Articles in press have been peer-reviewed and accepted, which are not yet assigned to volumes /issues, but are citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI).
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20260198
Abstract:
In recent years, drought has become a major abiotic stress leading to yield decline in Camellia oleifera. Investigating the drought resistance mechanisms of C. oleifera and breeding drought-tolerant, high-yielding varieties are crucial approaches to addressing seasonal drought and ensuring the sustainable development of the C. oleifera industry. This article provides an overview of the signal transduction pathways involved in drought stress in C. oleifera, including the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway (PYR/PYL-PP2C-SnRK2) and the calcium signaling pathway (CDPK/CBL-CIPK). These pathways induce the expression of key transcription factors (NAC, MYB, WRKY families, etc.), which further regulate the expression of critical genes, including LEA protein genes (CoLEA), osmotic regulation key genes (CoP5S5, CoSUS2, CoBADH), and antioxidant enzyme genes (CoPOD, CoCAT, CoSOD), thereby driving the regulatory response network of C. oleifera to enhance drought resistance through physiological and biochemical mechanisms, including the accumulation of osmotic adjustment substances, induction of antioxidant enzyme synthesis, regulation of endogenous hormone levels, and adjustment of photosynthetic adaptability. A “signal perception-gene regulation-physiological response” framework for drought resistance has been preliminarily established, but the depth of related research is insufficient. The key gene mining and ontology verification are lagging behind, and there is a lack of research on compound stresses such as high temperature and drought. Key regulatory network analysis and compound stress mechanisms are important directions for future research on drought stress in C. oleifera. [Ch, 2 tab. 165 ref.]
In recent years, drought has become a major abiotic stress leading to yield decline in Camellia oleifera. Investigating the drought resistance mechanisms of C. oleifera and breeding drought-tolerant, high-yielding varieties are crucial approaches to addressing seasonal drought and ensuring the sustainable development of the C. oleifera industry. This article provides an overview of the signal transduction pathways involved in drought stress in C. oleifera, including the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway (PYR/PYL-PP2C-SnRK2) and the calcium signaling pathway (CDPK/CBL-CIPK). These pathways induce the expression of key transcription factors (NAC, MYB, WRKY families, etc.), which further regulate the expression of critical genes, including LEA protein genes (CoLEA), osmotic regulation key genes (CoP5S5, CoSUS2, CoBADH), and antioxidant enzyme genes (CoPOD, CoCAT, CoSOD), thereby driving the regulatory response network of C. oleifera to enhance drought resistance through physiological and biochemical mechanisms, including the accumulation of osmotic adjustment substances, induction of antioxidant enzyme synthesis, regulation of endogenous hormone levels, and adjustment of photosynthetic adaptability. A “signal perception-gene regulation-physiological response” framework for drought resistance has been preliminarily established, but the depth of related research is insufficient. The key gene mining and ontology verification are lagging behind, and there is a lack of research on compound stresses such as high temperature and drought. Key regulatory network analysis and compound stress mechanisms are important directions for future research on drought stress in C. oleifera. [Ch, 2 tab. 165 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20260182
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Objective The aim of this study is to explore the effects of different green manure and organic fertilizer combination treatments on the structure of soil arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities and Citrus reticulata fruit quality through field experiments, so as to provide a scientific basis for sustainable green C. reticulata production. Method In a field experiment in the C. reticulata orchard of Quzhou, Zhejiang Province, four green manure treatments were set up: clean tillage (ck), Vulpia myuros, Trifolium repens, and Astragalus sinicus, each paired with compound fertilizer (CF), commercial organic fertilizer (COF), and bio-organic fertilizer (BOF). After two years, fruit quality, soil chemical properties, enzyme activities, and AM fungal spore density were measured. AM fungal community structure was analyzed via Illumina MiSeq sequencing, and the community stability was assessed by co-occurrence network analysis. Result Compared with the application of ck combined with CF, the treatment of V. myuros combined with BOF significantly increased fruit soluble solids-to-titratable acidity ratio and vitamin C content by 73.6% and 16.6% (P＜0.05), respectively. At the same time, soil total nitrogen, easily extractable glomalin and AM fungal spore density significantly increased (P＜0.05). After the combined application of green manure and organic fertilizer, the dominant genera shifted to Glomus, Claroideoglomus and Paraglomus. The combination of green manure and organic fertilizer enhanced AM fungal network modularity, with a modularity index of 0.844 for the treatment of V. myuros with BOF. Conclusion The combined application of green manure (especially V. myuros) and bio-organic fertilizer can improve soil nutrient and glomalin contents, optimize AM fungal community structure and increase network modularity, and promote C. reticulata fruit quality. [Ch, 7 fig. 4 tab. 58 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20260166
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Objective The trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase encoding gene CnRAMOSA3 (CnRA3) was cloned from Chrysanthemum nankingense, and its bioinformatics characteristics and expression patterns were analyzed to characterize its structural features and explore its potential roles in abiotic stress responses. Method Using C. nankingense as the experimental material, the full-length coding sequence of the CnRA3 gene was cloned based on transcriptome database information. Bioinformatics analysis were conducted to investigate its phylogenetic relationships, protein structural characteristics, and cis-acting elements in the promoter region. In addition, real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was employed to analyze the expression patterns of CnRA3 under exogenous abscisic acid (ABA), PEG-simulated drought, and salt stress treatments, as well as in different tissues. Result The open reading frame (ORF) of CnRA3 was 1095 bp in length, encoding 364 amino acids. The encoded protein contained a typical trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) domain, without transmembrane structure, and exhibited overall hydrophilic characteristics. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CnRA3 was conserved in the Asteraceae family, with its promoter enriched in ABA- and stress-responsive cis-acting elements. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that CnRA3 was expressed in multiple tissues with distinct tissue specificity and developmental stage differences. During the vegetative growth stage, CnRA3 was primarily expressed in stems and shoot tips, while during the reproductive growth stage, it was mainly expressed in roots and stems. Under ABA, PEG, and salt stress treatments, the expression level of CnRA3 changed significantly, exhibiting a time-dependent decrease followed by an increase. Conclusion CnRA3 may exhibit an inhibitory response under drought and salt stress conditions and participate in ABA-mediated abiotic stress responses. [Ch, 5 fig. 2 tab. 26 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250527
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Objective To explore the soil fungal community composition under different habitats in the Eastern Pamir Plateau, so as to provide a basis for the conservation of plateau ecosystems. Method 3 habitats, including alpine saline-alkali soil, alpine meadow, and alpine wetland were selected, and Illumina NovaSeq high-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the community structure of soil fungi. Result A total of 10 phyla, 30 classes, 58 orders, 125 families, 180 genera, and 227 species were detected. The fungal community abundance of alpine wetland and alpine meadow were significantly higher than that of alpine saline-alkali soil (P＜0.05). In contrast, the fungal diversity of alpine saline-alkali soil and alpine meadow were significantly higher than that of alpine wetland (P＜0.05). Ascomycota was the dominant phylum across the 3 habitats, while the dominant genera differed. The dominant genera were Alternaria and Mortierella in alpine saline-alkali soil, Alternaria and Doratomyces in alpine meadow, and Fusarium and Tricharina in alpine wetland. Moreover, Tricharina was the common genus. The FunGuild database prediction indicated that saprotrophic trophic mode dominated in all 3 habitats. Alpine saline-alkali soil was mainly composed of primary saprotrophs, while alpine meadow belonged to the pathogen-endophyte composite type. Alpine wetland exhibited a highly diverse composite trophic pattern. The co-occurrence network density of communities was ranked in the order of alpine wetlands, alpine meadows, and alpine saline-alkali soils. Conclusion Habitat types influenced the fungal community structure of alpine soils on the Eastern Pamir Plateau, with significant differences in fungal abundance, diversity, and dominant groups across different habitats. Ascomycota was the common dominant phylum across all habitats, and saprophytic fungi dominated in 3 habitats. [Ch, 6 fig. 1 tab. 52 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250599
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Objective Crocus sativus is an important medicinal plant whose dried stigmas possess high economic value. However, due to its complex triploid genome, FT homologs have not been systematically characterized. This study aims to identify key FT homologs involved in floral primordium differentiation, thereby providing candidate genes for elucidating flowering mechanisms and molecular breeding in saffron. Method Based on the recently published haplotype-resolved genome, FT genes associated with floral primordium differentiation were identified and functionally analyzed. Members of the PEBP gene family were identified through bioinformatics analysis, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed for subfamily classification. Transcriptome data from key stages of floral primordium differentiation were integrated to identify 5 FT-like genes potentially involved in this process. Result CsatFT2-1 and CsatFT2-2 were continuously upregulated from the early stages of floral primordium differentiation in flowering apical buds under normal temperature conditions and exhibited significantly higher expression levels than those in non-flowering buds under low-temperature conditions. Their expression levels were extremely low or undetectable in non-flowering samples but gradually increased during floral development. In contrast, CsatFT3-1, CsatFT3-2, and CsatFT6-1 showed increasing expression trends, but no obvious differences were observed between flowering and non-flowering samples, and CsatFT6-1 exhibited overall low expression levels. These results suggested that CsatFT2 genes may participate in floral initiation. Among them, CsatFT2-2 showed specifically high expression in flowering apical buds, indicating an important role in floral primordium differentiation and flowering induction. CsatFT2-2 belongs to the flowering-promotive clade and contains a conserved PEBP domain. RT-qPCR analysis showed that the expression level of CsatFT2-2 increased by approximately 20-fold during flowering induction under normal temperature conditions but was significantly downregulated under low temperature, drought, and hypoxic stresses. Subcellular localization analysis reveals that the CsatFT2-2 protein was localized in the nucleus and plasma membrane. Heterologous overexpression of CsatFT2-2 in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in bolting approximately 9 days earlier and reduced rosette leaf number by approximately 54%, further confirming its flowering-promoting function. Conclusion This study systematically reveals the roles of FT homologs in flowering regulation in C. sativus and identified CsatFT2-2 as a key positive regulatory gene involved in floral primordium differentiation, providing an important molecular target for elucidating flowering mechanisms and molecular breeding in saffron. [Ch, 8 fig. 2 tab. 30 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20260233
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Objective To address the harsh conditions and poor selectivity control in conventional monophasic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of anisole, a decalin/water biphasic catalytic system was developed and evaluated. Method Amphiphilic Ru/xNb2O5-yMC(x+y=100) catalysts were synthesized and characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, BET, and contact angle measurements. The HDO performance of anisole was investigated in a decalin/water biphasic system under various catalyst compositions, solvent ratios, temperatures, and hydrogen pressures. Result The Ru/40Nb2O5-60MC catalyst exhibited the largest specific surface area (366.7 m2·g−1) and optimal amphiphilicity. Under 200 ℃ and 0.6 MPa initial H2 pressure for 6.0 h, anisole conversion reached 62.7% with 91.9% benzene selectivity. The catalyst showed no significant deactivation after five cycles. The apparent activation energy was 49.57 kJ·mol−1, much lower than the typical C–O bond dissociation energy (＞240 kJ·mol−1). Conclusion The synergy between Ru nanoparticles and the Nb2O5-MC composite support, along with tunable wettability, enables highly selective HDO of anisole to benzene under mild conditions. This biphasic strategy offers a promising route for upgrading lignin-derived phenolic compounds from agricultural and forestry waste. [Ch, 6 fig. 2 tab. 41 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20260181
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Objective The objective is to explore a scientific and reasonable grassland management model to maintain the stability of grassland ecosystem structure and function. Method A comparative experiment involving long-term enclosure and moderate grazing was conducted to investigate the effects of the two management practices on grassland plant community structure, species diversity, and productivity in an alpine grassland on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Result (1) Compared with grazing, long-term enclosure significantly reduced overall plant diversity of grassland communities (P＜ 0.05), with the most significant declines observed in the species richness of legumes, sedges, and forbs. (2) Enclosure did not significantly alter total aboveground biomass, but it significantly shifted biomass allocation among functional groups, significantly promoting biomass accumulation in legumes and forbs (P＜0.05). Additionally, enclosure led to substantial litter accumulation (about 5.5 times that of grazed grasslands). (3) Long-term enclosure significantly reduced species evenness compared with moderate grazing (P＜0.001), resulting in a significant differentiation in plant community structure and function. Conclusion Long-term enclosure drives grassland plant communities toward high productivity characterized by increased biomass and litter accumulation, while grazing is beneficial for the maintenance of a high level of species diversity. For non-degraded alpine grasslands, moderate grazing is more conducive to maintaining species diversity and stabilizing ecosystem functions. [Ch, 6 fig. 1 tab. 54 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20260146
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Objective The objective is to investigate the passivation effects of Fe-Mg bimetallic modified coconut shell biochar (FCBC) on arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) in tropical paddy soil under different moisture conditions, as well as its impact on microbial community structure. Method A 30-day indoor soil incubation experiment was performed from August to September 2025, with two moisture treatments: flooded and moist. The effects of FCBC on the mobility of As and Cd, soil physicochemical properties, and microbial community structure were systematically analyzed. Result Compared with the control and unmodified biochar, FCBC significantly (P＜0.05) reduced the contents of available As (by 8.74%–12.5%) and available Cd (by 92.88%–93.50%) in soil under moist conditions. Under flooded conditions, it decreased the available Cd content (by 76.92%–86.2%), but significantly (P＜ 0.05) promoted the migration and transformation of As (by 24.95%–33.45%), thereby increasing its potential ecological risk. Mantel analysis revealed that the passivation effect of FCBC on As was mainly regulated by Fe and S cycling driven by moisture changes, while its effect on Cd was primarily achieved by altering soil pH and other physicochemical properties. The application of FCBC overall reduced soil microbial α-diversity and significantly altered the bacterial community structure under different moisture conditions. Compared with other treatments, FCBC significantly decreased the relative abundance of taxa such as Thermodesulfobacteriota, and Clostridium, and increased that of Pseudomonadota, Microvirga and Neobacillus, thereby affecting the migration and transformation of As and Cd. Moisture conditions further affected bacterial community composition. Co-occurrence network analysis showed that FCBC reduced the complexity and stability of the soil bacterial network, while the anaerobic environment enhanced the synergistic relationships among bacterial species. The functional prediction results of PICRUSt2 revealed that the application of FCBC under aerobic conditions enhanced protein functions related to As and Cd resistance, and promoted key metabolic processes such as amino acid metabolism and organic matter synthesis. Conclusion The synergistic effect of moisture management and Fe-Mg modified coconut shell biochar affects the migration and transformation of As and Cd in paddy soil by regulating the structure and function of microbial communities.[Ch, 8 fig. 3 tab. 38 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20260140
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Objective This study aims to address the decline in ecosystem integrity and connectivity caused by human activities that disturb ecological spaces. Method The supply-demand ratios of four ecosystem services in Hangzhou in 2000, 2010, and 2020 were calculated, including habitat quality, water conservation, carbon sequestration, and soil erosion. Based on this, an ecological network connecting isolated habitat patches was constructed and optimized based on the correlation between its functions and topological structure. The optimization effect of the ecological network was tested through robustness evaluation. Result (1) Compared with 2000, the supply-demand ratio of water conservation increased by 27% in 2020, while those of carbon sequestration, habitat quality, and soil erosion control declined significantly. (2) In 2020, there were 132 core source areas. The resistance surface decreased gradually from the central urban area to the outside. 334 corridors with a total length of 1027 km were identified. (3) From 2010 to 2020, eigenvector centrality increased by 34% in the last stage, indicating a gradual recovery in the influence of core nodes, while average degree value and clustering coefficient remained low. The importance of topological structure was significantly positively correlated with the matching degree of supply and demand of ecosystem services, and had the strongest correlation with the supply and demand ratio of carbon sequestration and water conservation. (4) 31 new network stepping stones and 56 new corridors were added to the optimization plan. Robustness-based resilience evaluation confirmed the scientific validity and feasibility of optimization. Conclusion The optimization framework can effectively identify and restore ecological pinch points with high ecosystem service value and structural connectivity, form a more stable ecological network, and provide insights for the synergistic optimization of ecological network functions and structures in highly urbanized areas. [Ch, 8 fig. 4 tab. 34 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250488
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Objective The evolution of vegetation coverage reflects regional ecological environment changes. This study aims to explore the vegetation restoration status and driving mechanism in the karst rocky desertification area of Chongqing City, so as to provide references for regional ecological protection and sustainable development. Method Based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud computing platform, the spatiotemporal patterns of vegetation coverage in different areas of Chongqing from 2000 to 2020 were analyzed. A Generalized Additive Model (GAM) was employed to investigate the driving mechanism of vegetation changes from both socioeconomic and natural factor perspectives. Result (1) In Chongqing, the normalized vegetation index in 93% of the area showed an upward trend, and the areas with remarkable vegetation restoration effects were concentrated in the west and the northeast. (2) Among the socioeconomic factors, GDP had a relatively weak impact on vegetation coverage. The increase in road network density was synchronous with the decrease in vegetation coverage area. The population density had an overall negative impact on vegetation coverage changes, and this impact was significant. (3) Among natural factors, the increase in precipitation and soil layer thickness promoted vegetation restoration to varying degrees, while temperature rise had a negative impact on vegetation growth. Compared to rocky desertification areas, vegetation in non-rocky desertification areas responded more significantly and sensitively to natural driving factors, and soil layer thickness and temperature could better explain changes in vegetation coverage. (4) Over the past 21 years, the rocky desertification area in Chongqing decreased by 5.3%, indicating significant overall improvement. The areas with a notable reduction in rocky desertification area also exhibited a more pronounced increasing trend in vegetation coverage. Conclusion The overall restoration effect of vegetation in Chongqing has achieved favorable results, and population density, soil layer thickness, and temperature have a significant impact on the trend of vegetation change. There is a synergistic evolutionary relationship between the reduction in rocky desertification area and the increase in vegetation coverage. In ecological restoration and management, it is essential to consider the mediating role of rocky desertification. Precise, region-specific, and classification-based measures should be implemented. [Ch, 5 fig. 5 tab. 42 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250611
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Objective To explore the natural community structure and species diversity characteristics of Platycrater arguta (Hydrangeaceae), an endangered shrub endemic to East Asia, providing a basis for formulating scientific conservation strategies within protected areas. Method Community surveys were conducted using the quadrat method. Nineteen representative quadrats were established within the candidate area of Qianjiangyuan-Baishanzu National Park Baishanzu area in Zhejiang Province (Baishanzu National Park). Result (1) A total of 224 vascular plant species (including varieties/forms), belonging to 162 genera and 89 families, were recorded across 19 quadrats. P. arguta exhibited high importance values and was dominant in 8 quadrats. The floristic composition was dominated by temperate elements, exhibiting distinct East Asian characteristics. (2) Species were evenly distributed across all community layers, indicating a transitional successional stage subject to strong environmental disturbance. (3) P. arguta showed the most significant ecological co-occurrence relationship with the herb Trichophorum subcapitatum. Simpson, indicating similar habitat preferences. (4) Phylogenetic structure analysis revealed that the entire community, the tree and shrub layers were phylogenetically clustered, while the herb layer was phylogenetically overdispersed. (5) Community functional richness varied significantly, and phylogenetic signals for major functional traits were generally weak. (6) Species α-diversity was significantly positively correlated with both phylogenetic diversity and functional richness, but the correlation between phylogenetic structure and functional diversity was weak. Conclusion Baishanzu National Park harbours P. arguta natural communities with high vascular plant diversity of temperate affinity. Currently in transitional successional stages, these communities show weak phylogenetic clustering that varies among strata. Environmental heterogeneity rather than phylogenetic history shapes functional traits. P. arguta preferentially associates with shade-tolerant, hygrophilous species, necessitating coordinated conservation of these key associates and their habitats. Multi-dimensional diversity metrics should be adopted for monitoring instead of single indicators. [Ch, 4 fig. 2 tab. 57 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20260132
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Objective This study aims to evaluate the effects of two organic amendments—mineral-source potassium fulvate combined with a root-guard agent (LKY) and a microbial inoculant (LW)—on soil physicochemical properties, microbial community structure, and grape fruit quality in arid regions, so as to provide data support for selecting effective soil-improvement schemes in production areas. Method A field experiment was conducted in a Vitis vinifera ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ vineyard in May 2024 using a randomized block design, with three treatments: LKY, LW, and a control with no organic amendment (ck). Soil physicochemical indicators and aggregate characteristics in the vineyard at different periods were analyzed and determined. High-throughput sequencing was employed to analyze the microbial community structure of soil and fruit skin. Fruit quality, phenolic substances, and yield were also measured. Result (1) LKY treatment significantly reduced soil pH and increased the content of available nutrients, especially available nitrogen (P＜0.05), while LW treatment enhanced soil organic matter and total nitrogen. (2) LKY treatment significantly increased the proportion and stability of medium-sized soil aggregates (P＜0.05), while LW treatment primarily increased the proportion of large aggregates. (3) Both amendments significantly affected soil bacterial and microbial community structure (P＜0.05). (4) The titratable acidity, hundred-seed weight, total phenols in the peel and seeds, total flavonoids in the peel and seeds, and yield under LKY treatment were significantly higher than those under LW and ck treatments (P＜0.05). (5) Spearman correlation and Mantel test analysis showed that soil total phosphorus, aggregates larger than 0.25 mm, and soil pH were key factors affecting soil bacterial community structure and fruit quality. Conclusion Both LKY and LW treatments can improve fruit quality by modifying soil physicochemical properties and optimizing the structure of soil bacterial communities. Among them, LKY treatment achieve a comprehensive improvement in yield, flavor, and functional components by regulating soil pH and increasing soil available nutrients. [Ch, 7 fig. 5 tab. 32 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250605
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The microalgal-bacterial symbiosis (MABS) system has attracted broad attention for its ability to remove organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other pollutants from wastewater through mutualistic interactions between algae and bacteria. It boasts such advantages as high purification efficiency, low energy consumption, and environmental friendliness. Quorum sensing (QS), a crucial chemical communication mechanism among microorganisms, regulates gene expression and collective behaviors via signaling molecules, profoundly influencing the formation, structural stability, metabolic function, and environmental adaptability of MABS. This article systematically reviews the interaction mechanisms between microalgae and bacteria, including material exchange and signal communication. It also summarizes the existing MABS systems and their applications in wastewater treatment. Based on this, it is further clarified how QS regulates the development and structural integrity of biofilms, and how it coordinates the metabolic cooperation between both parties during pollutant degradation, thereby enhancing overall performance and resilience of the system. Finally, the prospects for targeted optimization of MABS system functions by intervening in QS signaling pathways are discussed. The important role of QS regulation in developing efficient, stable, and intelligent novel wastewater treatment technologies is emphasized, which is expected to drive the field toward a more energy-efficient, controllable, and resourceful direction. [Ch, 2 tab. 92 ref. ]
The microalgal-bacterial symbiosis (MABS) system has attracted broad attention for its ability to remove organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other pollutants from wastewater through mutualistic interactions between algae and bacteria. It boasts such advantages as high purification efficiency, low energy consumption, and environmental friendliness. Quorum sensing (QS), a crucial chemical communication mechanism among microorganisms, regulates gene expression and collective behaviors via signaling molecules, profoundly influencing the formation, structural stability, metabolic function, and environmental adaptability of MABS. This article systematically reviews the interaction mechanisms between microalgae and bacteria, including material exchange and signal communication. It also summarizes the existing MABS systems and their applications in wastewater treatment. Based on this, it is further clarified how QS regulates the development and structural integrity of biofilms, and how it coordinates the metabolic cooperation between both parties during pollutant degradation, thereby enhancing overall performance and resilience of the system. Finally, the prospects for targeted optimization of MABS system functions by intervening in QS signaling pathways are discussed. The important role of QS regulation in developing efficient, stable, and intelligent novel wastewater treatment technologies is emphasized, which is expected to drive the field toward a more energy-efficient, controllable, and resourceful direction. [Ch, 2 tab. 92 ref. ]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20260129
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Objective The objective is to observe the flower bud differentiation process of Zanthoxylum bungeanum ‘Xiaolongpao’, clarify the corresponding relationship between the morphology and structure of flower buds, and analyze the dynamic changes of endogenous hormones and their ratios in influencing the flower bud differentiation, so as to provide a scientific basis for the regulation of flower and fruit and cultivation management of Z. bungeanum. Method From May 23, 2024 to March 31, 2025, 32 consecutive samplings were conducted in the Z. bungeanum base in Longshu Town, Ludian County, Zhaotong City, Yunnan Province. The morphological and structural changes of flower bud differentiation process of ‘Xiaolongpao’ were analyzed using paraffin sectioning technology combined with morphological observation. Typical stages were identified and the start and duration of each stage were determined. The contents of abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA3), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and zeatin riboside (ZR) at different differentiation stages of flower buds were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and the dynamic changes of their contents and ratios were analyzed. Result The flower bud differentiation process of ‘Xiaolongpao’ was divided into 6 stages: undifferentiated stage (Ⅰ), differentiation initiation stage (Ⅱ), inflorescence axis differentiation stage (Ⅲ), flower bud differentiation stage (Ⅳ), calyx differentiation stage (Ⅴ), and pistil differentiation stage (Ⅵ). The flower bud differentiation process lasted about 10 months, and there was overlap between different differentiation stages. Stage Ⅱ was the critical period for the initiation of flower bud differentiation, starting in the second half of May. The size and morphology of axillary buds at stages Ⅰ to Ⅵ showed extremely significant stage changes (P＜ 0.01). The mass fractions and ratios of endogenous hormones at different differentiation stages showed extremely significant differences (P＜ 0.01): The mass fractions of ABA and GA3 continued to decrease extremely significantly (P＜ 0.01) from stage Ⅰ to stage Ⅴ, slightly increased at stage Ⅵ. The mass fractions of IAA and ZR reached their peak at stage Ⅲ and were the lowest at stage Ⅴ. The ratios of ABA/GA3 and ZR/GA3 gradually increased from stage Ⅰ to Ⅳ, reach the highest in stage Ⅳ and then decrease, while the ratios of ABA/IAA and ZR/IAA reached their peak in stage Ⅴ. Conclusion The anatomical structure and morphology of flower buds of ‘Xiaolongpao’ at different differentiation stages are closely related, and the differentiation duration is relatively long. The changes in the mass fraction of endogenous hormones and their ratios significantly affect the initiation and structural formation of differentiation. In production, the differentiation of flower buds can be artificially regulated during the critical period. [Ch, 3 fig. 2 tab. 38 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20260119
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Objective This study aims to investigate the leaf functional traits and the combination characteristics of Rhododendron in Shergyla Mountain, and systematically analyze ecological strategy differences among the species in this region, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the conservation and management of biodiversity in alpine mountainous regions. Method 13 Rhododendron species were selected as study subjects. 16 leaf functional traits, including leaf area, leaf thickness, and leaf dry matter content were measured. The coefficient of variation for each trait was calculated to investigate the characteristics and interrelationships of leaf functional traits, thereby constructing a leaf economic spectrum for Rhododendron species. Result The coefficient of variation for leaf functional traits of Rhododendron in Shergyla Mountain ranged from 10.67% to 120.29%. Among them, leaf dry weight and leaf area exhibited strong variation, while specific leaf area, spongy tissue thickness, palisade tissue thickness, leaf carbon nitrogen ratio, leaf nitrogen content, leaf phosphorus content, leaf shape index, leaf carbon phosphorus ratio, leaf thickness, and leaf nitrogen phosphorus ratio showed moderate variation. The remaining indicators demonstrated weak variation, and the inter-species coefficient of variation for leaf traits in Rhododendron plants was generally higher than intraspecific coefficient of variation. Rhododendron plants exhibited a trade-off between growth and defense capabilities, achieving a balance between the plant survival, growth, and reproduction. R. Oreotrephes, R. fragariiflorum, R. lepidotum, R. nivale, R. nyingchiense, R. virgatum and R. triflorum tended to adopt a “fast investment-return” strategy, while R. vellereum, R. lulangense, R. coryanum, R. hirtipes, R. phaeochrysum and R.wardii tended to adopt a “slow investment-return” strategy. Conclusion The Rhododendron genus has developed two distinct resource balancing strategies by adjusting leaf functional trait indicators, reflecting the resource balancing relationship between plant functional traits and the differentiation of ecological niches among different species. [Ch, 4 fig. 3 tab. 73 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250518
Abstract:
Objective The objective is to explore the regulatory effects of polyamines (PAs) on the growth and flavonoid (Fla) metabolism in Ginkgo biloba suspension cells, so as to provide theoretical and technical support for constructing and optimizing the genetic transformation system of G. biloba, enzyme activity chassis control, and the large-scale biosynthesis of useful drugs. Method Using suspension cells of G. biloba as the material, different concentrations (0.5,1.0, 3.0 mmol·L−1) of putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm) were added into the suspension cell culture medium (CCM), labeled as Put 0.5, Put 1.0, Put 3.0, Spm 0.5, Spm 1.0, Spm 3.0, Spd 0.5, Spd 1.0, and Spd 3.0 respectively. A treatment without polyamine addition (0 mmol·L−1 ) was served as the control. After 7 days of cultivation, the effects of PAs on pH and electrical conductivity (EC) of CCM, the contents of photosynthetic pigments, total Fla, total terpenoid lactones (Lac), and the activity of key Fla biosynthesis enzymes were investigated. Result The higher the concentration of PAs was, the higher EC and pH were in CCM. Low concentration of Put treatment (0.5−1.0) was beneficial to the growth of cell clusters, resulting in a yellow-green color of the cells and an increase in the contents of total chlorophyll (Chlt) and carotenoids (Car), Fla and Lac, compared with the control. For example, Fla and Lac contents under Put 0.5 treatment increased by 65.1% and 38.5%, respectively, compared with the control group (P＜0.05). The cells treated with Spm 0.5−1.0 and Spd 0.5 turned yellowish brown, and the accumulation of Car, Fla and Lac in suspension cells significantly increased. For example, the content of Fla treated with Spm 1.0, Lac treated with Spm 0.5 and Spd 0.5 increased by 27.4%, 27.1%, and 20.1%, respectively, compared with the control (P＜0.05). The effects of 3 PAs treatments on the activity of key enzymes involved in Fla synthesis in suspension cells also showed concentration effects. The activities of 4-coumaric acid coenzyme A ligase (4CL) treated with Put 1.0, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase treated with Spm 1.0, and chalcone synthase treated with Spd 1.0 showed the highest increase compared with the control, reaching 36.8%, 21.5%, and 61.9%, respectively (P＜0.05). The activity of cinnamoyl coenzyme A reductase treated with Put 0.5, Spm 1.0, and Spd 0.5 increased by about 2.0 times compared with the control. The cinnamaldehyde dehydrogenase (CAD) treated with Put 0.5, and the dihydroflavonol reductase treated with Put 0.5 and Spm 1.0 increased by 52.6%, 123.2% or 105.2%, respectively, compared with the control (P＜ 0.05). Conclusion The optimal treatments for suspension cell growth and the accumulation of Fla and Lac are Put 0.5−1.0 and Spm 1.0. Polyamines, especially Put, can promote the biosynthesis of Fla, but Spd 3.0 and Spm 3.0 treatments are detrimental to cell growth, Fla and Lac accumulation. [Ch, 6 fig. 42 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20260156
Abstract:
Objective In situ hybridization(ISH)technology is widely used for studying the spatiotemporal expression patterns and functions in different tissues. This study utilizes materials from different cultivars, tissues, and developmental stages of Osmanthus fragrans to establish an efficient and stable in situ hybridization system for this flower species, providing a technical method for the spatiotemporal expression localization of functional genes in O. fragrans. Method Using the auxin response factor OfIAA14 as the detection gene, based on the conventional ISH process, key parameters such as sample vacuumization time, protease K digestion time, whether to perform pre-hybridization, and hybridization temperature and time were systematically optimized and compared. Meanwhile, the functional verification of related genes was conducted across different varieties, tissues, and developmental stages. Result The results showed that the optimal hybridization signal could be obtained under the conditions of vacuumization for 30 min at 0.08 MPa (2 times), proteinase K digestion for 20−25 min, no pre-hybridization, hybridization temperature at 50 ℃, and hybridization time of 20 h. Furthermore, genes such as OfPIF4, OfPIF5, OfUFO , OfYAB2 and OfAUX5 were selected to verifty the applicability of the optimized system in different O. fragrans cultivars, tissues and developmental stages. Good tissue structure preservation and clear and stable signal expression were obtained, indicating that the method has good reliability and certain universality. Conclusion This study established an optimized ISH technology system suitable for O. fragrans tissues, providing reliable technical support for in-depth analysis of the spatiotemporal expression characteristics and molecular regulation mechanisms of genes related to flower development in O. fragrans. [Ch, 9 fig. 1 tab. 25 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250331
Abstract:
Objective The objective of this study is to explore the mechanism of rutin against myocardial fibrosis (MF) based on network pharmacology, molecular docking, and cellular experiments. Method Based on drug and disease databases, disease-associated gene targets related to rutin and MF were identified. A multidimensional “drug-target-disease” interaction network model was constructed using Cytoscape, and the core targets were subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis using R software. The interaction between rutin and the core target protein was simulated through molecular docking technology. The effect of rutin on the proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) was detected by the CCK-8 method. Result Network pharmacology analysis revealed that rutin acted on 91 MF-related targets, among which IL-6, TNF, TP53, and SRC were the core targets, and they were enriched in signaling pathways such as PI3K-Akt, MAPK, and IL-17. Molecular docking demonstrated that rutin had a good binding activity with the core target protein. Molecular biology experiments showed that rutin could reverse the expression of fibrotic biomarkers in TGF-β1-induced CFs and significantly downregulate the expression of key proteins associated with the MAPK-JNK/ERK signaling pathway (P＜0.05). Conclusion Rutin may alleviate TGF-β1-induced fibrosis in CFs by inhibiting the activation of the MAPK-JNK/ERK signaling pathway. [Ch, 7 fig. 2 tab. 31 ref.]
2026, 43(4): 681-694.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20260125
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to explore the effects of different types of plantations on the active components of soil organic carbon and carbon pool management index, so as to provide a scientific basis for improving the quality of soil carbon pools and enhancing overall benefits. Method The 4 types of plantations on Leizhou Peninsula were taken as research objects, including Eucalyptus urophylla, E. urophylla-Manglietia glauca, E. urophylla-Castanopsis hystrix and Pinus elliottii-C. hystrix. The distribution of soil organic carbon storage and organic carbon (SOC) active components, namely easily oxidizable organic carbon (EOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), light fraction organic carbon (LFOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in the 0−20 cm soil layer under different planting patterns was analyzed. The relationship between the active components of soil organic carbon and soil physicochemical properties was clarified. The carbon pool activity index (LI), carbon pool index (CPI), carbon pool management index (CPMI), and oxidation stability coefficient (Kos) were calculated to elucidate the carbon pool changes under different planting patterns. Result (1) The mass fractions of soil organic carbon storage, organic carbon, and its active carbon components all decreased as the soil layer deepened. Compared to the other three planting patterns, the mixed plantation of E. urophylla and C. hystrix could significantly enhance soil organic carbon storage. The E. urophylla pure plantation showed higher accumulation in POC and LFOC. The mixed plantation of E. urophylla and C. hystrix showed higher accumulation in SOC, EOC, and DOC. The E. urophylla pure plantation and the P. elliottii-C. hystrix mixed plantation showed higher accumulation in MBC (P＜ 0.05). (2) The ratios of POC/SOC and LFOC/SOC in the E. urophylla pure plantation were significantly higher than those in other stands (P＜0.05). (3) In different soil layers, the soil carbon pool index of the E. urophylla-C. hystrix mixed plantation was significantly higher than that of the E. urophylla pure plantation. The Kos of the P. elliottii-C. hystrix mixed plantation was lower in different stands (P＜ 0.05). (4) Redundancy analysis showed that total nitrogen content was the main factor affecting soil organic carbon fractions under different planting patterns and soil depths. Conclusion Different planting patterns significantly alter the surface soil organic carbon storage and the distribution of active organic carbon. The stability of the soil organic carbon pool is relatively low in the E. urophylla pure plantation and the P. elliottii-C. hystrix mixed plantation. The E. urophylla-C. hystrix mixed plantation could substantially increase soil organic carbon storage while enhancing soil carbon pool stability. For plantation construction in the region, appropriate management measures should be taken based on soil properties, basic carbon pool conditions, and the effectiveness of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus to enhance carbon sequestration efficiency and carbon sink level. [Ch, 4 fig. 5 tab. 63 ref.]
2026, 43(4): 695-703.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250339
Abstract:
Objective The carbon components and ecological stoichiometric characteristics of soil profiles can reflect the input processes from forest litter to carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in soil. Ecological stoichiometric analysis of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil profile development process of Quercus acutissima plantations can provide a theoretical basis for the assessment of soil ecological functions and the maintenance of long-term productivity in Q. acutissima plantations. Method The soil profile of Q. acutissima plantations in the warm-temperate zone of state-owned Yaoxiang Forest Farm of Ji’nan City, Shandong Province was selected as the research subject. The soil profile was divided into humus layer, eluvial layer and illuvial layer, and soil samples were collected from each layer. The differences in the total soil organic carbon and its components, as well as the contents of soil nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the different layers were analyzed. Result (1) The contents of total organic carbon and its components, as well as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil profile of the Q. acutissima plantations were all shown as humus layer＞eluvial layer＞illuvial layer, and the content of humus layer was significantly higher than that of eluvial layer and illuvial layer (P＜ 0.05). (2) There was a strong coupling between nutrients and carbon components in Q. acutissima plantations. The soil was mainly affected by the synergistic effects of carbon and nitrogen, and the influence of carbon was even higher. (3) The carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N) increased with the increase of soil depth, while both the carbon-to-phosphorus ratio (C/P) and the nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio (N/P) decreased with the increase of soil depth. Conclusion There were significant differences in carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus among the layers of the soil profile of Q. acutissima plantations, and the strong coupling between carbon and nutrients indicated that the soil nutrient utilization efficiency in the study area was relatively high and the forest soil nutrient cycle was in a healthy state. Therefore, in forest management and operation, attention should be paid to the differences among soil layers, maintaining the litter layer under the forest, and ensuring the sustainable return of nutrients from forest litter. [Ch, 4 fig. 1 tab. 41 ref.]
2026, 43(4): 704-713.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250354
Abstract:
Objective This study investigates the responses of microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus (MBC, MBN, MBP), hydrolytic enzyme activities and their stoichiometric characteristics in soil aggregates of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantations to long-term nitrogen (N) addition, thereby providing a basis for assessing the impacts of nitrogen deposition on micro-scale processes in subtropical forest soils. Method Based on a long-term N addition experiment established in 2004 (with 4 N addition gradients: 0, 60, 120, and 240 kg·hm−2·a−1), soil aggregates (0–10 cm depth) were collected in 2024. These aggregates were separated into 3 size fractions: coarse macroaggregates (＞2.00 mm), fine macroaggregates (0.25–2.00 mm), and micro-aggregates (＜0.25 mm). Analyses were conducted on the contents of MBC, MBN, MBP, hydrolytic enzyme activities, and their stoichiometric characteristics within these aggregates. Result Compared to microaggregates, fine and coarse macroaggregates exhibited 23.61% and 32.65% lower MBN content, but 35.31% and 28.15% higher MBP content, respectively. Their MBC/MBN ratios were 13.87% and 22.84% higher, respectively. Under the N1 treatment, the MBC/MBP and MBN/MBP ratios in microaggregates were 97.57% and 85.51% higher than those under N0. Furthermore, the MBC/MBP ratios in fine and coarse macroaggregates were 53.72% and 64.43% lower than those in microaggregates, while their MBN/MBP ratios were 60.25% and 72.89% lower, respectively. Long-term N addition decreased acid phosphatase (AP) activity in microaggregates by 44.14%–56.77%. Under the N0 treatment, fine and coarse macroaggregates showed 54.84% and 53.92% lower AP activity compared to microaggregates. No significant changes were observed in other enzyme activities. The aggregate enzyme C/P and N/P ratios were lower than global averages and unaffected by N addition. A negative correlation was found between the MBC/MBN ratio and AP activity. Conclusion Under long-term N addition, microaggregates demonstrated the strongest response. N input drives a shift in microbial nutrient allocation strategies by restructuring aggregate composition, manifesting as enhanced phosphorus (P) capture coupled with reduced N storage in macroaggregates, while microaggregates maintained a strategy of high P retention. Concurrently, microorganisms respond to P limitation in this subtropical Chinese fir forest ecosystem by reducing microbial biomass accumulation and regulating phosphatase synthesis. [Ch, 5 fig. 42 ref.]
2026, 43(4): 714-722.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250511
Abstract:
Objective The excessive application of nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture exacerbates the emission of greenhouse gas nitrous oxide in soil, becoming an important driving factor for global climate change. This study aims to investigate the effects and mechanisms of silicon-nitrogen coupling on nitrous oxide emissions from the soil in Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) plantations, providing scientific evidence for reducing soil nitrous oxide emissions. Method This study focused on the soil of bamboo forest and conducted indoor cultivation experiments at 3 nitrogen levels and 2 silicon levels. During the incubation period (0, 1, 3, 7, 15, and 30 d), nitrous oxide emission flux, soil ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and pH levels were measured. Additionally, at key time points (0, 7, and 30 d), the activities of urease, nitrate reductase, and nitrite reductase were assessed. Result Silicon addition significantly reduced the emission flux and cumulative emission of nitrous oxide (P＜0.05). Silicon-nitrogen coupling exhibited antagonistic effects on cumulative nitrous oxide emissions (P＜0.05), and these effects became stronger as the nitrogen addition level increased. Under nitrogen-free, medium nitrogen, and high nitrogen levels, silicon addition reduced cumulative nitrous oxide emissions by 0.1%, 6.6%, and 11.9%, respectively. Silicon improved initial soil pH, lowered ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen concentrations, and significantly inhibited the activities of urease (21.0%), nitrate reductase (49.0%), and nitrite reductase (41.0%), thereby altering the nitrogen transformation process. Moreover, silicon addition delayed the peak emission time of nitrous oxide from 7 to 15 d. Conclusion Silicon regulates soil pH and key enzyme activities, thereby controlling the nitrogen transformation process and reducing nitrous oxide emissions. [Ch, 5 fig. 1 tab. 43 ref.]
2026, 43(4): 723-732.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250612
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to investigate the effects of biochar application on the carbon sequestration capacity of poplar plantation ecosystems and the main underlying regulatory mechanisms, in order to provide theoretical and technical support for forest management practice of balancing timber production and carbon sequestration capacity in artificial forests in China. Method From 2023 to 2025, a one-year-old poplar (Populus deltoides ‘Nanlin 3804’) plantation was selected as the research object in Malanghu Forest Farm, Sihong County, Jiangsu Province. The 3 treatments were set up: a control without biochar application (ck), low biochar application rate (B1, 30 t·hm−2), and high biochar application rate (B2, 60 t·hm−2). The short-term effects of different biochar application rates on the carbon sequestration capacity of each carbon layer in the poplar plantation were explored. Result (1) Compared with ck, B1 and B2 treatments significantly promoted the growth of the diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height of poplar trees for two consecutive years, among which B2 treatment had the most significant promoting effect (P＜0.05). (2) One year after biochar application, both B1 and B2 treatments significantly promoted the net increment of carbon storage in the arbor layer, herb layer, litter layer, and soil layer compared with ck (P＜0.05). However, in the second year, there was no significant difference in the net increment of carbon storage in each layer compared with ck, indicating that a single application of biochar was not sufficient to maintain the long-term growth of poplar trees. Instead, biochar exerted a continuous effect through more stable improvement of soil properties. (3) One year after biochar application, all treatments significantly increased the soil carbon storage in the 0−40 cm soil layer (P＜0.05), but had no significant effect on the 40−100 cm soil layer, indicating that the increase in soil carbon storage mainly originated from the one-time application of biochar in the 0−40 cm soil layer. (4) Correlation analysis showed that the carbon storage in each carbon layer was significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with soil total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), ammonium nitrogen (\begin{document}${\mathrm{NH}}_4^+ $\end{document} \begin{document}${\mathrm{NO}}_3^- $\end{document} Conclusion Biochar application can significantly promote the carbon sequestration capacity of the arbor layer, herb layer, litter layer, and soil layer in young poplar plantations, and is conducive to sustained and stable promotion of the rapid growth of DBH and tree height of poplar trees, thereby improving comprehensive carbon sequestration and sink increment capacity of young poplar plantations. Among them, a high biochar application dose of 60 t·hm−2 can achieve short-term rapid and stable carbon sequestration, exhibiting a better promoting effect. [Ch, 5 fig. 1 tab. 36 ref.]
2026, 43(4): 733-743.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20260147
Abstract:
Objective Metal tolerance protein (MTP) is involved in heavy metal tolerance and transport in plants. As a cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator, Sedum plumbizincicola has poorly characterized MTP family features and Cd response mechanisms. This study identified SpMTP family members, and analyzed their structure, evolution and expression profiles under Cd stress, to provide theoretical support for exploring the molecular mechanisms of Cd hyperaccumulation in S. plumbizincicola. Method Bioinformatics methods were used to identify SpMTP genes based on the conserved domain (PF01545) of the cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) family. Phylogenetic analysis, conserved motif identification, gene structure analysis, and synteny analysis were performed using MEGA, MEME, and TBtools software. Cis-acting elements in the promoter regions were predicted by PlantCARE. RNA-seq technology was used to analyze the expression profiles of 14 SpMTP genes in roots, stems, and leaves of S. plumbizincicola under Cd stress (400 μmol·L−1) at different time points (0, 1, and 4 d), and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to verify the expression reliability of selected genes. Result A total of 14 SpMTP genes were identified in S. plumbizincicola. The encoded proteins contained 4 to 16 transmembrane domains (TMDs) and were mostly localized to the vacuolar membrane or cell membrane. Phylogenetic analysis classified these SpMTP proteins into 7 distinct subfamilies, with the closest evolutionary relationship to orthologs in S. alfredii. Synteny analysis indicated that segmental duplication events were the main driver of SpMTP family expansion. Promoter analysis revealed a variety of cis-acting elements related to stress response, hormone signaling, and tissue-specific expression. Expression profiling showed that SpMTP genes exhibited distinct spatiotemporal expression patterns under Cd stress: SpMTP9 was consistently highly expressed in roots, SpMTP8.2 was rapidly induced in roots at the early stage of stress, and SpMTP3 was consistently highly expressed in leaves, suggesting their specialized roles in Cd uptake, translocation, and vacuolar sequestration, respectively. The RT-qPCR results confirmed the reliability of RNA-seq data. Conclusion SpMTP gene family in S. plumbizincicola has formed a coordinated Cd stress response network in roots, stems, and leaves through evolutionary expansion and functional differentiation, and its tissue-specific expression pattern serves as an important molecular basis for the Cd hyperaccumulation capacity of S. plumbizincicola. [Ch, 6 fig. 1 tab. 30 ref.]
2026, 43(4): 744-755.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250540
Abstract:
Objective The objective is to identify tissue-specific modules related to gland development in Vernicia fordii and to screen core regulatory genes, so as to lay a foundation for further in-depth analysis of gland ontogenesis and provide theoretical support for the study of the developmental mechanisms of plant secretory tissues such as secretory cavities and glandular trichomes. Method Based on transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) data of 12 tissue parts and developmental stage combination samples of V. fordii, combined with weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), the tissue-specific modules related to glands were identified. Core genes were screened through functional enrichment analysis of hub genes within the module, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction, and gene interaction network clustering analysis. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) was subsequently applied to verify the expression patterns of candidate genes in different parts of the tree. Result WGCNA clustered the 12 943 filtered genes into 27 co-expression modules, and identified the greenyellow module that was highly related to the gland development. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed that hub genes within this module were mainly involved in biological processes such as growth, anatomical structure development, cell differentiation, protein metabolism, light signal perception response, and biotic stress response, and were enriched in related pathways such as transporters, the ubiquitin system, signal transduction, and environmental information processing. Based on the interaction network of genes within the module and gene functional annotations, several genes such as LSH4, RAD4, HDG5, GHI, LOB, and SWEET10 were identified as potential key regulators in gland development. RT-qPCR verification results showed that the expression of each candidate gene in different parts of V. fordii exhibited significant tissue specificity, and its expression trend was highly consistent with the RNA-Seq data. Conclusion One tissue-specific module related to gland is identified, and core genes (RAD4, GHI, SWEET10), which are closely related to gland formation and development, are screened. [Ch, 8 fig. 3 tab. 44 ref.]
2026, 43(4): 756-766.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250514
Abstract:
Objective Quercus liaotungensis is the preferred mixed tree species for Pinus tabulaeformis plantation reconstruction in North China. This study aims to clarify the effects of afforestation measures on growth of Q. liaotungensis seedlings under P. tabulaeformis plantation, so as to provide the basis for transformation of low-efficiency P. tabulaeformis forest and construction of pine-oak mixed forest. Method Taking P. tabulaeformis plantation in Caijiachuan watershed of Jixian County, Shanxi Province as the research object, sample plots were set up outside the forest, at the edge of forest, and inside the forest to conduct planting experiments of Q. liaotungensis. A total of 15 treatment methods were set up in the experiment, including no treatment (ck), watering treatments (500, 1 000, 1 500, 2 000 mL·plant−1), covering treatments (covering with plastic film, covering with litter of 45, 90, 135, 180 g·plant−1), and water retaining agent treatments (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 g·plant−1). Regularly monitored growth indexes such as survival rate, seedling height, ground diameter, crown width, leaf quantity and leaf area to explore the effectiveness of different afforestation measures. Result (1) The optimal amount of water needed outside the forest, at the edge of forest and inside the forest decreased in turn, which were 2 000, 1 500 and 1 000 mL·plant−1, respectively. (2) The optimal coverage required outside the forest, at the edge of forest and inside the forest decreased gradually, which were 135, 90 and 45 g·plant−1, respectively. (3) When Q. liaotungensis was planted outside the forest, at the edge of forest, and in the forest, the optimal amount of water retaining agent gradually decreased, which were 40, 20 and 10 g·plant−1, respectively. (4) Survival rate and growth status of Q. liaotungensis planted at the edge of forest were the best, followed by that inside the forest, and the worst outside the forest. (5) The comprehensive evaluation of entropy weight TOPSIS method showed that 40 g·plant−1 of water retaining agent was used outside the forest, 20 g·plant−1 of water retaining agent was used at the edge of forest, and 45 g·plant−1 of litter was covered inside the forest, which had the best promoting effect on growth of Q. liaotungensis seedlings. Conclusion When using Q. liaotungensis to renew and transform P. tabulaeformis plantations, adaptive measures should be selected according to the characteristics of habitat. When creating block mixed forests, water retaining agents should be prioritized, and when intercropping between plants or rows, it is advisable to strengthen the coverage of planting holes to improve the survival rate and growth quality of seedlings. [Ch, 3 fig. 8 tab. 38 ref.]
2026, 43(4): 767-774.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250398
Abstract:
Objective In regions with poor drainage during the rainy season, frequent waterlogging severely constrains the increase in yield and quality of Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’. This study aims to systematically investigate the physiological response and waterlogging tolerance of rootstocks of different T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ cultivars under waterlogging stress, which not only helps facilitate screening and cultivating waterlogging-tolerant cultivars, but also provides a theoretical basis for elucidating the waterlogging-tolerant mechanism of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’. Method Rootstocks of 9 T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ cultivars, namely ‘Zhenzhufei’ ‘Zaoyuanfei’ ‘Yushanyufei’ ‘Jinyehongxiangyafei’ ‘Qiefei’ ‘Changyefei’ ‘Xiaozixiangyafei’ ‘Longfengxifei’ and ‘Zhimafei’ were used as test materials. 2 treatments were set up: normal moisture (control) and waterlogging. The tolerance of each cultivar to waterlogging was comprehensively evaluated by measuring 10 physiological indices in T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ leaves, including chlorophyll a and b contents, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, electrolyte leakage rate, proline (Pro) content, and the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD). Then, the waterlogging tolerance index of each variety was assessed based on principal component analysis and membership function analysis to comprehensively evaluate waterlogging tolerance capacity of each cultivar. Result Under waterlogging treatment, the contents of chlorophyll a and b of rootstocks of different cultivars decreased to varying degrees compared to the control. In contrast, the physiological indicators related to oxidative stress, such as H2O2 content, MDA content, electrolyte leakage rate, SOD activity, and POD activity, all increased to varying degrees. Pro content, APX activity, and CAT activity showed an increasing or decreasing trend in different cultivars. Based on principal component analysis and membership function analysis, a comprehensive evaluation of different physiological indicators was conducted to obtain the comprehensive evaluation values of waterlogging tolerance for the 9 cultivars. Conclusion Rootstocks of different T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ cultivars exhibit different changes in osmotic substances and antioxidant protection ability under waterlogging stress. ‘Changyefei’ ‘Jinyehongxiangyafei’ and ‘Yushanyufei’ demonstrate high waterlogging resistance, while ‘Xiaozixiangyafei’ ‘Longfengxifei’ and ‘Zaoyuanfei’ show moderate tolerance. ‘Zhenzhufei’ ‘Qiefei’ and ‘Zhimafei’ have the least capacity of waterlogging tolerance. [Ch, 1 fig. 3 tab. 29 ref.]
2026, 43(4): 775-783.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250294
Abstract:
Objective Temperature has a significant impact on the color changes of plant leaves. Pseudosasa japonica f. akebonosuji has high ornamental value, but its leaf color changes significantly. Exploring the physiological effects of temperature on greening of white leaves in P. japonica f. akebonosuji can provide a reference for the research on mechanism of leaf color variation in bamboo. Method P. japonica f. akebonosuji plants with variegated leaves were placed in constant temperature environments of 15, 25 and 35 ℃ for 30 days, with natural temperature as the control (ck). The effects of temperature on color of white leaves, content of photosynthetic pigments, content of chlorophyll precursor substances, ultrastructure of chloroplasts, and performance of photosystems were analyzed. Result Under 25 ℃ treatment, all the white leaves turned green again, and the content of photosynthetic pigments was significantly higher than the other treatments (P＜0.05). Among chlorophyll synthesis precursor substances, the relative content of coproporphyrinogen Ⅲ to protoporphyrin Ⅸ in white leaves under 25 ℃ treatment increased rapidly, with a significantly higher increase than ck (P＜0.05), and the quality scores were ranked from highest to lowest as follows: 25, 35, 15 ℃ treatments. Under 25 ℃ treatment, the grana and lamellar thylakoids of chloroplasts in white leaves were clear, while no normal grana thylakoids were formed under ck and 15 ℃ treatment, and the thylakoids in 35 ℃ treatment were degraded with many impurities. After light induction, the white leaves under 25 ℃ treatment showed O, J, I, and P phases. Density of reaction centers per unit area (RC/CSO), quantum yield (φPO, φEO), and performance index (PIABS) were significantly higher than ck (P＜0.05), from highest to lowest: 25, 15, 35 ℃ treatments. Fluorescence intensity change at point K (Wk) and variable fluorescence at point J (Vj) in photosystem (PS)Ⅱ both decreased, indicating an overall improvement in the performance of PSⅡ under 25 ℃ treatment with white leaves. At the same time, ΔI/IO and ΦPSⅠ/PSⅡ values of white leaves under 25 ℃ treatment were higher than those under 15 and 35 ℃, and activity of PSⅠ increased. Conclusion Temperature affects the content of chlorophyll precursor substances in leaves of P. japonica f. akebonosuji, leading to differences in accumulation level of photosynthetic pigments, which in turn causes changes in performance of PSⅠ and PSⅡ, and affects the assembly of grana thylakoids in chloroplasts. The overall effect is that 25 ℃ treatment promotes the greening of white leaves, while 35 ℃ treatment inhibits it. [Ch, 6 fig. 3 tab. 29 ref.]
2026, 43(4): 784-793.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250414
Abstract:
Objective Abies beshanzuensis is a critically endangered conifer species endemic to China. This study compares the difference in the growth status between the original mother trees and the grafted trees (grafted in 1982), in order to precisely protect the original mother trees. Method The study was conducted from April to September of 2023. Current-year branches and leaves were collected from the surviving original mother trees (located at 1 750 m altitude) and grafted trees (located at 1 550 m altitude) within Qianjiangyuan-Baishanzu National Park. In August, key growth indices were measured, including branch length, branch diameter, branch fresh weight, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, and leaf fresh weight. From April to September, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, including actual photochemical efficiency (Y), electron transport rate (RET), photochemical quenching (CPQ), non-photochemical quenching (CNPQ), and the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm), were monitored monthly using a portable Mini-PAM Chlorophyll fluorometer. Dark-adapted leaves were exposed to a gradient of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) from 0 to 1190 μmol·m−2·s−1 for measurements. Data was statistically analyzed using independent sample t-tests. Result The results showed that in August, the growth indicators of the grafted trees of A. beshanzuensis, including leaf length (45.85 mm±0.38 mm), number of leaves (79.33±2.40), leaf fresh weight (4.93 g±0.21 g), branch length (78.66 mm±5.87 mm), branch diameter (3.71 mm±0.21 mm), and branch fresh weight (0.69 g±0.02 g), were all significantly greater than those of the original mother trees, which had a leaf length of (33.76 mm±2.56 mm), number of leaves of (67.33±2.91), leaf fresh weight of (2.32 g±0.25 g), branch length of (56.39 mm±2.66 mm), branch diameter of (3.20 mm±0.15 mm), and branch fresh weight of (0.36 g±0.03 g) (P＜0.05), respectively. However, there was no significant difference in leaf width between the original mother trees (3.49 mm±0.22 mm) and the grafted trees (3.93 mm±0.45 mm). From April to September, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the grafted trees of A. beshanzuensis, such as Y value, RET, CPQ value, and Fv/Fm value, were all higher than those of the original mother trees, respectively, while the CNPQ value of the grafted trees was lower than that of the original mother trees. Conclusion The growth condition of the grafted trees is superior to that of the original mother trees, indicating a lower light energy utilization efficiency in the original mother trees. It is necessary to strengthen the conservation measures to improve habitat conditions and promote their growth. [Ch, 6 fig. 1 tab. 38 ref.]
2026, 43(4): 794-802.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250495
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to analyze wood property differences and correlations among juvenile woods of Zelkova schneideriana clones, establish a comprehensive evaluation system, and provide a scientific basis for early selection and breeding of superior clones. Method The 7-year-old Z. schneideriana clones, namely ‘Chongtian’ ‘Hong 3’ ‘Yuecheng’ ‘Zhuangju’ and ‘Zhaozhuang’, were selected as materials. Fiber morphological characteristics were determined using the Franklin isolation method. Physical properties (density, shrinkage and water absorption) and mechanical properties (bending strength, bending modulus and compression strength parallel to grain) were tested to national standards. Excel and SPSS software were used for analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA), and a weighted comprehensive evaluation function was constructed. Result Extremely significant differences were observed in fiber morphology, physical properties, and mechanical properties among the 5 clones (P＜0.001). The ‘Zhaozhuang’ clone had the longest fiber length and the highest fiber length-width ratio, while the ‘Yuecheng’ clone had the largest fiber width and diameter-to-width ratio. The basic density and air-dry density of ‘Zhuangju’ ‘Chongtian’ and ‘Zhaozhuang’ clones met the Grade Ⅳ heavy wood standard, with all shrinkage coefficients below 2.0, indicating good dimensional stability. The ‘Zhuangju’ clone performed the best in mechanical properties, with its bending modulus reaching Grade Ⅱ. Despite with lower density, the ‘Zhaozhuang’ clone’s mechanical properties were superior to those of ‘Yuecheng’. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between density and mechanical properties (P＜0.05), and a negative correlation between maximum water absorption and mechanical strength. Conclusion Significant differences exist in juvenile wood properties among Z. schneideriana clones. Mechanical properties are not only affected by density but also closely related to fiber structure. The ‘Zhuangju’ and ‘Chongtian’ clones are ideal candidates for early selection and breeding of high-quality. [Ch, 6 fig. 4 tab. 27 ref.]
2026, 43(4): 803-815.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250583
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the synergistic regulatory mechanism of exogenous melatonin and nitrogen application rate under high-temperature stress in sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) and enhancing yield and quality formation, thereby providing a theoretical basis for heat-resistant sweet potato cultivation in the hilly and mountainous regions of southern Zhejiang. Method From 2023 to 2025, 3 exogenous melatonin concentrations with 0 (M0), 100 (M1), 200 (M2) μmol·L−1 and 4 nitrogen application levels with 0 (N0), 75 (N1), 150 (N2), 225 (N3) kg·hm−2 were established to investigate the effects of different treatments on antioxidant enzyme activities, membrane lipid peroxidation, photosynthetic characteristics, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, root morphology and physiology, yield, quality, and economic benefits of sweet potato leaves under high-temperature stress. Result Under high-temperature stress, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), as well as the activities of nitrate reductase (NR), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), and sucrose synthase (SS) in sweet potatoes leaves all exhibited a decreasing trend with the prolongation of stress duration, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) content continuously increased. Taking the 20th day of stress as an example, compared with M0N0, the M1N2 treatment significantly increased SOD and POD activities, thereby enhancing Pn and Fv/Fm, promoting the activities of NR, SPS, and SS, while reducing MDA content. After the cessation of high-temperature stress, compared with M0N0, the M1N2 treatment significantly increased root length and root activity. Ultimately, it significantly improved yield, quality, and economic benefits. Correlation analysis indicated that yield and quality were extremely significantly negatively correlated with MDA, and extremely significantly positively correlated with all other indicators (P＜0.01). Membership function analysis identified M1N2 as the optimal treatment. Conclusion Foliar spraying of 100 μmol·L−1 melatonin along with 150 kg·hm−2 nitrogen effectively enhances leaf antioxidant capacity, alleviates membrane lipid peroxidation, and sustains photosynthesis of sweet potatoes under high-temperature stress. This synergistic regulation improves carbon-nitrogen metabolic balance, root development, yield, quality, and economic returns, supporting its application in the hilly areas of southern Zhejiang. [Ch, 9 fig. 7 tab. 36 ref.]
2026, 43(4): 816-827.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250264
Abstract:
Objective The effects of diverse terroir factors in Ningxia Helan Mountain’s east foothill production area on grape (Vitis vinifera) berry amino acid accumulation and wine aroma formation are investigated, with the goal of providing theoretical support for optimizing local grape planting terroir and upgrading wine quality. Method The fruit amino acid composition and content were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in 4 plots (Yuquan, Yuma, Xige, Zhihui) of V. vinifera ‘Chardonnay’ grape berries and wines made during the harvest period in Yongning, Qingtongxia, and Yinchuan, 3 sub-appellations in Ningxia Helan Mountain’s east foothill, and headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was used to analyze the volatile components in the wines. Result The results showed that the total amino acid content of grape berries from plot Zhihui was the highest at 6 876.62 mg·L−1, Yuquan was the lowest at 3 873.65 mg·L−1, and the difference between Yuma and Xige was not significant, but there was a significant difference with the other 2 plots (P＜0.05). The contents of alanine, arginine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine in the grape berries of the 4 plots showed significant differences (P＜0.05), while the differences in glycine and proline were even more prominent. The aroma composition of the wines from the 4 plots mainly consisted of 4 types of substances, accounting for a total of 95.1%, of which higher alcohols accounted for 49.3%, fatty acid ethyl esters accounted for 22.2%, other esters accounted for 12.6%, and fatty acids accounted for 11.0%. By using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), 4 plots could be better distinguished, among which the differences between Yuma and Xige groups were small and could be categorized as one group; the aroma substances that could significantly distinguish the plots were identified as eight by the VIP score plot, among which isoamyl alcohol, ethyl tridecanoate, ethyl 9-decenoate, ethyl caprylate, isobutyl alcohol were the main characteristic substances of Yuma and Xige wines; phenylethanol, diethyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate were the main characteristic substances of Yuquan wine. Conclusion The accumulation of amino acids in ‘Chardonnay’ grape berries and the aroma characteristics of wines from various sub-appellations in Ningxia Helan Mountain’s east foothill were affected by the differences in terroir conditions, among which, alanine was most affected by the ecological conditions and made a prominent contribution to the higher alcohols of the wine’s aroma substances. [Ch, 5 fig. 5 tab. 33 ref.]
2026, 43(4): 828-838.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250505
Abstract:
Objective The objective is to analyze the nutrient stoichiometric patterns among organs of the widespread species Setaria viridis and the driving factors, so as to reveal its resource acquisition strategies and growth adaptability on a large regional scale. Method The 10 sampling sites were selected along a precipitation gradient from the humid southeast region to the arid northwest region of China, with the widespread species S. viridis as the target plant. The carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) stoichiometric indices in its roots, stems and leaves were measured. Using one-way ANOVA and principal component analysis, the variation patterns of stoichiometry along the precipitation gradient were investigated. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and hierarchical partitioning were further employed to identify the key environmental factors driving stoichiometric variation. Result (1) The coefficient of variation of total carbon mass fraction in all organs of S. viridis was the lowest (9.13% for roots and 11.70% for leaves), while the variations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were relatively large, reflecting the sensitive response of limiting elements to environmental changes. (2) Geographical factors such as latitude and elevation had no significant direct effect on the stoichiometric traits. Their influence was achieved indirectly by regulating climatic and soil conditions. (3) The differences in environmental driving factors among organs lay in that the variation in root stoichiometry was primarily explained by soil factors while stem stoichiometry was predominantly driven by climatic factors. Leaf stoichiometric characteristics were positively and significantly correlated with mean annual precipitation, photosynthetically active radiation, and soil total phosphorus. Conclusion The stoichiometric traits of S. viridis organs exhibit significant differences across different sampling sites, primarily driven by environmental factors (climate and soil). The chemical diversity of plants is determined jointly by the basic resource utilization strategies (the first principal component) selected by large-scale climatic conditions and the specific adaptive characteristics (the second principal component) refined by local soil heterogeneity (especially phosphorus), through hierarchical regulation. These findings highlight the importance of understanding plant adaptive differentiation at the organ scale, providing a novel perspective for more accurate prediction of plant response and adaptation trajectories under future climate change. [Ch, 7 fig. 2 tab. 26 ref.]
2026, 43(4): 839-848.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20260254
Abstract:
Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of combined application of lime and biochar on soil enzyme activities and microbial carbon metabolism functions in a Lei bamboo (Phyllostachys violascens) plantation, so as to provide a reference for ameliorating soil acidification in these plantations. Method A field experiment was conducted in a Lei bamboo plantation with treatments of sole biochar application (10 and 20 t·hm−2) and their combination with lime (4 t·hm−2), using no amendment as the control. The effects of combined application of lime and biochar on soil chemical properties, enzyme activities, and microbial carbon source metabolism functions were analyzed. Result Compared with the control, sole lime application significantly increased soil pH, electrical conductivity, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen contents, and the activities of and leucine aminopeptidase (P＜0.05). Sole biochar application increased soil pH to a lesser extent than lime, but significantly enhanced soil organic carbon content and β-glucosidase activity (P＜0.05). All combined applications of biochar and lime significantly increased soil pH, organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen contents (P＜0.05), and improved the utilization rates of citric acid and aspartic acid as well as soil basal respiration rate. Sole biochar application significantly increased the bacterial abundance-based coverage estimation (ACE) index and Shannon index (P＜0.05), while the lime treatment altered the bacterial community structure. Sole biochar, sole lime, and their combined application all significantly increased the fungal ACE index and Shannon index (P＜0.05). Partial least squares path modeling revealed that lime application increased soil basal respiration mainly by raising soil pH and microbial carbon source utilization rate, whereas biochar had a minor effect on soil basal respiration. Conclusion Combined application of lime and biochar can effectively reduce soil acidity in Lei bamboo plantation, synergistically increase soil organic carbon and microbial biomass, and enhance the microbial utilization capacity of carboxylic acid carbon sources. [Ch, 5 fig. 3 tab. 30 ref.]
2026, 43(4): 849-857.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250551
Abstract:
Objective Aiming at the problem of low pesticide utilization and high risk of drug damage, which ultimately lead to the decline of crop yield and quality under the soybean (Glycine max) and corn (Zea mays) intercropping mode in Southwest China due to the reliance on the traditional rough application method for weed prevention and control, a set of real-time weed detection system based on machine vision and a precise variable application weed control device is designed. Method Based on instance segmentation and machine vision technology, this study constructed a weed identification and classification algorithm, and combined with the gradient application test to determine the optimal application rate of different weed classes, developed a weed variable application control system, and realized the precise regulation of spraying rate. Result The model performance evaluation results demonstrate that the improved model achieved a 1.6 percentage point increase in accuracy, a 0.2 percentage point improvement in recall rate, and a 1.0 percentage point enhancement in target precision. This reduced the probabilities of missed and false detection of crops and weeds in complex field environments while improving detection accuracy. Field trials showed that the model’s actual detection accuracy consistently exceeded 90%, with both false detection and missed detection rates below 5%. Compared to traditional continuous extensive pesticide spraying, this device achieved up to 53.97% pesticide savings, highlighting its superior efficiency in reducing chemical usage. Conclusion The intelligent application of weed control device significantly improves the accuracy of weed identification and classification, improves the pesticide utilization rate and reduces environmental pollution, and provides a scientific and efficient solution for weed prevention and control. [Ch, 6 fig. 5 tab. 25 ref.]
2026, 43(4): 858-868.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250506
Abstract:
Objective The purpose is to reveal the diversity and niche differentiation phenomenon of Polyrhachis species in China, so as to provide a reference for the conservation and utilization of Formicidae insect diversity in China. Method The distribution pattern and niche width of the genus were investigated using the methods of morphological taxonomy, collection frequency and Levins niche analysis. The analyses were based on specimens together with data on habitats, foraging and nesting sites, and geographical distribution collected via field surveys from 1990 to 2025, as well as relevant data obtained from literature. Result A total of 52 Polyrhachis species of the genus were recorded. Distribution pattern analysis showed that Polyrhachis species in China exhibited significant niche differentiation in horizontal and vertical distribution, habitat selection, foraging and nesting behavior. Yunnan Province had the highest species richness. Among all species, P. dives had the widest ecological niche, and the highest species diversity occurred in tropical rainforest. Polyrhachis species mainly foraged on plant and ground, and primarily nested in trees. Conclusion The spatial distribution pattern of Polyrhachis species is jointly modulated by multiple ecological factors, including altitude gradient, climatic factors and vegetation abundance. Most species possess narrow ecological niches and limited adaptive amplitude, and are therefore recognized as specialized species that are evolutionarily disadvantaged. When the habitats on which these species rely for survival are disturbed, destroyed, or lost, this can easily trigger regional extinction events. [Ch, 4 fig. 2 tab. 40 ref.]
2026, 43(4): 869-878.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250522
Abstract:
Objective Yueqing Bay is a typical ecologically sensitive area, harboring the northernmost large-scale mangrove (Rhizophoraceae) forests in China. This study aims to investigate the evolution of fractional vegetation cover (F) in this region over the past 22 years and its relationship with climatic factors. This can guide habitat restoration and ecological seawall construction, and provide references for similar areas in dealing with biological invasions and ecological risk management. Method Based on Landsat data from 2003 to 2024 and combined with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the spatiotemporal variation of vegetation coverage and its driving factors were analyzed using the pixel dichotomy model, Theil-Sen Median and correlation analysis. Result The overall F in the Qingjiang Estuary exhibited a fluctuating growth trend over the past 22 years, rising from 0.601 in 2003 to 0.694 in 2024, with an annual average growth rate of 0.008. The spatial distribution of different vegetation coverage levels exhibited significant area transitions. The combined area proportion of low and medium-low F zones significantly decreased from 30.33% to 11.17%, while that of medium and medium-high F zones exhibited a significant increase, from 27.93% to 54.54%. The annual mean maximum temperature, annual mean minimum temperature, annual precipitation, and annual number of precipitation days all exerted negative effects on F. Conclusion From 2003 to 2024, the vegetation coverage level and its spatial pattern in the Qingjiang Estuary demonstrates a positive development trend. The annual mean minimum temperature has the most significant negative impact on F among all the influencing factors. As a region subject to intensive human activities, it has undergone a transition from destruction to restoration. Mangrove rehabilitation, tidal flat management, the eradication of invasive species, and other projects led by humans are the key factors driving the increase in vegetation coverage. [Ch, 3 fig. 2 tab. 40 ref.]
2026, 43(4): 879-890.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250479
Abstract:
Objective A systematic study of the spatiotemporal evolution and driving mechanisms of ecological environmental quality in Yulin City, Shaanxi Province is of great importance. It has significant theoretical value and practical significance for maintaining ecological security of the Loess Plateau. Method 6 periods of Landsat remote sensing imagery (2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020, and 2025) of Yulin City were selected to construct the integrated remote sensing ecological index (IIRSE). Theil-Sen slope estimation, Mann-Kendall test, and Hurst exponent method were employed to systematically analyze the spatial distribution and temporal evolution trends of ecological and environmental quality in Yulin City over the past 25 years. Furthermore, a parameter-optimized geographical detector model was used to quantitatively assess the explanatory power of different driving factors and their interactive effects on ecological quality. Result (1) From 2000 to 2025, the ecological environmental quality in Yulin City decreased from southeast to northwest. The mean IIRSE increased by 0.124, with an average annual growth rate of 1.34%. Areas of good ecological quality increased from 6.4% to 17.72%, while regions of poor and relatively poor quality significantly shrank, falling to 16.76% and 30.44%, respectively. (2) Changes in ecological quality were mainly low-frequency, while areas with frequent changes were concentrated in Jia, Wubu, and Suide County. Spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that the area of high-high clustering expanded year by year, indicating a continuous optimization of the ecological spatial pattern. (3) The ecological environment in Yulin City had generally improved, but regional differences were significant. Hurst index indicated that only 48.44% of the area had the potential for continued improvement, while about 23.31% faced the risk of ecological degradation. Changes in IIRSE were mainly driven by natural factors, with precipitation and elevation as key influences. Land use changes and human activities also played important roles in affecting ecological quality. Conclusion From 2000 to 2025, the ecological environmental quality in Yulin City showed an overall improving trend, with a spatial pattern of high values in the southeast and low values in the northwest. Areas of good quality expanded, while low-quality areas shrank, indicating an optimization of ecological pattern. However, spatial differentiation remains, and a certain proportion of the region still faces the risk of degradation. The driving mechanisms are mainly dominated by natural factors, with additional influence from human activities. To consolidate ecological gains, Yulin City should focus on systematic restoration in high-risk degradation areas and promote ecological protection together with comprehensive management. [Ch, 8 fig. 42 ref.]
2026, 43(4): 891-901.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250477
Abstract:
Systematic elucidation of the biosynthetic pathways and regulatory mechanisms of triterpenoid saponins in Eleutherococcus senticosus is of great scientific significance and practical application value for the efficient exploitation and utilization of this medicinal plant resource. In recent years, research on triterpenoid saponins in E. senticosus has focused primarily on 3 interrelated aspects: the chemical composition and biological activities of triterpenoid saponins, the functional characteristics of key biosynthetic enzymes and their encoding genes, and the regulatory mechanism at the levels of transcription factors and epigenetic modifications. Key findings to date indicate that the triterpenoid saponins in E. senticosus are dominated by oleanane-type and lupane-type structures, and their biological activities are closely associated with glycosylation modifications and their aglycone structures. These saponins are biosynthesized from isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) − the core precursors produced by both the cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) pathway and the plastidial 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. Through the condensation and epoxidation reactions catalyzed by geranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GPPS), farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), squalene synthase (SS), and squalene epoxidase (SE), 2,3-oxidosqualene (2,3-OS) is obtained, which is then cyclized by oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) to form the skeleton. After hydroxylation by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s) and glycosylation by uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs), triterpenoid saponins with diverse structures and distinct biological activities are generated. Studies on the regulatory network of triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in E. senticosus mainly focus on gene regulation. On the one hand, 485 transcription factor genes belonging to 36 families have been identified, and the expression regulation of these transcription factors on the promoters of key enzyme genes for saponin biosynthesis has been characterized. On the other hand, synergistic epigenetic regulatory mechanisms including DNA methylation and histone modifications have been found to modulate gene expression by balancing the methylation/demethylation status of promoters of pivotal enzyme genes such as mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase (MDD, EC 4.1.1.33). Moreover, environmental signals such as drought and light have been shown to affect saponin biosynthesis by regulating epigenetic modifications (including promoter methylation status), providing potential targets and a theoretical basis for molecular modulation of triterpenoid saponin accumulation in E. senticosus. Future research on E. senticosus triterpenoid saponins should focus on the dissection of multi-level regulatory networks, exploration of polygenic synergistic effects, and identification of elite germplasm resources. Based on multi-omics analysis and synthetic biology techniques, solid theoretical support and key technical references should be provided for the exploitation and utilization of E. senticosus, as well as the innovative breeding of high-quality germplasm. [Ch, 1 fig. 53 ref.]
Systematic elucidation of the biosynthetic pathways and regulatory mechanisms of triterpenoid saponins in Eleutherococcus senticosus is of great scientific significance and practical application value for the efficient exploitation and utilization of this medicinal plant resource. In recent years, research on triterpenoid saponins in E. senticosus has focused primarily on 3 interrelated aspects: the chemical composition and biological activities of triterpenoid saponins, the functional characteristics of key biosynthetic enzymes and their encoding genes, and the regulatory mechanism at the levels of transcription factors and epigenetic modifications. Key findings to date indicate that the triterpenoid saponins in E. senticosus are dominated by oleanane-type and lupane-type structures, and their biological activities are closely associated with glycosylation modifications and their aglycone structures. These saponins are biosynthesized from isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) − the core precursors produced by both the cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) pathway and the plastidial 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. Through the condensation and epoxidation reactions catalyzed by geranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GPPS), farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), squalene synthase (SS), and squalene epoxidase (SE), 2,3-oxidosqualene (2,3-OS) is obtained, which is then cyclized by oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) to form the skeleton. After hydroxylation by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s) and glycosylation by uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs), triterpenoid saponins with diverse structures and distinct biological activities are generated. Studies on the regulatory network of triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in E. senticosus mainly focus on gene regulation. On the one hand, 485 transcription factor genes belonging to 36 families have been identified, and the expression regulation of these transcription factors on the promoters of key enzyme genes for saponin biosynthesis has been characterized. On the other hand, synergistic epigenetic regulatory mechanisms including DNA methylation and histone modifications have been found to modulate gene expression by balancing the methylation/demethylation status of promoters of pivotal enzyme genes such as mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase (MDD, EC 4.1.1.33). Moreover, environmental signals such as drought and light have been shown to affect saponin biosynthesis by regulating epigenetic modifications (including promoter methylation status), providing potential targets and a theoretical basis for molecular modulation of triterpenoid saponin accumulation in E. senticosus. Future research on E. senticosus triterpenoid saponins should focus on the dissection of multi-level regulatory networks, exploration of polygenic synergistic effects, and identification of elite germplasm resources. Based on multi-omics analysis and synthetic biology techniques, solid theoretical support and key technical references should be provided for the exploitation and utilization of E. senticosus, as well as the innovative breeding of high-quality germplasm. [Ch, 1 fig. 53 ref.]
2026, 43(4): 902-912.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250592
Abstract:
Green waste, characterized by its high lignocellulose content and elevated C/N ratio, represents a significant biomass resource, and composting is an effective approach for its utilization. However, the greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, and N2O) and NH3 emitted during composting contribute to ecological pollution and nutrient loss, posing a challenge to China’s “Dual Carbon” goals. This review systematically examines the composition and physicochemical properties of green waste, analyzes the formation mechanisms and emission patterns of CO2, CH4, N2O, and NH3 during composting, and explores the influence of key factors such as temperature, pH, C/N ratio, and moisture content. It also summarizes mitigation strategies−including raw material pretreatment, feedstock mixing, process optimization, and additive application−detailing their mechanisms and effectiveness. Future research should focus on precise gas monitoring, elucidating microbial mechanisms, developing specialized microbial agents, constructing emission prediction models, and advancing integrated multi-gas mitigation technologies. [Ch, 1 tab. 84 ref.]
Green waste, characterized by its high lignocellulose content and elevated C/N ratio, represents a significant biomass resource, and composting is an effective approach for its utilization. However, the greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, and N2O) and NH3 emitted during composting contribute to ecological pollution and nutrient loss, posing a challenge to China’s “Dual Carbon” goals. This review systematically examines the composition and physicochemical properties of green waste, analyzes the formation mechanisms and emission patterns of CO2, CH4, N2O, and NH3 during composting, and explores the influence of key factors such as temperature, pH, C/N ratio, and moisture content. It also summarizes mitigation strategies−including raw material pretreatment, feedstock mixing, process optimization, and additive application−detailing their mechanisms and effectiveness. Future research should focus on precise gas monitoring, elucidating microbial mechanisms, developing specialized microbial agents, constructing emission prediction models, and advancing integrated multi-gas mitigation technologies. [Ch, 1 tab. 84 ref.]
Bimonthly, Start in 1984
Supervisor：Department of Education of Zhejiang Province
Sponsor：Zhejiang A&F University
Editor-in-Chief：WU Jiasheng
Editor：Editorial Department of Journal of Zhejiang A&F University
Tel：0571-63732749
E-mail：zlxb@zafu.edu.cn
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