Articles in press have been peer-reviewed and accepted, which are not yet assigned to volumes /issues, but are citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI).
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250249
Abstract:
Soil inorganic carbon (SIC) is a key component of the soil carbon pool, and its sequestration and loss have profound impacts on the global carbon cycling and climate change. With accelerating urbanization in China, urban ecosystems have become a focal point of ecological research. Urban green spaces, as integral components of urban ecosystems, are closely linked to soil carbon dynamics, climate regulation, and ecosystem services, and their response and feedback to urbanization will inevitably be the focus and priority of study. However, the understanding of SIC cycling in urban green spaces remains limited. This paper examined the potential impacts of human activities such as land management and construction on SIC in urban ecosystems. It systematically overviewed the following aspects: (1) sequestration, loss and influencing factors of SIC in urban green spaces under urbanization; (2) the driving effects of changes in soil physical properties, nitrogen inputs, pH, and salinity on the carbonate dissolution–precipitation balance of SIC in urban green spaces; (3) the impact of soil fauna and microbial communities on SIC formation process. Future research should focus on the driving mechanism of SIC dynamics under urbanization, so as to make up for the research deficiencies in inorganic carbon in urban green spaces and provide theoretical support for improving carbon cycling theory and optimizing ecosystem functions in urban ecosystems. [Ch, 1 tab. 83 ref.]
Soil inorganic carbon (SIC) is a key component of the soil carbon pool, and its sequestration and loss have profound impacts on the global carbon cycling and climate change. With accelerating urbanization in China, urban ecosystems have become a focal point of ecological research. Urban green spaces, as integral components of urban ecosystems, are closely linked to soil carbon dynamics, climate regulation, and ecosystem services, and their response and feedback to urbanization will inevitably be the focus and priority of study. However, the understanding of SIC cycling in urban green spaces remains limited. This paper examined the potential impacts of human activities such as land management and construction on SIC in urban ecosystems. It systematically overviewed the following aspects: (1) sequestration, loss and influencing factors of SIC in urban green spaces under urbanization; (2) the driving effects of changes in soil physical properties, nitrogen inputs, pH, and salinity on the carbonate dissolution–precipitation balance of SIC in urban green spaces; (3) the impact of soil fauna and microbial communities on SIC formation process. Future research should focus on the driving mechanism of SIC dynamics under urbanization, so as to make up for the research deficiencies in inorganic carbon in urban green spaces and provide theoretical support for improving carbon cycling theory and optimizing ecosystem functions in urban ecosystems. [Ch, 1 tab. 83 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250420
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to investigate hybrid affinity between Lilium davidii var. unicolor and Lilium ornamental cultivars, and to provide germplasm resources and technical support for breeding multi-purpose lilies. Method Pollen viability of all tested lilies was examined. Based on the results, 10 cross combinations were established: using L. davidii var. unicolor as the male parent with ‘Tiger Babies’ ‘Purple Dream’ ‘Black Charm’ ‘Sweet Sugar’ ‘Eye Liner’‘Gizmo’ and ‘Watch Up’ as female parents, and using L. davidii var. unicolor as the female parent with ‘Purple Dream’ ‘Black Charm’ and ‘Watch Up’ as male parents. 3 pollination methods were employed, including direct pollination, cut-style pollination, and stigma application with 1 g·L−1 NAA solution. Cross-compatibility was evaluated based on pollen tube growth and fruit set. The authenticity of hybrid seedlings obtained through embryo culture was assessed using SSR markers. Result (1) Cross-compatibility analysis revealed that ‘Sweet Sugar’ and ‘Black Charm’ exhibited the highest compatibility with L. davidii var. unicolor, followed by ‘Eye Liner’ ‘Tiger Babies’ and ‘Purple Dream’. In contrast, ‘Watch Up’ and ‘Gizmo’ showed low compatibility. (2) Direct pollination was the simplest and most universally applicable method. (3) SSR analysis revealed that all 145 seedlings from the 6 hybrid combinations (‘Sweet Sugar’ × L. davidii var. unicolor, ‘Black Charm’ × L. davidii var. unicolor, ‘Tiger Babies’ × L. davidii var. unicolor, ‘Eye Liner’ × L. davidii var. unicolor, L. davidii var. unicolor × ‘Black Charm’, and L. davidii var. unicolor × ‘Purple Dream’) were authentic hybrids. Conclusion The study revealed distinct cross-compatibility between L. davidii var. unicolor and different lily cultivars, identifying ‘Sweet Sugar’ and ‘Black Charm’ as highly compatible parents. Cut-style pollination is an effective technique for improving fruit set in the cross of ‘Tiger Baby’× L. davidii var. unicolor. SSR marker technology enables early and accurate identification of hybrid seedlings. [Ch, 2 fig. 6 tab. 34 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250455
Abstract:
However, the current organogenic regeneration system generally has technical bottlenecks such as rooting difficulties, severe browning and strong genotype dependence in adult materials, which seriously restricts the relevant breeding and breeding process. The key external factors affecting regeneration efficiency, including explant selection, media optimization, and the ratio and treatment timing of plant growth regulators (PGRs) are systematically sorted out. At the molecular mechanism level, the cellular and molecular regulatory mechanisms from callus induction to adventitious root/adventitious bud formation were expounded, and the core mechanisms of auxin signaling (ARF-WOX-LBD pathway) regulating adventitious root genesis and cytokinin signaling (ARR-WUS-CLV3 loop) regulating adventitious bud formation were revealed. In view of the technical bottlenecks such as the difficulty of rooting of adult materials and the serious browning of high-phenolic varieties, a comprehensive countermeasure combining physiological and epigenetic regulation was further proposed. This paper analyzes that the organogenesis of woody plants is jointly regulated by external culture conditions, internal hormone pathways and epigenetic status, and the essence of adult material regeneration disorder is that regeneration-related genes are systematically inhibited at the epigenetic level. In the future, through deepening mechanism analysis and technological innovation, it is expected to systematically break through the regrowth obstacles of woody plants and provide systematic support for precision breeding and gene function research of forest trees. [Ch, 1 fig. 2 tab. 82 ref.]
However, the current organogenic regeneration system generally has technical bottlenecks such as rooting difficulties, severe browning and strong genotype dependence in adult materials, which seriously restricts the relevant breeding and breeding process. The key external factors affecting regeneration efficiency, including explant selection, media optimization, and the ratio and treatment timing of plant growth regulators (PGRs) are systematically sorted out. At the molecular mechanism level, the cellular and molecular regulatory mechanisms from callus induction to adventitious root/adventitious bud formation were expounded, and the core mechanisms of auxin signaling (ARF-WOX-LBD pathway) regulating adventitious root genesis and cytokinin signaling (ARR-WUS-CLV3 loop) regulating adventitious bud formation were revealed. In view of the technical bottlenecks such as the difficulty of rooting of adult materials and the serious browning of high-phenolic varieties, a comprehensive countermeasure combining physiological and epigenetic regulation was further proposed. This paper analyzes that the organogenesis of woody plants is jointly regulated by external culture conditions, internal hormone pathways and epigenetic status, and the essence of adult material regeneration disorder is that regeneration-related genes are systematically inhibited at the epigenetic level. In the future, through deepening mechanism analysis and technological innovation, it is expected to systematically break through the regrowth obstacles of woody plants and provide systematic support for precision breeding and gene function research of forest trees. [Ch, 1 fig. 2 tab. 82 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250196
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Objective This study aims to investigate the species composition and community structure of forest stands on Daishan Island, Zhejiang Province, and provide recommendations for tree species combination models for the restoration of forest communities on islands. Method A quadrat survey was conducted to investigate woody plants with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 1 cm within the sample plots (100 m×100 m). Species composition, floristic elements, DBH class distribution, species diversity, and tree species combination were analyzed. Result A total of 8 767 woody plant individuals were recorded, belonging to 29 species, 28 genera, and 18 families, with an average tree height of 4.11 m and an average DBH of 4.35 cm. Quercus acutissima, Cinnamomum camphora, and Ficus erecta were the dominant species in the community. At the family level, the flora consisted of 27.78% cosmopolitan, 50.00% tropical, and 22.22% temperate components. At the genus level, 64.29% were tropical, 28.57% temperate, and 7.14% unique to China. The DBH of tree species in the community showed an inverted “J” shape distribution, with 91.80% of plants in the small and relatively small diameter classes. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Pielou evenness index, Simpson diversity index, and Margalef richness index were 1.28, 0.38, 0.50, and 3.08, respectively. The community included tree species combinations with good resilience, such as C. camphora-Q. acutissima, Metasequoia glyptostroboides-Q. acutissima, and Q. acutissima-F. erecta. Conclusion The forest community on Daishan Island is dominated by Q. acutissima, C. camphora, F. erecta, Eurya nitida, and Ilex cornuta. The DBH structure displays an inverted “J” shape pattern, and the plant community in this area is dominated by tropical species. The overall distribution of tree species in the community is uneven, resulting in different combinations of tree species. [Ch. 4 fig. 4 tab. 30 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250192
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Objective To elucidate the physiological and biochemical effects of adding exogenous polyamines (PAs) on the embryogenic calli of Pinus koraiensis, which can enhance the proliferation ability of P. koraiensis embryogenic calli. Method By adding putrescine (Put), spermine (Spm) and spermidine (Spd) with different concentrations to the proliferation medium, the proliferation rate of embryonic calli were checked. The levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and indoleacetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ETH) were analyzed. Furthermore, the dynamic changes of Put, Spm and Spd levels response to exogenous PAs were also determined. Result Exogenous PAs had a positive effect on the proliferation of embryogenic calli, with 5−30 mg·L−1 Put, 40−50 mg·L−1 Spm, and 10−20 mg·L−1 Spd exhibiting the most significant promoting effects. In the cultivation of three cell lines, 5−30 mg·L−1 Put increased proliferation by 2.22%−79.27%; 40−50 mg·L−1 Spm enhanced proliferation by 80.56%−141.12%; and 10−20 mg·L−1 Spd boosted proliferation by 61.25%−96.21%. Additionally, exogenous addition of PAs significantly reduced intracellular H2O2 content and antioxidant enzyme activities (P＜0.05) while increasing endogenous PAs and hormone levels within the cells. Specifically, exogenous supplementation of 50 mg·L−1 Spm could notably elevate the levels of endogenous PAs and hormones (P＜0.05). Exogenous addition of 10 mg·L−1 Put significantly increased intracellular ethylene and Spm contents (P＜0.05), whereas exogenous supplementation of 20 mg·L−1 Spd effectively promoted the increase in IAA, Put, and Spm contents. Conclusion The addition of exogenous PAs at appropriate concentrations can elevate endogenous PAs levels, hormone content, and antioxidant capacity, thereby facilitating the proliferation of embryogenic calli in P. koraiensis. [Ch, 4 fig. 35 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250219
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The slope where forest fire occurs is typically covered with the ash layer of the fire, which is a critical factor altering post-fire hydrological and erosional processes on hill slopes. Due to the multiple opposing effects of forest fire ash coverage on slope hydrological and erosional processes, the superimposed effects may lead to highly variable and context-dependent results. By reviewing relevant research literature, the impact mechanism and role of forest fire ash on slope hydrological and erosional processes are summarized. The fire ash layer covers the soil surface, forming a dual system of fire ash and soil. The “ash blanket” effect or sealing effect of forest fire ash can increase or decrease slope permeability and water holding capacity. The erodibility or crust formation sealing can either reduce or increase the slope’s resistance to erosion. The erosion and migration of forest fire ash layer on the slope may form fire ash patches or mud, which reduces or increases the surface runoff erosion capacity. Fire ash particles and their aqueous solutions infiltrating into soil can alter soil physicochemical properties through multiple pathways: potentially diminishing infiltration capacity via pore clogging, enhancing erosion resistance through promoting formation of soil aggregates, and exerting long-term impacts by either facilitating or inhibiting ecological recovery via fertilization effects or biological toxicity. Identification of dominant impact mechanism of forest fire ash on slope hydrological and erosional processes under specific wildfire, precipitation, and soil conditions is crucial to improving the simulation ability of post fire hydrological erosion and the accuracy of risk prediction. [Ch, 73 ref.]
The slope where forest fire occurs is typically covered with the ash layer of the fire, which is a critical factor altering post-fire hydrological and erosional processes on hill slopes. Due to the multiple opposing effects of forest fire ash coverage on slope hydrological and erosional processes, the superimposed effects may lead to highly variable and context-dependent results. By reviewing relevant research literature, the impact mechanism and role of forest fire ash on slope hydrological and erosional processes are summarized. The fire ash layer covers the soil surface, forming a dual system of fire ash and soil. The “ash blanket” effect or sealing effect of forest fire ash can increase or decrease slope permeability and water holding capacity. The erodibility or crust formation sealing can either reduce or increase the slope’s resistance to erosion. The erosion and migration of forest fire ash layer on the slope may form fire ash patches or mud, which reduces or increases the surface runoff erosion capacity. Fire ash particles and their aqueous solutions infiltrating into soil can alter soil physicochemical properties through multiple pathways: potentially diminishing infiltration capacity via pore clogging, enhancing erosion resistance through promoting formation of soil aggregates, and exerting long-term impacts by either facilitating or inhibiting ecological recovery via fertilization effects or biological toxicity. Identification of dominant impact mechanism of forest fire ash on slope hydrological and erosional processes under specific wildfire, precipitation, and soil conditions is crucial to improving the simulation ability of post fire hydrological erosion and the accuracy of risk prediction. [Ch, 73 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250182
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Objective To address the challenges of difficult degradation of azo anionic dyes in environmental wastewater treatment and the poor environmental adaptability of traditional adsorbents, this study aimed to develop a novel composite hydrogel based on agricultural and forestry biomass (lignin) for efficient dye adsorption, thereby providing a new strategy for the preparation of green water treatment materials. Method A novel lignin-based composite hydrogel (HPAAM-VIM-LS) was synthesized via free radical copolymerization. Its microstructure and chemical composition were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and tensile/compression tests were performed to evaluate thermal stability and mechanical properties. Adsorption experiments investigated its adsorption performance and reusability for the anionic dye Congo red (CR). The adsorption mechanism was elucidated by analyzing adsorption kinetics and isotherm models in conjunction with structural characterization. Result HPAAM-VIM-LS exhibited a three-dimensional porous network structure. Its surface, rich in hydroxyl, carboxyl, and imidazolium cationic groups, provided abundant active sites. The thermal decomposition temperature exceeded 189.9 ℃. The material demonstrated a tensile strain of 746%, an elastic modulus of 15.15 MPa, and high adsorption efficiency across pH 5.0−8.0 and temperatures of 25−55 ℃. Under optimal conditions (pH 6.0, 35 ℃), a CR removal rate of 96.4% and a maximum adsorption capacity of 490.58 mg·g−1 were achieved. Structural analysis revealed that the adsorption mechanism was synergistically driven by electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, π—π stacking, pore filling, and coordination. The adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and was jointly controlled by external/intraparticle diffusion and chemisorption. HPAAM-VIM-LS maintained a CR removal rate more than 85% after 7 adsorption-desorption cycles. Conclusion This study successfully prepared an environmentally friendly lignin-based composite hydrogel, HPAAM-VIM-LS, combining high adsorption capacity, broad environmental adaptability, and excellent mechanical properties. It provides an efficient and sustainable solution for the resource utilization of lignin and the treatment of dye-containing wastewater. [Ch, 11 fig. 3 tab. 29 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250146
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Objective As a province in China to initiate the identification and protection of agricultural heritage, Zhejiang Province leads the country in the number of important agricultural heritage sites both in China and worldwide. The aim of this study is to investigate the spatial distribution pattern and influencing factors of agricultural heritage in Zhejiang, which provides valuable insights for the conservation and sustainable utilization of agricultural heritage across China. Method Based on 205 agricultural heritage sites recognized by Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Zhejiang Province in 2024, the spatial pattern, morphology, and concentration degree were analyzed by using ArcGIS 10.2. Combined with the topography of Zhejiang Province, agricultural heritage sites were classified spatially, and influencing factors were examined. Result The spatial distribution of agricultural heritage in Zhejiang was characterized by an overall dispersed pattern and small-scale multi-point aggregation. The concentration of agricultural heritage was relatively high at the city level, mainly concentrated in Lishui and Quzhou. At the county level, Longyou County exhibited the highest concentration. Zhejiang’s agricultural heritage zones were spatially divided into high mountain agricultural heritage zone in hilly areas of west Zhejiang, plain and basin agricultural heritage zone in Jinqu Basin of central Zhejiang, water town agricultural heritage zone in plains of north Zhejiang, composite agricultural heritage zone in hilly areas of east Zhejiang, and marine and fishery agricultural heritage zone in southeast coastal plains and islands. Conclusion The spatial distribution pattern of agricultural heritage in Zhejiang is mainly influenced by a combination of natural factors, including elevation, climate, and hydrological systems, as well as socio-economic factors such as economic development level, population, urbanization rate, and historical culture. [Ch, 6 fig. 37 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250366
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Objective This study aims to reveal the molecular mechanism of plant architecture in Prunus mume and clarify the role of AP2/ERF transcription factor family in branching regulation, so as to provide theoretical basis and candidate genes for the improvement of plant architecture in P. mume. Method PmERF011 gene sequence was obtained via gene cloning technology, and bioinformatics methods were employed to analyze its phylogenetic relationship and promoter cis-acting elements. The spatiotemporal expression patterns of PmERF011 in different tissues (roots, stems, and leaves) of P. mume were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). An overexpression vector was constructed and transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana, followed by phenotypic observation and statistical analysis to verify its transgenic function. Result PmERF011 belonged to the AP2/ERF transcription factor family, which was highly homologous to related species in Rosaceae family (P. persica and P. armeniaca), but significantly different from A. thaliana and Oryza sativa. The analysis of promoter cis-acting elements revealed that it contained methyl jasmonate and auxin response elements. The results of tissue-specific assay showed that PmERF011 had the highest expression level in roots and stem xylem, but lower expression level in leaves. The results of transgenic Arabidopsis showed that overexpression of PmERF011 significantly increased the number of lateral branches in Arabidopsis(P＜0.05). Conclusion PmERF011 has the function of promoting branch growth, which is candidate genes for the improvement of plant architecture in P. mume and other Prunus species. [Ch, 7 fig. 2 tab. 46 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250279
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Objective This study aims to assemble, annotate, and analyze the chloroplast genome of flowering Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris var. parachinensis), and to elucidate its phylogenetic relationships with other Brassicaceae crops. Method The complete chloroplast genome of flowering Chinese cabbage was sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. Bioinformatics approaches were employed to analyze its genome structure, repetitive sequences, nucleotide diversity, codon usage bias, and phylogenetic relationships by constructing phylogenetic trees with chloroplast genome sequences of other 25 Brassicaceae species. Result The chloroplast genome of flowering Chinese cabbage is 153 482 bp in length with a GC content of 36.36%, exhibiting a typical quadripartite structure. In total, 132 functional genes had been identified and annotated, comprising 86 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 1 pseudogene. Codon usage bias analysis revealed that leucine (Leu) is the most frequently used amino acid, with 31 codons showing a relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) value greater than 1, predominantly ending with A or U. Repetitive sequence analysis detected 37 dispersed repeats and 315 simple sequence repeats (SSRs), with mononucleotide repeats predominating (72.70% of total SSRs). The nucleotide diversity of small single copy region (SSC) is the highest, while that of inverted repeat region (IR) is the lowest. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that flowering Chinese cabbage exhibits the closest genetic relationship with leafy Chinese cabbage varieties. Conclusion The chloroplast genome of flowering Chinese cabbage exhibits a conserved quadripartite structure and demonstrates close phylogenetic relationships with B. rapa var. chinensis, B. rapa var. purpuraria, and B. rapa subsp. pekinensis. [Ch, 5 fig. 3 tab. 39 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250291
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Objective The objective is to investigate the effects of different fire severities on understory vegetation species diversity and soil physicochemical properties, which is of great significance for the restoration and sustainable management of forest ecosystems in burnt areas. Method The study focused on the burnt area 4 years after the fire in Pinus tabuliformis forests in Taiyue Mountain of Shanxi Province. A combination of field investigation and indoor analysis was used to examine the differences and trends in understory vegetation species diversity and soil physicochemical properties in plots with different fire severities (low severity fire, medium severity fire, high severity fire, and no fire), as well as the short-term response of post-fire species diversity to physicochemical properties. Result (1) A total of 50 vascular plant species were recorded, belonging to 20 families and 43 genera. After low-severity fire in the herb layer and medium severity fire in the shrub layer, the number of species was higher than that in unburnt areas. (2) In the shrub layer, the Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index, and Margalef index ranging from large to small were as follows: medium-severity fire plots, high-severity fire plots, unburnt plots, and low-severity fire plots, while the Pielou index in descending order was high-severity fire plots, medium-severity fire plots, unburnt plots, and low-severity fire plots. In the herb layer, the Shannon-Wiener and Margalef indices significantly increased by 21.38% and 47.55% (P＜0.05) in the low-severity fire plots compared to unburnt plots, while the Simpson and Pielou indices significantly increased by 20.00% and 19.40% (P＜0.05) in the high-severity fire plots compared to unburnt plots. (3) Different fire severities significantly (P＜0.01) affected soil physicochemical properties. Soil moisture content and total porosity decreased with increasing fire severity. Mass fraction of total phosphorus and potassium showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing with the increase of fire severity, reaching its lowest point in medium-severity fire plots. Soil total porosity, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and available potassium decreased with deepening of soil layers in different fire severity plots. (4) The redundancy analysis revealed that soil moisture content, capillary porosity, and total potassium mass fraction in the 0−10 cm layer, along with available phosphorus mass fraction, total porosity, and available potassium mass fraction in the 10−20 cm layer, were significant soil factors affecting species diversity in the shrub and herb layers. Conclusion Low severity and medium severity fires promote vegetation regeneration in P. tabuliformis forests, and soil moisture content and available phosphorus are key factors driving post fire species diversity differentiation. [Ch, 2 fig. 4 tab. 48 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250158
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Objective By covering the substrate sediment of Vallisneria natans with cobblestone substrate at different coverage rates, discussion on the ability and effect of V. natans in purifying water pollution in different growth environments, providing data support for water ecological restoration and application. Method From May to October 2024, using sandy loam soil as the substrate for planting V. natans and pebbles as the covering substrate, artificial planting experiments were conducted to study the purification effect of V. natans on total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and arsenic (As) in water at cobblestone coverage rates of 0, 30%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 90%, respectively. Result Under different coverage rates of cobblestone substrate, the purification of TN, TP and As in water by V. natans was different. With the increase of coverage rate, the overall removal rate of pollutants in water increased first, then decreased, and then increased. V. natans itself was the main way to purify water quality, followed by pollutant precipitation and the adsorption of substrate sediment and cobblestones. The TN removal rate was highest when the cobblestones coverage rate was 30%, decreasing from the initial 31.33 mg·L−1 to 1.59 mg·L−1, with a removal rate of 94.93%; The TP removal rate was highest when the cobblestones coverage was 30%, decreasing from the initial 1.56 mg·L−1 to 0.04 mg·L−1, with a removal rate of 97.43%; The removal rate of As was highest when the cobblestones coverage was 30%, decreasing from the initial 967.33 μg·L−1 to 4.00 μg·L−1, with a removal rate of 99.59%. Analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences (P＜0.05) in the removal efficiency of TN, TP and As in water with different cobblestones coverage rates. Conclusion The coverage rate of cobblestones have an impact on the purification of water quality by V. natans. When the coverage rate was 30%, V. natans has the best removal effect on TN, TP, and As in the water. [Ch, 4 fig. 3 tab. 37 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250206
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Objective This study aims to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics, as well as the driving factors of soil respiration across different vegetation types of urban forests, so as to provide theoretical references for regional carbon estimation. Method Taking Beijing Olympic Forest Park as the research object, a portable soil respiration measurement system was used to measure soil respiration (Rs), soil temperature (Ts), and soil water content (CSW) of 26 sample plots (13 in the arbor community and 13 in the arbor-shrub mixed community) monthly from April to October in 2023. And combined with high-resolution normalized difference vegetation index (INDV), a fitting analysis was conducted on the seasonal and spatial variations of Rs and the influencing factors. Result (1) The seasonal dynamics of Rs and Ts were consistent, showing a unimodal pattern of first increasing and then decreasing. The average Rs in the arbor community (4.83 μmol·m−2·s−1) was higher than that in the arbor-shrub mixed community (4.42 μmol·m−2·s−1). (2) Ts accounted for 90.0% and 73.0% of the seasonal variation in Rs in the arbor and arbor-shrub mixed community, respectively, while CSW explained 28.0% and 37.0%. A dual-factor model incorporating both temperature and moisture could explain 93.0% and 82.0% of the variation, respectively. (3) The spatial coefficient of variation of Rs in the arbor-shrub mixed community was similar to the variation trend of CSW, with a significant positive correlation between the two (R2=0.88, P＜0.01). In contrast, there was a highly significant nonlinear relationship between the spatial variation of Rs and Ts (R2=0.65, P＜0.01) in the arbor community. (4) The response of Rs to Ts varied in time and space, with an approximately linear increase in time and a nonlinear response in space. Although Rs increased with the increase of CSW in both time and space, the rate of increase varied. Conclusion The response of Rs to environmental factors in urban forests exhibits spatiotemporal variations. Ts is the driving factor of seasonal variations in Rs, while the dominant factors of spatial variation of urban forest Rs vary among different vegetation types. [Ch, 6 fig. 2 tab. 38 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250246
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Objective This study aims to explore the adaptation mechanism of Platycladus orientalis seedlings to weak light environment and clarify the alleviation effect of exogenous silicon on shading stress. Method Three-year-old P. orientalis seedlings were used as materials, covered with black nylon mesh, and subjected to four shading gradients: natural light, low shading, moderate shading, and high shading. Combined with 0 (Si0) and 2 mmol·L−1 (Si1) sodium silicate exogenous silicate treatment levels, a total of eight treatments were randomly set up. Physiological indicators such as growth, photosynthetic pigments, osmotic regulation, and antioxidant physiology of seedlings under different treatments were measured, and low-light adaptation characteristics of seedlings and the regulatory effect of silicon were analyzed Result (1) Shading treatment significantly inhibited the growth of ground diameter of P. orientalis by 5.18%−40.51% (Ρ＜0.05). The silicon treatment promoted the growth of ground diameter, and the thickening rate reached 4.72%−16.67%. The shading environment promoted plant height growth, but under natural light and low to moderate shading conditions, silicon application treatment inhibited plant height growth, indicating that silicon application within a certain range of light intensity exerted a dual regulatory effect of ‘ground diameter thickening-apical inhibition’. (2) As the light intensity decreased, the contents of chlorophyll a and b increased, while chlorophyll a/b showed a downward trend, which was beneficial to improving the capture efficiency of the photosynthetic system at week light intensity. (3) Light shading induced dynamic responses of osmotic regulatory substances. Soluble sugars and proline first increased then declined, while soluble proteins exhibited the inverse trend, which activated the antioxidant protection system such as elevating peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities and reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) (Ρ＜0.01) content. Exogenous silicon enhanced osmotic regulation and antioxidant capacity, soluble sugars (SS) and proteins (SP) contents and POD activity, while reducing the mass molar concentration of MDA. Conclusion P. orientalis seedlings enhance their light capture capacity by increasing chlorophyll synthesis and activating antioxidant enzymes to improve their shade tolerance. Exogenous silicon can optimize morphogenesis to varying degrees, and enhance the osmotic regulation and antioxidant properties, thereby improving the ability of the seedlings to resist weak light stress. [Ch, 4 fig. 2 tab. 39 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250275
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Objective The aim is to explore the difference in water conservation function of Robinia pseudoacacia plantations at different growth stages in loess areas of western Shanxi, and provide scientific basis for improving water conservation capacity and management of forest stands. Method Taking R. pseudoacacia plantations of 5 age groups (with forest ages of 15, 23, 27, 34, and 41 years respectively ) in Caijiachuan watershed, Linfen City of Shanxi Province as the research objects, water conservation indicators in vertical layers (canopy, litter, and soil) were measured, including canopy interception rate, litter water-holding capacity, soil physical properties, and water holding characteristics. Comprehensive evaluation of the water conservation function was conducted based on Entropy Weight-Approximate Ideal Solution Ranking (TOPSIS). Result (1) The leaf area index and interception rate of the canopy layer showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing as the age increased, with the highest values observed in middle-aged forests (23 years), and remained stable after maturity. (2) The litter layer in middle-aged forests exhibited the highest accumulation and maximum water holding capacity, while the effective retention capacity was superior in mature stands. (3) Young stands (15 years) had the highest non-capillary and saturated water-holding capacities, while middle-aged stands excelled in capillary water retention. (4) Soil layers contributed the most to water conservation. Water retention capacity first increased and then declined with age, reaching peak in middle-aged stands. Conclusion The water conservation function of the middle-aged R. pseudoacacia plantation is the best. To enhance the water conservation function, inefficient and degraded stands should be selectively harvested and replanted, which is in line with regional project for low efficiency forest transformation and functional improvement. [Ch, 2 fig. 5 tab. 34 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250128
Abstract:
Objective This study investigates the influence of pyrolysis temperature and calcium-iron (Ca/Fe) modification on the pore structure of biochar and its phosphate adsorption performance, aiming to provide reference for the application of modified biochar in the field of water treatment. Method Biochars and Ca/Fe-modified biochars were synthesised at 300 , 500 , and 700 ℃, and characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to investigate their microstructure and surface chemistry. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of pyrolysis temperature, dosage, solution pH, and co-existing ions on phosphate removal. Furthermore, adsorption mechanisms were elucidated using isotherm and kinetic models. Result With increasing pyrolysis temperature, the pore structure of biochar developed progressively. Notably, Ca/Fe-modified biochar produced at 700 ℃ exhibited a highly ordered porous architecture and enlarged specific surface area, achieving a maximum phosphate adsorption capacity of 890.836 mg·g−1 and a removal efficiency of 90.32%. Adsorption isotherms fitted the Sips model, while kinetic data followed the pseudo-second-order model, indicating chemisorption as the dominant mechanism. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of Ca(OH)2 at high temperature, which contributed to enhanced phosphate fixation. Adsorption performance was influenced by pH, dosage, and co-existing ions; alkaline conditions and optimised dosage improved phosphate removal, whereas competing anions such as \begin{document}${\mathrm{NO}}_3^- $\end{document} \begin{document}$ {\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2 - } $\end{document} Conclusion Tuning pyrolysis temperature and Ca/Fe modification significantly enhances the pore architecture and adsorption performance of biochar, offering an efficient material for phosphate removal from aqueous environments. [Ch, 5 fig. 4 tab. 32 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250164
Abstract:
Plant belowground foraging traits are crucial for plant nutrient acquisition and environmental adaptation. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability, as key driving factors, have a profound impact on plant belowground nutrient acquisition strategies. First, it introduces the classification of plant belowground foraging traits. This include absorptive root traits (morphology, architecture, and proliferation), mycorrhizal traits (mycorrhizal fungal colonization rate and hyphal density), and exudation traits (root carbon exudation rate and root enzyme activity). Subsequently, it illustrates the effects of N and P addition on these foraging traits. Regarding absorptively root traits, studies have shown that the effects of N and P addition vary depending on tree species and nutrient conditions. Plants optimize resource acquisition by altering their morphology, architecture, and proliferation characteristics. For mycorrhizal traits, mycorrhizal fungi regulate belowground resource acquisition through differentiated strategies (For example, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi rely on hyphal extension for inorganic nutrient uptake, while ectomycorrhizal fungi secrete enzymes to decompose organic matter), however, N and P addition generally suppress mycorrhizal colonization rates. As for exudation traits, root acid phosphatase and nitrate reductase, which are key indicators reflecting plant P and N acquisition and metabolism, were significantly regulated by N and P addition. Next, it also explores the coordination mechanisms among belowground foraging traits. This includes synergies and trade-offs among traits, as well as cost-benefit optimization in resource allocation. Finally, addressing current research gaps, future research directions are proposed, focusing on N-P interactions, the synergistic response mechanisms among root secretory traits, absorptive roots, and mycorrhizal traits, in situ observations of mature plants in the field, and foraging strategies of different mycorrhizal types of tree species. These directions aim to deepen our understanding of plant belowground nutrient acquisition strategies and their adaptation mechanisms to environmental changes, providing a scientific basis for the management of forest ecosystems. [Ch, 2 tab. 95 ref.]
Plant belowground foraging traits are crucial for plant nutrient acquisition and environmental adaptation. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability, as key driving factors, have a profound impact on plant belowground nutrient acquisition strategies. First, it introduces the classification of plant belowground foraging traits. This include absorptive root traits (morphology, architecture, and proliferation), mycorrhizal traits (mycorrhizal fungal colonization rate and hyphal density), and exudation traits (root carbon exudation rate and root enzyme activity). Subsequently, it illustrates the effects of N and P addition on these foraging traits. Regarding absorptively root traits, studies have shown that the effects of N and P addition vary depending on tree species and nutrient conditions. Plants optimize resource acquisition by altering their morphology, architecture, and proliferation characteristics. For mycorrhizal traits, mycorrhizal fungi regulate belowground resource acquisition through differentiated strategies (For example, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi rely on hyphal extension for inorganic nutrient uptake, while ectomycorrhizal fungi secrete enzymes to decompose organic matter), however, N and P addition generally suppress mycorrhizal colonization rates. As for exudation traits, root acid phosphatase and nitrate reductase, which are key indicators reflecting plant P and N acquisition and metabolism, were significantly regulated by N and P addition. Next, it also explores the coordination mechanisms among belowground foraging traits. This includes synergies and trade-offs among traits, as well as cost-benefit optimization in resource allocation. Finally, addressing current research gaps, future research directions are proposed, focusing on N-P interactions, the synergistic response mechanisms among root secretory traits, absorptive roots, and mycorrhizal traits, in situ observations of mature plants in the field, and foraging strategies of different mycorrhizal types of tree species. These directions aim to deepen our understanding of plant belowground nutrient acquisition strategies and their adaptation mechanisms to environmental changes, providing a scientific basis for the management of forest ecosystems. [Ch, 2 tab. 95 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250202
Abstract:
Objective The aim is to explore the relationship between ecosystem services and the well-being of local people, which is of great significance for promoting sustainable development in national parks. Method Taking Dongning area of Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park as a case study, an analytical framework of ecosystem services and the well-being of local residents was constructed from the perspective of residents’ perception, and the coupling coordination degree model was used to analyze the relationship between the two. Result (1) Both the social relationship (P=0.000) and basic material needs (P=0.000) of farmers were significantly lower than those of forest workers. The social relationship (P=0.043) and basic material needs (P=0.001) in core areas were significantly lower than those in general areas. (2) The perception of cultural services (P=0.000) and support services (P=0.025) in core areas was significantly lower than that in general areas. Compared with forest workers, farmers had significantly weaker perception of cultural services (P = 0.000) and supporting services (P = 0.004), but significantly stronger perception of supply services (P = 0.006). (3) The coupling coordination between ecosystem services and residents’ well-being was poor, with 75% of the study area in a moderate imbalance or transitional state. The overall dimensional differences showed an unbalanced feature of “services leading, well-being lagging”, with particularly weak coordination between cultural services and basic material needs, safety and health, social relations and spiritual well-being. Conclusion Group difference and regional balance should be considered in the formulation of national park policy, so as to enhance the sustainable development of ecosystem services and the well-being of local residents. [Ch, 5 fig. 7 tab. 31 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250155
Abstract:
Objective Logging is a critical disturbance factor in forest ecosystems. This study aims to investigate the effects of logging intensity on leaf functional traits in a coniferous-broadleaved mixed forest, so as to provide scientific basis for post-logging species recovery. Method Four main tree species (Acer mono, Fraxinus mandshurica, Tilia amurensis, and Pinus koraiensis) in the conifer-broadleaf mixed forest of Jiaohe, Jilin Province were selected as the research subjects. Four different treatments were set up: control (ck, logging intensity was 0), light logging (T1, 17.24%), moderate logging (T2, 34.74%), and heavy logging (T3, 51.85%). Samples were collected and data on photosynthetic characteristics and leaf structural traits were analyzed. One-way ANOVA and least significant difference (LSD) tests were employed to compare inter-group differences. Result Different logging intensities significantly affected the photosynthetic characteristics and leaf structural traits of A. mono, F. mandshurica, T. amurensis, and P. koraiensis, whose maximum net photosynthetic rate was the highest under logging intensities of T3, T2, T1, and ck, and the lowest under logging intensities of T2, T1, ck and T3. Through the analysis of leaf structural traits, it was found that the leaf mass per area of A. mono, F. mandshurica, and T. amurensis was the highest under T1, while the leaf dry matter content of A. mono and F. mandshurica was the highest under T3. The leaf tissue density of F. mandshurica and T. amurensis was the highest under T1, while that of A. mono was the highest under T2. The relative content of chlorophyll in the leaves of each tree species showed no significant differences among the species. Conclusion Logging affects the photosynthetic characteristics and leaf structural traits of various tree species. Broadleaved species such as A. mono, F. mandshurica, and T. amurensis have the strongest carbon assimilation ability under T3, T2, and T1 intensities, and logging can improve their leaf structural parameters. The photosynthetic capacity of P. koraiensis decreases with increasing logging intensity, while leaf structural traits do not change with logging intensity. Low-intensity logging can promote photosynthetic capacity and efficiency of resource allocation of broadleaved species, while high-intensity logging can lead to the maladaptation of P. koraiensis. [Ch, 1 fig. 4 tab. 48 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250198
Abstract:
Objective The WOX4 gene, a key member of the WOX gene family, is involved in the regulation of plant growth and development. This study aims to investigate the biological function and expression regulation mechanism of PheWOX4c promoter in Phyllostachys edulis, and provide a reference for the regulation mechanism of the growth and development process of Ph. edulis. Method Based on the distribution of cis-acting elements identified by Plant CARE, plant expression vectors with different lengths of the 5′-end deletion promoter were constructed with the reporter gene GUS. Different environmental factors were selected for the treatment of transiently transformed leaves of Nicotiana tabacum. The full-length promoter and each length promoter fragment activities of PheWOX4c gene were analyzed by GUS staining, as well as the response pattern of promoters with different environmental factors. Result PheWOX4c gene promoter had multiple hormonal response elements such as salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), auxin (IAA), and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), as well as cis-acting elements involved in abiotic stresses such as low temperature and drought. GUS staining revealed that the promoter activity of PheWOX4c gene was inhibited by SA, ABA, IAA and low temperature treatment. This indicated the presence of a response element negatively regulating SA and also a response element negatively regulating ABA between −507 and −137 bp of promoter sequence, whereas a response element positively regulating ABA was found between −137 and 0 bp. MeJA response enhancer elements were found between −2 045 and −1 745 and between −137 and 0 bp, and low temperature negative regulatory elements were found between −1 140 and −507 bp. Conclusion PheWOX4c gene promoter contains multiple hormonal response elements and abiotic stress response elements. Different regulatory elements respond differently to different hormones, indicating that PheWOX4c gene is regulated by multiple transcription factors, with a very complex upstream regulatory network. [Ch. 7 fig. 2 tab. 38 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250203
Abstract:
Objective The objective is to investigate the changes in soil physicochemical properties, aggregates and microbial communities in the wine vineyards at the eastern foot of Helan Mountains in Ningxia under conservation tillage measures, and to elucidate the correlation between soil physicochemical properties and microbial communities. Method Taking the wine grape variety Vitis vinifera ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ as the experimental material, natural grass (NT), branch mulching (CTS), and natural grass + branch mulching (NTS) were set up as treatments and clean tillage (ck) was used as the control. The indicators such as soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), aggregate stability, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, organic matter contents, and relative abundance and diversity of bacteria and fungi were measured and analyzed in the wine vineyards during the flowering period (May), fruit swelling period (July), and fruit ripening period (September). Result (1) Compared with ck, NT, CTS, and NTS treatments significantly increased soil pH and total phosphorus, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and organic matter contents at different growth stages of the grapes (P＜0.05). In September, the soil organic matter content in NT, CTS, and NTS treatments increased by 34.71%, 93.33%, and 68.73%, respectively. (2) Compared with ck, the stability of soil aggregates under NT, CTS, and NTS treatments was significantly improved (P＜0.05). Particularly in September, NTS significantly increased the mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates by 26.23%, the mean geometric diameter (MGD) of aggregates by 67.65%, and the percentage of aggregates larger than 0.250 mm (R0.25) by 31.33%, resulting in an improvement in soil structure. (3) NT, CTS, and NTS treatments significantly increased the relative abundance and diversity of bacteria and fungi in the soil (P＜ 0.05), and altered the microbial community structure. Conclusion NT, CTS, and NTS treatments can significantly improve soil physical-chemical and microbial properties in the ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ vineyard. [Ch, 4 fig. 3 tab. 54 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250130
Abstract:
Objective The objective is to investigate the spatial pattern and influencing mechanism of Mallotus philippensis population in karst forests, which will help to deepen our understanding of the development rules and potential ecological processes of the population and provide reference for the conservation of karst forests and restoration of degraded forests. Method Based on a fixed plot of 1.28 hm² in Maolan evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest and using the data of M. philippensis population and environmental factors investigated in 2023, point pattern analysis and Pearson correlation analysis were adopted to explore the diameter class structure, spatial distribution pattern of the population and its correlation with environmental factors. Result (1) The number of trees in different diameter grades of M. philippensis population varied, and the overall distribution showed a growth pattern. The number in diameter grade Ⅰ was the largest, while that in diameter grade Ⅲwas the smallest. (2) With the increase of diameter grade, the spatial distribution pattern of M. philippensis population transformed from clustered distribution to random distribution from diameter grade Ⅰ to diameter grade Ⅳ. (3) Overall, there was a positive spatial correlation between each pair of the four diameter grades on a small scale (mostly 0−2 m). At the remaining scales, there was no spatial correlation among the diameter classes. (4) The overall distribution of M. philippensis was significantly positively correlated with soil moisture content and soil available potassium (P＜ 0.05). Among the soil topographic factors, altitude and slope significantly affected the spatial distribution of M. philippensis population in diameter grade Ⅱ (P＜0.01). Conclusion M. philippensis population in Maolan karst forest shows a growth pattern. As the diameter grade increases, its spatial pattern shifts from clustered distribution to random distribution, affected by environmental heterogeneity (soil & topography), intraspecific competition, etc. [Ch, 3 fig. 2 tab. 36 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250213
Abstract:
Objective This study aimed to identify the causal pathogen of branch blight in Rosa chinensis, characterize its biological properties, and evaluate effective fungicides to establish a scientific foundation for disease for disease control. Method The pathogen was isolated and purified using tissue isolation. The isolate was characterized morphologically and phylogenetically by multi-locus sequence analysis. Mycelial growth kinetics were assessed under varying carbon/nitrogen sources, pH values, and temperatures using the growth rate method. Five fungicides were evaluated for inhibitory effects by poisoned medium technique. Result The purified strain R1007 induced disease symptoms upon wound inoculation, and the same strain was re-isolated from infected tissues. Morphological characteristics matched Nectria ulmicola, and Blast analysis with phylogenetic analysis confirmed high genetic similarity to the type strain CFCC52117 of N. ulmicola. Optimal growth conditions were maltose (carbon source), yeast extract (nitrogen source), pH 7.17, and 25 ℃. Among tested fungicides, carbendazim showed the strongest inhibition (EC50=0.338 8 mg·L−1). Conclusion The causal agent of R. chinensis branch blight was identified as N. ulmicola. The optimal growth conditions were maltose and yeast extract as carbon and nitrogen sources, pH 7.17, and 25 ℃. Carbendazim shows promise as an effective fungicide for disease control. [Ch, 5 fig. 2 tab. 28 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250126
Abstract:
Objective The study aims to explore the potential and mechanisms of iron-based modification in enhancing the adsorption and immobilization capacity of biochar for As(Ⅲ), and construct an effective carbon sequestration and arsenic control system. Method The common garden waste Ficus microcarpa leaves was used as the raw material for making biochar. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted in combination with various analytical techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The structural properties of the raw biochar (FMB), ferric chloride-modified biochar (FC-FMB), ferric sulfate-modified biochar (FS-FMB), and polymerized ferric sulfate-modified biochar (PFS-FMB) were systematically investigated, along with their adsorption performance and mechanisms for As(Ⅲ) in aqueous solutions. Result Iron-based modification effectively increased the specific surface area of biochar by 3.36 to 4.22 times. Moreover, the modified biochar surfaces were enriched with more functional groups, and iron oxides were successfully loaded onto the biochar surface. At the pH value of 5, PFS-FMB achieved the highest removal rate of As(Ⅲ), reaching 91.16%, which was significantly higher than that of other biochar types. Adsorption kinetics analysis showed that the adsorption process of As(Ⅲ) followed the Elovich kinetic model, while the adsorption isotherms fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacities of 4 kinds of biochars for As(Ⅲ) from high to low were PFS-FMB (13.53 mg·g−1), FS-FMB (6.36 mg·g−1), FC-FMB (3.11 mg·g−1), FMB (1.29 mg·g−1). The adsorption of As(Ⅲ) by iron-based modified biochar was mainly chemical adsorption, which achieved through surface complexation. The adsorption mechanism involved the coordination between arsenite anions and iron oxides, as well as the complexation of surface hydroxyl functional groups. Conclusion Iron-based modified biochar is an efficient arsenic adsorbent, among which PFS-FMB demonstrated the best adsorption performance. [Ch, 9 fig. 3 tab. 50 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250112
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to investigate the effects of soil available phosphorus content on the growth of Zea mays, the allocation of photosynthetic products to the belowground parts, and the structure of rhizosphere microbial communities. It also explores the responses of maize to low-phosphorus stress and the impacts of these responses on the carbon dynamics in the rhizosphere soil. Method Root-box cultivation methods were employed to grow maize under high and low phosphorus conditions. Relevant indicators related to soil, roots, root exudates, plant samples, and microbial community structure were measured and analyzed. Result Under high phosphorus condition, the phosphorus content in maize leaves increased, which promoted the growth of both the aboveground and underground parts of maize. High phosphorus condition also increased the secretion of total root exudate dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and enhanced the activities of chitinase, glucosidase, cellulase, and acid phosphatase in the rhizosphere. Additionally, it significantly increased the relative abundance of Acidobacteriota, Actinobacteriota, and Gemmatimonadota in the rhizosphere (P＜0.05). Under low phosphorus condition, the infection rate of arbuscular mycorrhizal and the content of easily extracted glomalin-related soil protein (EE-GRSP) were significantly higher than that under high phosphorus condition (P＜0.05). Conclusion Under low phosphorus condition, the mycorrhizal infection rate and the secretion efficiency of root exudates in maize were increased, and this promoted the growth of R-strategy microorganisms and the content of glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) in the rhizosphere. Under high phosphorus condition, the rhizosphere of maize has higher activities of chitinase, glucosidase, cellulase, and acid phosphatase. These enzyme activities are positively correlated with the relative abundance of K-strategy microorganisms. [Ch, 5 fig. 32 ref.]
2025, 42(6): 1111-1121.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250317
Abstract:
Objective With carbon sequestration benefits and economic benefits of Phyllostachys edulis timber forests as operational targets, this study aims to establish a collaborative optimization management plan to guide the scientific management of Ph. edulis forests, so as to realize the long-term maintenance of productivity and continuous economic output. Method Taking Ph. edulis timber forests in Anji County, Zhejiang Province as the research subject, a 3-year continuous survey was conducted on 30 field monitoring plots to obtain data on the diameter at breast height (DBH), age and stand density. A Weibull distribution equation was fitted to establish a growth and renewal model for Ph. edulis. Based on this, a multi-objective management model was constructed by integrating Ph. edulis timber carbon sequestration benefits with economic benefits. The changes in carbon storage and net present value (NPV) of Ph. edulis timber forests under different harvesting strategies (harvesting age, intensity, and method) were simulated. Through comparative analysis, the optimal multi-objective management plan was screened. Result For short operating period, the goal was to rapidly enhance economic benefits while maintaining carbon sink potential, which involved retaining 90% of Ⅰ-grade Ph. edulis, harvesting 40% and 60% for Ⅱ-grade and Ⅲ-grade Ph. edulis at large diameter stages. The optimal level could be achieved, with an aboveground carbon storage of 11.14 t·hm−2 and a cumulative NPV of 12 853.18 yuan·hm−2. During the intermediate operating period, the goal was to balance carbon sequestration benefits with economic returns by harvesting 30% of Ⅱ-grade Ph. edulis at small diameter stages and 30% of Ⅲ-grade Ph. edulis at large diameter stages. Under optimal conditions, the aboveground carbon storage would reach 11.21 t·hm−2, with a cumulative NPV of 14 363. 43 yuan· hm−2. For long-term operating period, the goal was to maximize carbon sequestration benefits while also considering economic returns, 40% of the Ⅱ-grade Ph. edulis harvested at the small diameter stage and 90% of Ⅲ-grade Ph. edulis harvested at the large diameter stage. Under optimal conditions, the aboveground carbon storage would reach 11.94 t·hm−2, with a cumulative NPV of 27 456.99 yuan·hm−2. Conclusion A multi-objective management model for Ph. edulis timber forests is constructed, and a harvesting and management strategy is proposed to achieve synergistic carbon sequestration and economic benefits. [Ch, 9 fig. 3 tab. 33 ref.]
2025, 42(6): 1122-1131.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240512
Abstract:
Objective The objective is to study the 2 basic models for estimating forest biomass: constant allometric ratio (CAR) model and variable allometric ratio (VAR) model, and compare the prediction accuracy (P) of the models, so as to provide reliable theoretical and technical support for forest biomass monitoring. Method Based on the biomass survey data of 50 Larix gmelinii trees in 18 fixed sample plots of Pangu Forest Farm in Daxing’ an Mountains, a nonlinear seemingly uncorrelated regression method was used to construct the additive biomass models of CAR and VAR and to compare and evaluate the univariate and binary models of the 2 model forms. Result (1) In the univariate model, the total biomass of the CAR model and the adjusted coefficient of determination (\begin{document}$ {R}_{\mathrm{a}}^{2} $\end{document} \begin{document}$ {R}_{\mathrm{a}}^{2} $\end{document} Conclusion In both the univariate and binary models of total biomass and component biomass of trees, the CAR model has better fitting and model testing indexes than the VAR model, and the CAR model has better fitting and prediction effects on forest biomass. The fitting effect of small-diameter trees is better than that of large diameter trees. In general, the CAR model is not only simpler in form, but also performs better in fitting effect and estimation accuracy, which can provide a theoretical basis for estimating the biomass of L. gmelinii in Daxing’ an Mountains. [Ch, 5 fig. 5 tab. 31 ref.]
2025, 42(6): 1132-1141.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250395
Abstract:
Objective Forest biomass is a cruial indicator of the productivity and carbon storage capacity of forest ecosystems. Studing its dynamic changes can facilitate a profound understanding of the functions of forest ecosystems and offer a scientific basis for ecological management and carbon cycle research. Method Taking Qujing City of Yunnan Province as the study area, a remote sensing estimation model of aboveground biomass was constructed using data from one type of continuous clearing sample plots in every 5-year period from 1992 to 2017, in combination with DEM and Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 8 OLI images. For the main conifer species (Pinus yunnanensis, P. armandii and mixed conifer forests), five machine learning methods, namely GBRT, RF, XGBoost, PLS and CatBoost, were compared to systematically evaluate their fitting performance and estimation accuracy. The optimal model was selected through the comprehensive evaluation of R2, RMSE, rRMSE and MAE indicators, and used for the time series estimation of aboveground biomass of major coniferous forests in Qujing City from 1992 to 2022. Result The estimation performance of different models on the three dominant coniferous species varied: CatBoost model performed best in mixed coniferous forests (R2=0.90, RMSE=5.66), with strong nonlinear fitting ability; while GBRT model performed better in P. yunnanensis forests and P. armandii forests, with stronger estimation stability and explanatory power. Conclusion This study indicates that the performance of different machine learning models in forest aboveground biomass estimation varies according to tree species. Model selection should consider the growth characteristics of tree species and their response differences to remote sensing factors, and avoid uniform modelling strategies to improve the estimation accuracy and applicability. [Ch, 3 fig. 39 ref.]
2025, 42(6): 1142-1153.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250263
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to investigate the regulatory function of GATA transcription factors in Cyclocarya paliurus under salt stress. Method Based on the genomic and transcriptomic data of C. paliurus, members of the GATA gene family were identified, and their physicochemical properties, gene structure, and phylogenetic evolution were comprehensively analyzed. The expression patterns of CpGATAs in response to salt stress were investigated through salt stress treatments with 4 sodium chloride concentrations (0, 25.7, 51.3 and 77.0 mmol·L−1). Result The 46 GATA members were identified from the genome, distributed on 14 chromosomes. The encoded protein had a length of 132−827 amino acids, a molecular weight of 14358.49 −92724.86 Da, and a hydrophilicity coefficient of −1.119 − −0.368. Subcellular localization showed that 37 GATA genes were located in the nucleus, while the remaining 9 genes were distributed in chloroplasts, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane. The analysis and prediction of promoter cis acting elements indicated that GATA gene family members included 13 cis-acting promoter elements, including auxin responsive element, gibberellin responsive element and low-temperature responsive element. Transcriptome analysis showed that the expression levels of 12 genes, including CpaF1st31008, CpaF1st45364, and CpaF1st12063, were higher at 30 days of salt treatment than at 15 days, and were upregulated under salt stress. However, 18 genes, including CpaF1st13794 and CpaF1st04260, were downregulated under salt stress. Conclusion Members of the GATA gene family in C. paliurus actively participate in salt stress response at the transcriptional level and exhibit diverse response patterns. [Ch, 8 fig. 2 tab. 31 ref.]
2025, 42(6): 1154-1164.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250103
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to reveal the structural characteristics of the OSCA gene family in Poncirus trifoliata and its expression profile under drought stress, providing a reference for PtOSCA gene functional analysis and drought resistance research. Method Bioinformatic methods were used to identify and comprehensively analyze PtOSCA gene family members across the whole genome. RT-qPCR was used to analyze the dynamic expression profiles of PtOSCA genes under PEG treatment. Result Thirteen PtOSCAs were identified in the P. trifoliata genome and named PtOSCA1−PtOSCA13 according to their homology with Arabidopsis thaliana OSCA genes. Chromosomal localization analysis indicated that these genes were unevenly distributed across 7 out of the 18 chromosomes in P. trifoliata. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PtOSCAs were divided into four groups, with 5, 6, 1, and 1 family members respectively. Analysis of protein physicochemical properties and conserved domains revealed that there were differences in protein length and molecular weight among PtOSCAs, while the motifs were relatively conserved, with all PtOSCAs proteins containing Motif 1 and Motif 3. Cis-acting element analysis indicated that the promoter regions of PtOSCAs had numerous cis-elements responsive to drought, abscisic acid, anaerobic induction, and low-temperature stress. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that PtOSCAs had tissue-specific expression and responses to drought stress. Under drought stress, the expression levels of PtOSCA family members changed to varying degrees in both leaves and roots. In leaves, 11 PtOSCAs were induced by drought stress,and in roots, 10 PtOSCAs were upregulated, with PtOSCA4 upregulated 3.76-fold in leaves and 36.74-fold in roots after drought stress induction. Conclusion The PtOSCA gene family shows evolutionary conservation and shares a close phylogenetic relationship with the OSCA genes of A.thaliana and Citrus sinensis. Functional differentiation exists within the PtOSCA gene family, and PtOSCA4 may play a key role in drought stress response of P. trifoliata. The results of this study provide an important basis for research on the molecular functions of PtOSCAs under drought stress in P. trifoliata. [Ch, 6 fig. 2 tab. 27 ref.]
2025, 42(6): 1165-1173.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240606
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to investigate the difference and correlation between phenotypic traits and fiber traits in Phyllostachys, and establish fitting equations to characterize these traits, so as to explore the phenotypic variation of Phyllostachys species and establish a research paradigm for bamboo phenotypic characteristics. Method Taking 111 species (including intraspecific taxa) of Phyllostachys in China Bamboo Expo Park in Anji, Zhejiang Province as the research objects, variation analysis, correlation analysis, and cluster analysis on 8 phenotypic traits and 8 fiber traits were conducted, and fitting equations among these traits were established. Result There were significant inter-species differences in 8 phenotypic traits and 8 fiber traits in Phyllostachys. The coefficients of phenotypic trait variation ranged from 21.75% to 67.72%, among which diameter at breast height (DBH), wall thickness, number of high nodes under branches, and stem height belonged to height variation. Ph. edulis had the highest number of intraspecific ranks, totaling 17. Its phenotypic traits, including wall-to-cavity ratio, height, and node length showed a higher degree of variation than those of the sub species level within the entire genus. There were 39 pairs of significant correlations between 8 phenotypic traits and 8 fiber traits. Among the phenotypic traits of Phyllostachys, wall thickness had a higher correlation with DBH, and stem height had a higher correlation with total number of nodes. There was a highly significant correlation between DBH and the other 7 phenotypic traits. Among the fiber traits, the correlation between fine fiber type A and weighted fine fiber was the strongest. 111 species of the genus Phyllostachys were classified into 7 major categories. CategoryⅠwas characterized by significantly thicker walls than other bamboo species. Category Ⅱ was characterized by a higher ratio of wall to cavity. Category Ⅲ was characterized by shorter nodes. Category Ⅳ was characterized by larger DBH, stem height, and branch lengths. CategoryⅤshowed that all phenotypic indicators were slightly lower than the average value of the genus. Category Ⅵ was characterized by significantly lower wall thickness, stem height, total number of nodes, number of high nodes under branches, and node length. Category Ⅶ showed that all phenotypic indicators were slightly higher than the genus average. Fitting equations were established for the phenotypic traits of wall thickness (y1), stem height (y3) and total number of nodes (y4), with DBH (x) as the independent variable. The equations were y1= 0.227 7x－0.001 2x2, y3= 0.232 1x－0.001 0x2, and y4= 1.621 2x－0.012 0x2, respectively. The determination coefficients (R2) were relatively large and all reached an extremely significant level (P＜0.01), which could effectively predict phenotypic traits. Conclusion The degree of variation of fiber traits of Phyllostachys is lower than that of phenotypic traits, indicating that the genetic stability of fiber traits is higher than that of phenotypic traits. The higher variation in subspecies, forms, and cultivated varieties of Ph. edulis and Ph. heteroclada indicates that there is great potential for breeding. There is a strong correlation between phenotypes in the genus Phyllostachys, and an increase in DBH will also lead to an increase in other phenotypic traits. [Ch, 1 fig. 3 tab. 25 ref.]
2025, 42(6): 1174-1183.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240625
Abstract:
Objective The objective is to explore the photosynthetic response mechanism of Clematis henryi to different light intensities, and to provide support for the introduction , cultivation and garden application of C. henryi. Method From March to October 2022, 3-year-old C. henryi cuttings were used as experimental materials, and 5 light treatments, including 82% (T1), 61% (T2), 53% (T3), 43% (T4), and 0% (full light, the control) shading, were set up to study the effects of different shading degrees on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of C. henryi. Result T1 and T2 treatments helped maintain dark green leaf color of C. henryi in summer and promoted the increase in leaf area, internode spacing, leaf dry mass, and water content (mean values of the two treatments being 2.17, 1.43, 6.60, and 1.51 times those of the control, respectively). These treatments facilitated the expansion of leaf spongy tissue (with an average of 1.28 times that of the control) while inhibiting palisade tissue growth (with an average of 0.76 times that of the control). The leaves of plants treated with shading below 61% (T2) turned yellow and wrinkled. The shading treatments stimulated increases in leaf area, internode distance, leaf dry weight, and water content, which were 1.49, 1.31, 3.47, and 1.20 times those of the control, respectively. They also promoted spongy tissue expansion (1.12 times the control) while suppressing palisade tissue growth (0.86 times the control). From June to August, with the continuous increase of light intensity and temperature, the diurnal variations in net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and transpiration rate (Tr) of plants treated by T1, T2, and T3- changed from a single-peak to a double-peak curve. The leaves protected their photosynthetic systems through photosynthetic midday depression. Concurrently, by lowering the light compensation point (PLC) (81.72% of the control) and dark respiration rate (RD) (67.70% of the control), the plants adapted to low-light environments and enhanced light energy utilization. By stabilizing the initial fluorescence (Fo), electron transport rate (RET), and non-photochemical quenching coefficient (QNP), the photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ was maintained. Meanwhile, the photosynthetic systems of T4 and plants of the control group were subjected to excessive stress from strong light and high temperature, resulting in irregular variations in photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. In October, growth, photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of plants treated by T1, T2 and T3 recovered faster than those by T4. Conclusion C. henryi has strong shade tolerance, and shading treatment can promote the growth of branches and leaves. In summer cultivation, a shading environment of 61% to 82% should be set up to avoid irreversible damage to the photosynthetic system caused by high temperature and strong light, and ensure the healthy growth of plants. The shade tolerance of C. henryi will effectively expand its scope of garden applications, providing more choices for plant landscape construction in understory, north balcony, and indoor space. [Ch, 2 fig. 4 tab. 32 ref.]
2025, 42(6): 1184-1191.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250150
Abstract:
Objective This study investigated the breeding system and pollination biology of Bulbophyllum hirundinis to clarify its pollination characteristics and endangerment mechanisms, thereby providing a scientific basis for its conservation. Method Field investigations were conducted to study the flowering phenology, floral morphology, breeding system, and pollinating insects of B. hirundinis. The breeding system and pollination biology characteristics were analyzed, and reproductive success within its natural range was quantified. Result (1) The full-bloom stage of B. hirundinis was in the middle of May. The flowering period of a single flower was approximately 10 days, and the flowering period of the population was about 30 days. It had the characteristic of concentrated blooming (60% of the flowers bloom within 15 days). (2) The inflorescence was umbellate, composed of 3−6 yellow flowers. (3) B. hirundinis was self-incompatible. The fruit-setting rate of artificial cross-pollination was 60.00%, and the natural fruit-setting rate was 21.22%. (4) 6 species of flower-visiting insects of B. hirundinis were observed, and it was confirmed that Neophyllomyza leanderi was the effective pollinator of B. hirundinis. Conclusion The flowering phenology of B. hirundinis was clarified for the first time, and the characteristic of concentrated blooming was discovered. It was confirmed that N. leanderi is the effective pollinator of B. hirundinis. [Ch, 2 fig. 3 tab. 42 ref.]
2025, 42(6): 1192-1200.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250118
Abstract:
Objective Poplar leaf rust diseases, caused by fungi of the genus Melampsora, are one of the most widespread and hamful foliar diseases affecting poplar trees. This study aims to elucidate the occurrence of poplar leaf rust disease and the species diversity of its pathogens at the National Poplar Germplasm Resources Base in Liaoning Province, China. Method In October 2024, the 39 samples of poplar leaf rust disease were collected from the National Poplar Germplasm Resources Base in Liaoning Province and Liaoning Provincial Institute of Poplar, China. The morphological characteristics of urediniospores and teliospores of poplar leaf rust disease from the 2 locations were observed using an optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. Meanwhile, the genomic DNA of the pathogen was extracted, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed by rDNA ITS and 28S sequencing analysis. The pathogens were identified through a combination of morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Result The results indicated that 36 samples were identified as M. laricis-populina, 2 samples were M. medusae, and 1 sample was M. populnea. M. medusae, a significant quarantine species in China, was detected for the first time in Northeastern China. Conclusion The 3 species of Melampsora were discoveried in Liaoning. This study also represents the first detection of the exotic quarantine pathogen M. medusae in Northeastern China. [Ch, 6 fig. 2 tab. 38 ref.]
2025, 42(6): 1201-1209.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250120
Abstract:
Objective Zearalenone (ZEN), an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species, can widely contaminate cereal crops such as Zea mays, Glycine max, and Triticum aestivum, and is commonly found in cereal foods and feed. Due to its chronic, immunological, and reproductive effects, ZEN poses significant health risks. It will be of great significance to establish a highly sensitive ZEN detection method for exposure assessment and risk prevention and control. Method Based on the biotin-streptavidin amplification system, a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MNPs-ELISA) for ZEN detection was developed by preparing ZEN complete antigen-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and biotin-labeled ZEN monoclonal antibodies. Result The established MNPs-ELISA achieved a detection limit of 0.05 ng·mL−1 for ZEN (10% inhibitory concentration, IC10), a quantitative detection range of 0.08−1.04 ng·mL−1 (20%−80% inhibitory concentration range, IC20−IC80) and 50% inhibitory concentration of 0.29 ng·mL−1 (IC50), and there was almost no cross-reactivity with other common mycotoxins. Spike-recovery tests revealed high accuracy and stability. The quantitative detection results of ZEN in natural contaminated samples demonstrated that this method had good consistency with both commercial ELISA kits and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Conclusion The established MNPs-ELISA method can meet the requirements for rapid quantitative detection of ZEN in cereal and feed samples, suitable for screening ZEN samples by grassroots inspection institutions and agricultural product processing enterprises, with good application prospects. [Ch, 7 fig. 4 tab. 26 ref.]
2025, 42(6): 1210-1220.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250108
Abstract:
Objective The objective is to study the decomposition, nutrient release of Carya illinoensis green husk at different returning depths, and its effects on soil metabolites, so as to provide scientific reference for its full and rational utilization. Method A flat test plot was selected in Chunhui Mountain, Central South University of Forestry and Technology. The green husk of C. illinoensis ‘Jinhua’ was used as the test material. 3 treatments were set up: control (no return of green husk to the field), ground cover and buried depth (10 cm). The decomposition characteristics of green husk at different returning depths were studied for 2 years by nylon net bag method. The quality and nutrient quality of the remaining green husk in the decomposition bag, as well as physical and chemical properties of soil and metabolites were measured and analyzed every 3 months. Result (1) During the 2-year decomposition period, the decomposition rate of green husk from C. illinoensis under buried depth treatment was faster than that under ground cover. Under both treatments, the total organic carbon and phosphorus exhibited an enrichment and leaching pattern. Nitrogen showed an enrichment mode, while potassium showed a net release mode. (2) During the 2-year decomposition period, soil total nitrogen content under control treatment was higher than that under ground cover and buried depth treatments. The content of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available potassium in soil under buried depth treatment was higher than that under ground cover. The number of bacteria in soil under ground cover was greater than that under buried depth treatment, while the number of fungi and actinomycetes in soil under ground cover was lower than that under buried depth treatment. (3) The differences in soil metabolites between ground cover and buried depth treatments during the same period were small, while there were significant differences at different decomposition stages. When soil samples from the 12th month of green husk decomposition were compared with those from the 9th month, and soil samples from the 18th month were compared with those from the 12th month, 54 differential metabolites were identified in both comparisons, mainly concentrated in 22 metabolic pathways, including pyrimidine metabolism, ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and ABC transporters. Conclusion In the 9th month of decomposition, the nutrient loss of C. illinoensis green husk is less, the number of soil microorganisms is the highest, and the soil metabolic substances conducive to plant growth are produced. It is the best period to have a positive impact on soil fertility. [Ch, 8 fig. 3 tab. 28 ref.]
2025, 42(6): 1221-1231.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250114
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to explore the effects of vegetation and soil dynamic characteristics on soil shear strength and anti-erodibility of spray seeding matrix after the construction of high-speed slope spray seeding greening project in Beijing, and to provide reference for the formulation of sustainable road slope vegetation restoration scheme. Method A shady slope and a sunny slope sprayed with thick-layer base material, and a natural slope without artificial disturbance (ck) with similar basic parameters were selected from 3 expressways with different restoration years (5, 10, 15 a ). The change law of anti-erodibility and shear strength of vegetation and soil during slope restoration was explored by redundancy analysis and regression equation. Result (1) The diversity and coverage of slope vegetation increased significantly with the increase of restoration years (P＜0.01), but did not return to the level of natural slope at 15 a. (2) The soil organic carbon content, geometric mean diameter and mean weight diameter increased by 96.10%, 12.17% and 26.23% at 15 a compared with 5 a. The stability of soil aggregates gradually increased and returned to the level of natural slope at 15 a. (3) Vegetation characteristics and soil indexes explained 83.42% of the soil anti-erodibility and shear resistance indexes. The K value of soil anti-erodibility decreased linearly with the geometric mean diameter (R2=0.902) or increased linearly with the aggregate destruction rate (R2=0.776). The soil anti-erodibility increased linearly with the diversity index (R2=0.660) and bulk density (R2=0.750), and the internal friction angle decreased with the saturated water content (R2=0.816). Conclusion Bulk density, saturated water content and geometric mean diameter are the direct control factors of soil anti-erodibility and shear strength, which can be used as evaluation indexes. In order to better improve the anti-erodibility and shear strength of shallow soil on the slope, it is recommended to adopt the spray seeding and planting method to plant Robinia pseudocacia in the spray seeding greening construction scheme, and to carry out appropriate topdressing on the slope when it is restored for 10 years. [Ch, 4 fig. 4 tab. 31 ref.]
2025, 42(6): 1232-1242.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250127
Abstract:
Objective This aim was to investigate the changes of the key physicochemical properties and enzyme activities in the rhizosphere soil of Lycium barbarum under the interaction effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and nitrogen addition. Method The four-year old potted plants of L. barbarum ‘Ningqi 1’ were used as experimental materials, with the open-top chamber (OTC) control system to simulate the treatment of elevated CO2 concentration [CO2, (840±20) μmol·mol−1], and at the same time, the CO2 concentration in the natural environment was used as the control [ck, (420±20) μmol·mol−1]; The treatments included three levels of nitrogen addition were set: N0 (0 g·kg−1), N1 (1 g·kg−1), and N2 (2 g·kg−1), and the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, organic matter content, and indicators of catalase and polyphenol oxidase were measured and analyzed in the soil of the rhizosphere zone of L. barbarum. Result (1) The interaction between elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen addition has an extremely significant impact on soil total potassium, ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium throughout the entire treatment period(P＜0.01); (2) After 120 days of elevated CO2 concentration, soil polyphenol oxidase, acid invertase, and urease activities increased by 40.58%, 30.67%, and 36.41% respectively compared to ambient CO2 concentration, while catalase activity decreased by 61.50%; (3) Significant correlations persisted between total potassium content and soil enzyme activities during the entire treatment duration. Conclusion Under the effects of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen addition, the contents of soil total phosphorus, organic matter, polyphenol oxidase, acid invertase, and urease in the root zone of L.barbarum exhibited an increasing trend, while the contents of soil total nitrogen and catalase showed a decreasing trend. The results of this study provide a reference and guidance basis for the adaptive cultivation and regulation of L.barbarum in Ningxia under the background of global climate change. [Ch, 5 fig. 1 tab. 49 ref.]
2025, 42(6): 1243-1254.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250102
Abstract:
Objective The objective is to provide a scientific basis for improving rice paddy soil quality, by investigating the effects of biochar based fertilizer on soil nutrients and bacterial community structure. Method A field experiment was conducted in a typical rice paddy located in Hangjiahu Plain. 4 treatments, including no fertilizer control (ck), conventional fertilizer (CF), biochar based fertilizer substitution of 50% chemical fertilizer (OF) and biochar based fertilizer (BF), were laid out with the 3 fertilization treatments with consistent inputs of N, P and K. Plant and soil samples were collected post-harvest to analyze soil physicochemical properties, bacterial community structure, and rice yield under different fertilizer treatments. Result Compared with CF, OF and BF treatments significantly increased the contents of organic carbon (SOC), soil dissolvable organic carbon (DOC), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC), respectively (P＜ 0.05). There was no significant difference in soil bacterial diversity index among the fertilization treatments. However, the application of biochar based fertilizer had a significant impact on the composition and function of soil bacterial community (P＜0.05), with increasing the relative abundance of eutrophic bacteria and carbon-, nitrogen-related functional bacteria. Meanwhile, the correlation analysis results revealed that soil pH, SOC, DOC, available phosphorus (AP) and available potassium (AK) were the key environmental factors affecting the composition of soil bacterial communities. Correlation analysis indicated that soil SOC, DOC, and MBC were important for rice yield. Conclusion The application of biochar based fertilizer (BF) and substitution of 50% chemical fertilizer (OF) could improve soil nutrient and the relative abundance of eutrophic bacteria compared to conventional fertilizer. These results demonstrate the positive effects of biochar based fertilizer in regulating the paddy soil microbial environment and improving soil quality. [Ch, 5 fig. 3 tab. 53 ref.]
2025, 42(6): 1255-1263.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250117
Abstract:
Objective To enhance the resource utilization efficiency of spent mushroom substrate , this study investigated the effects of varying cattle manure ratios on vermicomposting performance and compost quality. Method Five treatments were established with dry mass ratios of spent mushroom substrate to cattle manure: T0 (100∶0), T1 (100∶5), T2 (100∶10), T3 (100∶15), and T4 (100∶20), alongside a control group (ck) without earthworms. After 14 days of pre-composting, 20 individuals of Eisenia foetida (earthworms) were introduced into T0−T4 treatment for 60 days of vermicomposting. Key parameters including earthworm biomass, survival rate, juvenile/egg counts, physicochemical properties, and germination index (GI) were analyzed. Result Vermicomposting significantly outperformed natural composting (ck) in terms of organic matter decomposition, C/N ratio reduction, and compost maturity. The average weight, survival rate, cocoon number, hatching number, and daily reproductive rate of earthworms increased with higher proportions of cattle manure. The addition of cattle manure not only accelerated organic matter decomposition, reduced pH, and enhanced compost maturity, but also significantly increased nutrient contents. After 60 days of composting, the germination index (GI) of ck reached 76.04%, lower than the maturity threshold, whereas T0−T4 treatments exhibited GI values exceeding 80%, notably, T3 exhibited optimal GI (98.27%), while further increasing the amount of cattle manure in compost will enhance the risk of phytotoxicity to seeds. Conclusion Vermicomposting of spent mushroom substrate amended with cattle manure significantly increases suitability for earthworm growth and reproduction, improves waste decomposition efficiency, and yields products with superior quality indicators compared to conventional composting. The recommended addition ratio in production is 100∶15 (spent mushroom substrate : cattle manure, m/m). [Ch, 1 fig. 6 tab. 33 ref.]
2025, 42(6): 1264-1272.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240610
Abstract:
Objective This study investigates the daily activity rhythms and the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of suitable habitats for macaques (Macaca mulatta) in Seda County, providing scientific references for the conservation and research of high-altitude wild populations. Method From June 2023 to March 2024, macaque activity in Seda County was monitored using line transect surveys and infrared camera traps. The daily activity rhythm and suitable habitats of macaques were analyzed through non-parametric kernel density estimation and MaxEnt model. Result The results indicated that the daily activity intensity of macaques was uneven (daily activity difference index α＞0.042), with increased activity observed between 9:00 and 15:00 and minimal activity from 21:00 to 6:00 the following day, demonstrating a diurnal activity pattern (diurnal index β=0.98). 4 variables, including coldest monthly minimum temperature, wettest monthly precipitation, land cover type, and range of annual temperature variation, were the main environmental factors affecting local macaque distribution. Macaques preferred habitats with coldest monthly minimum temperature and greater precipitation in the wettest month, along with smaller annual temperature ranges, lower precipitation in the driest month, and smaller daily temperature variations. The suitable habitat for macaques in Seda County was approximately 697 km2, mainly distributed in the southeastern part of the county. The suboptimal habitat area was about 1 708 km2, mainly located in the eastern and southern parts of Seda County. Within the Nianlong Nature Reserve, there were only 40 km2 of suitable habitat and 152 km2 of suboptimal habitat for macaques. Conclusion The activity of macaques in Serda County was concentrated during daylight hours, and most of their habitats were located outside the protected area in the southeast of Seda County. Therefore, these findings suggest that the conservation of macaque in Seda County should also focus on the larger habitats outside the reserve, and strengthen management and protection during its peak activity period (9:00 to 15:00) to reduce the impact of external disturbances, such as close human contact on the macaque population. [Ch, 5 fig. 3 tab. 36 ref.]
2025, 42(6): 1273-1284.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250119
Abstract:
Objective Analyzing the spatiotemporal dynamics of landscape patterns and their driving factors is critically important for effective regional landscape utilization and ecological environment management. Method This study, based on land use data, quantitatively assessed the dynamic changes in landscape patterns of Xinhua County, Hunan Province, from 2000 to 2020 using a landscape type transition matrix and landscape index. Furthermore, the study employed a coupled model integrating the parameter-optimized geographical detector (POGD) and multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) to analyze the impacts of natural and socio-economic factors on the landscape patterns. Result (1) From 2000 to 2020, cultivated land area in Xinhua County showed a continuous decline, whereas construction land expanded significantly. The transition intensity of landscape types was most pronounced during 2015–2020, indicating more frequent and complex conversions among landscape types. (2) At the landscape type level, the dominance index of forestland patches increased steadily, while that of cultivated land decreased. Fragmentation, edge complexity, and shape irregularity intensified for cultivated land, forestland, and construction land. At the overall landscape level, the pattern became more complex, with an increase in patch number, a decline in connectivity, and a gradual enhancement in landscape diversity. (3) Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), population size, and elevation were the main driving factors influencing the landscape pattern. The interactive effects between natural and anthropogenic factors were significantly stronger than the effects of single factors. The impacts of NDVI and slope on landscape pattern exhibit pronounced spatial heterogeneity, with NDVI exerting a negative impact on landscape pattern in most areas, while slope shows a coexistence of both positive and negative effects across space. Conclusion The overall landscape pattern of Xinhua County shows a trend of fragmentation, with increased heterogeneity and complex patch morphology. The changes in this landscape pattern are mainly driven by a combination of natural and social factors. [Ch, 7 fig. 5 tab. 32 ref.]
2025, 42(6): 1285-1295.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250167
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to explore methods for rural landscape zoning and regulatory measures that can effectively protect landscape characteristics while continuously providing ecosystem services and promoting sustainable rural development. Method Taking Chuzhou City as a case study, 5 categories of landscape feature elements were selected to identify rural landscape feature types and characteristic zones. Further integration with quantitative assessments of ecosystem service functions was conducted to establish rural landscape regulatory zones. Result (1) Rural landscapes were classified into 35 landscape feature types and 26 landscape characteristic zones. The total area of cultivated land-dominated zones was approximately 9 634.03 km2, accounting for 80.44% of the study area, serving as the primary rural landscape features in Chuzhou City. (2) The importance of habitat quality, water conservation, carbon sequestration, soil retention, and comprehensive ecosystem services displayed a “one belt and one core” spatial pattern, with central areas forming a zonal extension and concentrated distribution in western Fengyang Mountain region. (3) By integrating landscape characteristics and ecosystem services, rural landscapes in Chuzhou City were divided into 5 regulatory zones: ecological restoration zone, ecological construction zone, ecological rehabilitation zone, ecological maintenance zone, and ecological conservation zone. Conclusion The approach integrating landscape characteristic identification and ecosystem service evaluation can effectively preserve the heterogeneity and integrity of rural landscapes, accurately reflect their regional distinctiveness and ecological attributes, and significantly enhance the scientific rationality of zoning regulation. [Ch, 6 fig. 2 tab. 36 ref. ]
2025, 42(6): 1296-1306.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240631
Abstract:
Objective The collective forest easement reform (ER) is an important measure for establishing the national park system. This study aims to investigate whether ER can promote non-agricultural employment (NAE) of forest farmers and achieve a harmonious unity of ‘beautiful ecology and wealthy people’. Method Based on a field survey of 381 valid questionnaires collected from farmers in Kaihua and Longquan Counties, Zhejiang Province in 2022, the difference-in-differences model (DID) was employed to evaluate the impact ER on farmers’ NAE quantity and quality. Result The benchmark DID and propensity score matching-DID model regression results indicated that ER had a positive impact on NAE, NAE income, and NAE stability of forest farmers at the 1% significance level. Mechanism test showed that ER could promote NAE of forest farmers by providing vocational skills training, expanding the scope of NAE and increasing NAE opportunities. The positive impact of ER on the employment of forest farmers was also verified by heterogeneity analysis from the perspectives of household head age, household population burden, and region. Conclusion Reasonable ER can significantly promote NAE of forest farmers and improve the quality of employment. Therefore, three countermeasures are proposed: continuously deepening ER, optimizing local characteristic industries, and providing more high-quality NAE opportunities for forest farmers. Strengthening skills training, enhancing farmers’ NAE ability, and reducing their dependence on forestry economy. Respecting the pioneering spirit at the grassroots level, following the principle of ‘incentive compatibility’, and achieving a harmonious unity of ‘beautiful ecology and wealthy people’. [Ch, 3 fig. 6 tab. 31 ref.]
2025, 42(6): 1307-1314.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250190
Abstract:
Objective This study prepared bamboo-based cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) of different charges, assessed their effects on decorative base paper properties, and explored high-performance green additives for decorative base paper. Method Bamboo pulp underwent phosphorylation and cationization pretreatments, followed by mechanical grinding to obtain bamboo-based phosphorylated CNF (PCNF) and cationized CNF (CCNF), and directly ground bamboo-based CNF (UCNF) was used as the control. The study then examined how the concentration of these bamboo-based CNF impacts dry strength, wet strength, retention, and air permeability of decorative base paper. Result Bamboo-based CNF effectively enhanced dry strength, wet strength and retention of decorative base paper. CCNF, with its smaller fiber diameter and positive charge, showed higher dry strength, wet strength, retention, and air permeability. At 3.0% addition, CCNF increased dry strength, wet strength, and ash content of decorative base paper by 16.6%, 22.7%, and 21.6%, respectively, while maintaining good air permeability. PCNF performed better in enhancing wet strength, with 35.1% increase at 3.0% addition, but its retention effect was average. Conclusion Bamboo-based CCNF exhibits excellent comprehensive performance in decorative base paper and is suitable for being a high-performance green additive. [Ch, 6 fig. 27 ref.]
2025, 42(6): 1315-1329.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240660
Abstract:
Greenhouse gas emissions have led to the increasingly severe greenhouse effect, exacerbating global environmental issues such as climate change and frequent extreme weather. The emissions of methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and other gases in agricultural production are important sources of greenhouse gas emissions. They are important research topics in crop production. China is a major agricultural country in the world. Due to the limited cultivated land, large food demand, rich terrain and diverse climate, a variety of rotation modes adapted to local production conditions have been produced. Studies have shown that rotation patterns significantly affect greenhouse gas emissions by changing soil management, irrigation, and fertilization strategies. For example, rice-wheat rotation leads to higher methane emissions due to paddy field management, while wheat-maize rotation increases nitrous oxide emissions due to frequent tillage. Changes in the structure and function of soil microbial communities under different rotation patterns also have an important impact on greenhouse gas emissions. Although some mechanisms have been revealed, the long-term effects of rotation patterns and their interaction with climate change still need to be further studied. This paper summarized the research progress on the effects of common paddy-upland rotation and dryland rotation on agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, and put forward the future research direction, in order to provide theoretical reference for environmental protection and greenhouse gas emission reduction. [Ch, 106 ref.]
Greenhouse gas emissions have led to the increasingly severe greenhouse effect, exacerbating global environmental issues such as climate change and frequent extreme weather. The emissions of methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and other gases in agricultural production are important sources of greenhouse gas emissions. They are important research topics in crop production. China is a major agricultural country in the world. Due to the limited cultivated land, large food demand, rich terrain and diverse climate, a variety of rotation modes adapted to local production conditions have been produced. Studies have shown that rotation patterns significantly affect greenhouse gas emissions by changing soil management, irrigation, and fertilization strategies. For example, rice-wheat rotation leads to higher methane emissions due to paddy field management, while wheat-maize rotation increases nitrous oxide emissions due to frequent tillage. Changes in the structure and function of soil microbial communities under different rotation patterns also have an important impact on greenhouse gas emissions. Although some mechanisms have been revealed, the long-term effects of rotation patterns and their interaction with climate change still need to be further studied. This paper summarized the research progress on the effects of common paddy-upland rotation and dryland rotation on agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, and put forward the future research direction, in order to provide theoretical reference for environmental protection and greenhouse gas emission reduction. [Ch, 106 ref.]
2025, 42(6): 1330-1338.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250121
Abstract:
Ilex is the largest genus in the Aquifoliaceae family, and also the largest woody dioecious genus among angiosperms. Ilex plants have significant value in ornamental, medicinal, edible and industrial applications. Their extensive ecological distribution and rich phenotypic variation have aroused the research interests of many scientists. This article discusses the main achievements of genome research on Ilex plants based on high-throughput sequencing technology, and summarizes the differences between genomes of different species and at different levels. Currently, research on genomes of Ilex plants mainly focuses on 3 aspects: (1) assembly of nuclear and organelle genomes; (2) analysis of phylogenetics and genetic diversity; (3) mining and identification of key candidate genes for important traits. The main conclusions are as follows: the nuclear genomes of Ilex plants have the characteristics of chromosome number diversity and high heterozygosity rate. As Ilex species originated in the subtropical region of East Asia in the early Eocene, its evolutionary core may be chromosome fusion and whole genome replication events. Key genes involved in elevation adaptability, triterpenoid saponins and fruit color change have been identified. Future genomic research on Ilex should focus on improving quality and integrity of genome assembly for more representative species, conducting in-depth functional genomics research, verifying the functions and regulatory networks of key genes, analyzing the genetic basis of complex trait formation, and using genome information to accelerate the molecular breeding process of Ilex plants. [Ch, 4 tab. 51 ref.]
Ilex is the largest genus in the Aquifoliaceae family, and also the largest woody dioecious genus among angiosperms. Ilex plants have significant value in ornamental, medicinal, edible and industrial applications. Their extensive ecological distribution and rich phenotypic variation have aroused the research interests of many scientists. This article discusses the main achievements of genome research on Ilex plants based on high-throughput sequencing technology, and summarizes the differences between genomes of different species and at different levels. Currently, research on genomes of Ilex plants mainly focuses on 3 aspects: (1) assembly of nuclear and organelle genomes; (2) analysis of phylogenetics and genetic diversity; (3) mining and identification of key candidate genes for important traits. The main conclusions are as follows: the nuclear genomes of Ilex plants have the characteristics of chromosome number diversity and high heterozygosity rate. As Ilex species originated in the subtropical region of East Asia in the early Eocene, its evolutionary core may be chromosome fusion and whole genome replication events. Key genes involved in elevation adaptability, triterpenoid saponins and fruit color change have been identified. Future genomic research on Ilex should focus on improving quality and integrity of genome assembly for more representative species, conducting in-depth functional genomics research, verifying the functions and regulatory networks of key genes, analyzing the genetic basis of complex trait formation, and using genome information to accelerate the molecular breeding process of Ilex plants. [Ch, 4 tab. 51 ref.]
Bimonthly, Start in 1984
Supervisor：Department of Education of Zhejiang Province
Sponsor：Zhejiang A&F University
Editor-in-Chief：SHEN Xi
Editor：Editorial Department of Journal of Zhejiang A&F University
Tel：0571-63732749
E-mail：zlxb@zafu.edu.cn
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