K, HOGETSU T, SUZUKI K. Cavitation and cytological changes in xylem of pine seedling inoculated with virulent and avirulent isolates of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and B. mucrcmatus [J]. J Jpn For Soc, 1992, 74(4): 289-299. [20] 唐光辉,陈安良,冯俊涛,等. 树干注药技术研究进展[J]. 西北林学院学报, 2006, 21(4): 117-120. TANG Guanghui, CHEN Anliang, FENG Juntao. et al. Review on trunk injection technique [J]. J Northwest For Univ, 2006, 21(4): 117-120. [21] FUTAI K. Role of asymptomatic carrier trees in epidemic spread of pine wilt disease [J]. J For Res, 2003, 8(4): 253-260. [22] MAMIYA Y. Initial pathological changes and disease development in pine trees induced by the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus [J]. Jpn J Phytopathol, 1985, 51(5): 546-555. [23] TAKAI K, SUZUKI T, KAWAZU K. Development and preventative effect against pine wilt disease of a novel liquid formulation of emamectin benzoate [J]. Pest Manage Sci, 2003, 59(3): 365-370. [24] 张爱良,贾进伟,张旭,等. 甲维盐注干施用对松墨天牛种群的影响[J]. 中国森林病虫,2014,33(1):8-10. ZHANG Ailiang, JIA Jinwei, ZHANG Xu, et al. Influence of trunk-injection of emamectin benzoate on Monochamus alternatus [J]. For Pest Dis, 2014, 33(1): 8-10. -
链接本文:
https://zlxb.zafu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2016.04.023