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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240461
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Objective This study, with an investigation into the response of yield and active component accumulation of medicinal plants to the regulation of forest canopy density and litter treatment, is aimed to provide theoretical basis for the regulation of light intensity and nutrient content of medicinal plants in simulated cultivation. Method Corydalis yanhusuo, a medicinal plant under Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) forest plantation, was first selected as the research object before two-factorial split plot design was employed to explore the impact of three canopy density treatments (high, medium and low) and two litter treatments (i.e., removal and mulching) on the yield and active accumulation component of Corydalis yanhusuo. Result The yield of tuber and tetrahydropalmatine content of Corydalis yanhusuo were significantly affected by canopy density, litter and their interaction with the yield decreasing when the litter was removed and the tetrahydropalmatine content increasing with the increase of canopy density. The yield and tetrahydropalmatine content of the three treatments did not show a consistent pattern with the increase of canopy density when litter was covered. According to the radar map, the best planting scheme was to remove litter at low canopy density. Plant biomass, soil organic carbon and soluble nitrogen contents were the important factors affecting tuber yield, while net photosynthetic rate, soil available phosphorus and organic carbon contents were the important factors affecting tetrahydropalmatine content. Conclusion The litter removal treatment with low canopy density can significantly increase the tuber yield of Corydalis yanhusuo and maintain the tetrahydropalmatine content. [Ch, 3 fig. 4 tab. 35 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240371
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Objective The objective is to analyze the chloroplast genome characteristics of four published plants in the genus Pennisetum, and to develop corresponding molecular markers. This will provide new insights into the evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships of Pennisetum. Method Bioinformatics methods were used to analyze the complete chloroplast genome sequences of four species of Pennisetum published in the NCBI database. The analysis included repeat sequences, codon preferences, polymorphisms, collinearity, and development of simple sequence repeat (SSR) molecular markers. Result The chloroplast genome length and GC content of the 4 species of Pennisetum are relatively similar, with a low degree of codon shift. Boundary expansion analysis indicates no significant contraction between different regions. Collinearity analysis shows strong inter-species collinearity among the 4 species of Pennisetum. Phylogenetic analysis based on chloroplast genome sequences reveals that P. flaccidum has the closest phylogenetic relationship with P. glaucum, P. purpureum, and P. alopecuroides. 5 pairs of SSR molecular markers have high practicality in plant species within the genus Pennisetum. Specifically, primer SSR2 is expressed in both P. flaccidium and P. alopecuroides; while primer SSR5 is specifically expressed in P. flaccidum. Additionally, SSR1, SSR3, and SSR4 show high conservatism among all four species in this genus. Conclusion This study concludes that the chloroplast genomes of these 4 species are relatively conserved; furthermore, it confirms that genetic relationship between P. flaccidium is closest to those found in P. flaccidum, P. purpureum as well as P. alopecuroides. SSR2 molecular markers are specifically expressed in both P. flaccidium and P. alopecuroides, while SSR5 molecular markers are specifically expressed in P. flaccidum. [Ch,7 fig. 2 teb. 28 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240296
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Objective Transparent bamboo with fluorescent and superhydrophobic functions were prepared, and their properties were studied and evaluated, in order to provide a reference for the functionalized application of bamboo-based materials. Method Transparent bamboo with fluorescence and superhydrophobic properties were prepared by delignification, vacuum impregnation of doped fluorescent microcapsule epoxy resin, superhydrophobic treatment and other steps, and its properties were measured. Result The prepared transparent bamboo has excellent properties including high transparency, high haze, light scattering properties, thermal insulation properties, fluorescence properties, and superhydrophobic properties. The light transmittance of superhydrophobic fluorescent transparent bamboo in the wavelength range of 400 to 800 nm is 80%, and the haze is basically maintained above 80%. Compared with transparent bamboo, the light transmittance of superhydrophobic fluorescent transparent bamboo decreases slightly, but the haze has been improved to a certain extent, and it has good light scattering. Its longitudinal tensile strength is about 123.3 MPa, and the transverse tensile strength has been significantly improved compared with the sliced bamboo veneer, reaching 3.2 MPa. It can emit blue fluorescence under 365 nm ultraviolet light. Compared with glass and fluorescent transparent bamboo, superhydrophobic fluorescent transparent bamboo has a lower thermal conductivity of 0.3023 W·m−1·K−1. The contact angle of water on its surface is 151.2 ° and the rolling angle is 3.5°. Conclusion The prepared superhydrophobic fluorescent transparent bamboo integrates excellent properties: high light transmittance, high haze, light scattering, good mechanical strength, excellent thermal insulation performance, fluorescence characteristics and superhydrophobicity. [Ch, 11 fig. 27 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240360
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Calcium ion (Ca2+) is the important second messenger that plays a crucial role in plant growth and development and stress response. In recent years, with the continuous progress of biochemistry and molecular biology technology, the application of calcium signaling indicators in plant research has made remarkable progress. This paper reviewed the recent developments on calcium signal indicators in plant applications, including the classification of calcium indicators, the principles of calcium signal detection and their development in plant applications. The application of calcium signal indicators provide an effective means to visualize and observe the dynamic changes of calcium ion in plant cells, converting calcium concentrations in plant cells into fluorescent signals. With the development of indicators, gradual transition changing from the earliest chemical fluorescent indicators to genetically encoded calcium indicators, calcium signals can be observed more accurate, real-time and biologically friendly in plant cells, and have a more in-depth understanding of the means of stress at the molecular level when the plant responds to external stimuli, and became an important physiological indicator at the molecular level of the study of plant stress. Meanwhile, the challenges and future development directions of calcium signaling indicators in plant research were discussed, pointing out the specificity of plant calcium signaling research with the challenges of incubating calcium indicators in plant cells, with a view to providing references and insights to further promote research in this field. [Ch, 1 tab. 73 ref.]
Calcium ion (Ca2+) is the important second messenger that plays a crucial role in plant growth and development and stress response. In recent years, with the continuous progress of biochemistry and molecular biology technology, the application of calcium signaling indicators in plant research has made remarkable progress. This paper reviewed the recent developments on calcium signal indicators in plant applications, including the classification of calcium indicators, the principles of calcium signal detection and their development in plant applications. The application of calcium signal indicators provide an effective means to visualize and observe the dynamic changes of calcium ion in plant cells, converting calcium concentrations in plant cells into fluorescent signals. With the development of indicators, gradual transition changing from the earliest chemical fluorescent indicators to genetically encoded calcium indicators, calcium signals can be observed more accurate, real-time and biologically friendly in plant cells, and have a more in-depth understanding of the means of stress at the molecular level when the plant responds to external stimuli, and became an important physiological indicator at the molecular level of the study of plant stress. Meanwhile, the challenges and future development directions of calcium signaling indicators in plant research were discussed, pointing out the specificity of plant calcium signaling research with the challenges of incubating calcium indicators in plant cells, with a view to providing references and insights to further promote research in this field. [Ch, 1 tab. 73 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240423
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Objective This study, with an exploration of the structure and species composition of the plant community of Dachen Island and its relationships with soil factors, is aimed to provide a scientific basis for its maintenance and management. Method Based on the investigation of 15 plots (20 m × 20 m) on Dachen Island and combining with the method of Redundancy Analysis (RDA), a study was conducted of its species composition, diameter structure, community similarity and environmental factors. Result The Dachen Island community boasts a record of 34 species of woody plants, which belong to 26 families and 32 genera. The size-class distribution of species individuals was generally inverse J-shaped. The communities dominated by Casuarina equisetifolia had higher value of diversity indexes, while those dominated by Eurya japonica and Ficus erecta had lower value diversity indexes. The communities dominated by E. japonica and Dalbergia odorifera and those dominated by E. japonica and Clerodendrum trichotomum had the highest similarity coefficient, while the community dominated by F. erecta and those dominated by Clerodendrum trichotomum and Celtis sinensis had the lowest similarity coefficient. Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between soil total phosphorus content and community similarity coefficient whereas soil nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and available phosphorus showed a positive correlation with species diversity of communities. Conclusion The communities in Dachen Island are primarily dominated by Casuarina equisetifolia, E. japonica and F. erecta, and the soil total phosphorus had a close link with species composition. [Ch, 4 fig. 2 tab. 30 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240476
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Objective The objective is to study the community structure and population dynamics of Rhododendron fortunei in the high-altitude coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in Dapanshan National Nature Reserve in Zhejiang Province, and predict its future successional trends. Method A 1 hm2 fixed monitoring plot was established in July 2018, and woody plants with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 1.0 cm were tagged, identified, and measured for DBH, and re-examined every 5 years. Based on species importance and dominance, the composition of community species and DBH structure of dominant species were analyzed. The population dynamics of R. fortunei were analyzed using age structure diagrams and population life tables. Result In 2018, a total of 4 773 woody plants were recorded, belonging to 90 species in 55 genera of 35 families. In 2023, three species disappeared from the plot, with an individual mortality rate of 1.38% and a renewal rate of 2.38%. The forest layer structure of the plot was clear, with the sub-canopy dominated by R. fortunei species. The overall diameter class structure of all tree species in 2018 and 2023 exhibited a reversed J pattern, and the number of individuals with 5.0 cm ≤ DBH ≤ 20.0 cm in tree species significantly increased in 2023. The population structure of R. fortunei was pyramid-shaped, mainly concentrated in age classes Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ, with very few individuals in age classes Ⅰ, Ⅵ, and Ⅶ. The survival curve showed that most individuals within the population could survive to their physiological lifespan, exhibiting a dynamic characteristic of stable growth. Conclusion The R. fortunei community has a richness of species, with a relatively stable species composition and structure in the past 5 years, characterized by a high proportion of young individuals and good regeneration. The population of R. fortunei is growing, but there is insufficient reserve of individuals in age class Ⅰ. [Ch, 6 fig. 2 tab. 38 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240339
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Objective This study, with an exploration of the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis method and leaching resistance of the azoxystrobin formulation, is aimed to provide a research basis for its outdoor utilization. Method On the one hand, UV detector and C18 reversed-phase chromatographic column were used for detection before an investigation was conducted of the chromatographic conditions, such as detection wavelength, flow phase composition and ratio, column temperature and flow phase flow rate with further discussion so as to optimize the chromatographic conditions suitable for the analysis of azoxystrobin. On the other hand, the mass concentration of azoxystrobin was detected by external standard method, and the standard curve correlation coefficients, precision and accuracy were evaluated after which the leaching procedure was adopted according to the Chinese standard GB/T 29905−2013 Laboratory Method of Determining the Leachability of Wood Preservatives, and leaching rate of azoxystrobin in treated wood were tested by the established analytical method. Result The optimized chromatographic conditions for analysis of azoxystrobin were as follows: flow phase methanol-water ratio of 80∶20, flow rate of 0.8 mL·min−1, and UV detection wavelength of 220 nm. There was a good linear relationship between azoxystrobin concentration and chromatographic peak area in the range of 1−80 mg·L−1 for azoxystrobin standard solution, with a determination coefficient of 0.999 6. The coefficient variation of samples were 0.45% and 0.59%, and the recovery rates of the samples were 98.2%−100.4%. The leaching rate of azoxystrobin from Pinus massoniana, Cunninghamia lanceolata and Populus×euramericana were 8.4%−18.8%, 8.2%−21.0% and 8.8%−19.0%, respectively, with little difference in leaching rates between the three treated woods. The leaching rate of azoxystrobin in the treated Pinus massoniana, C. lanceolata and Populus×euramericana were all below 21% and the leaching resistance were excellent. All of the three tree species exhibit a pattern where the leaching rate of low concentration treated woods is greater than that of high concentration treated woods whereas the leaching rate of the treated wood with ethanol-dissolved azoxystrobin was slightly higher than that of the water-based formulations. Conclusion The HPLC method for determining azoxystrobin mass concentration showed good linear correlation of the standard curve, high precision, and recovery rate, which can be used for analysis of azoxystrobin mass concentration. The leaching resistance of the two water-based formulations of azoxystrobin was good and can be used for outdoor treatment of wood and its products. [Ch, 6 fig. 2 tab. 26 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240485
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Objective This study aims to analyze the research progress of global wheat (Triticum aestivum) bio-breeding, and reveal its research themes, core knowledge elements and cutting-edge hotspots, so as to provide reference for theoretical research and discipline development in wheat breeding. Method Literature published in the field of global wheat breeding research from the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection Database from 2013 to 2024 was retrieved. Bibliometric analysis was applied to analyze the number of publications, academic influence, and main contributors in this field. VOSviewer was used to generate national collaboration networks and keyword co-occurrence networks. The Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) machine learning algorithm was applied to analyze abstracts, establish language models, and identify research topics. Result Global research output in wheat biological breeding significantly increased since 2013, with a total of 16 151 publications. China was the country with the most publications, followed by the United States. Keyword co-occurrence analysis showed that yield, quantitative trait locus (QTL), genome-wide association studies (GWAS), drought stress, gene expression, and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) were hot topics in research, while in recent years research fields such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), genome editing, high-throughput phenotyping, drones, and machine learning emerged. LDA analysis revealed that wheat biological breeding could be roughly divided into five research areas, including genetic mapping, genome and breeding, biotic stress, abiotic stress, and yield formation. Among them, wheat rust, QTL mapping, flour quality, drought, and genome were highly concerned. Conclusion In the future, wheat biological breeding needs to fully employ modern biotechnology and information technology, including omics, automated phenotyping, artificial intelligence, gene editing, and genome breeding, to identify and utilize key genes and facilitate intelligent breeding. [Ch, 4 fig. 2 tab. 25 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240429
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Objective This study aims to clarify the metabolite differences in the fruit stalks of Hovenia acerba and H. trichocarpavar var. robusta, and lay a foundation for the development and utilization of Hovenia plants. Method Through a comprehensive targeted metabolomics approach of high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), the differences in metabolites and metabolic pathways in the fruit stalks of H. acerba and H. trichocarpa var. robusta were analyzed. Result A total of 1810 metabolites were detected in the fruit stalks of the two Hovenia species, of which 782 metabolites showed significant differences (P＜0.05). Compared with the fruit stalks of H. acerba, there were 378 up-regulated differential metabolites and 404 down-regulated differential metabolites in the fruit stalks of H. trichocarpa var. robusta, and the relative contents of tannin and quinone metabolites were significantly down-regulated. The differential metabolites in the fruit stalks of the two Hovenia species were primarily enriched in the biosynthetic pathways of phenylalanine compounds, flavonoids, and isoquinoline alkaloids. Among them, the extremely significant differential metabolites included alkaloid substances such as ligustroside, N-methylligustroside and methylcoclaurine, as well as flavonoids like naringin, naringin chalcone, and 2’,3,4,4’,6’-pentahydroxy chalcone. Conclusion There are significant differences in the metabolic profiles of the fruit stalks of the two Hovenia species under the same ecological conditions, especially the relative content of alkaloids and flavonoids with medicinal value and high sweetness. [Ch, 7 fig. 1 tab. 41 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240343
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Objective This study, with an investigation into the effect of low temperature treatment of different parts on dormancy of Phyllostachys violascens shoots, is aimed to reveal the biological mechanism of shoot dormancy relief and the main parts of low temperature induction. Method With two-year-old Ph. violascens potted plants used as the research subject, four treatments were set, namely, T1 (18 ℃ in above-ground parts), T2 (18 ℃ in above-ground parts, natural low temperature in underground parts), T3 (natural low temperature in above-ground parts, 18 ℃ in underground parts) and T4 (natural low temperature in above-ground parts) lasting from October 2021 to March 2022 and October 2022 to March 2023. Then the content of soluble sugar, starch, ablative acid, gibberellin and antioxidant enzyme activity of bamboo shoots were determined by observing the vascular bundle connection between bamboo shoots and mother bamboo, the distribution of starch and protein, and the proliferation of bamboo shoots. Result Compared with T1 treatment, T2, T3 and T4 treatments could significantly increase the content of soluble sugar(P＜0.05) and significantly decrease the content of starch (P＜0.05) in bamboo shoots during dormancy release. According to starch slice observation and content fitting, the dormancy release date of shoots treated with T4 was the earliest, followed by T2 and T3 treatments, which were 37 and 29 days earlier than T1 treatment, respectively. The decrease of abscisic acid (ABA) content in shoots treated with T2, T3 and T4 at day 120 was 1.68, 2.18 and 3.40 times of that of T1 in the same period, respectively. The content of GA3 in shoots treated with T2, T3 and T4 at day 80 was 17.55%, 3.27% and 10.91% higher than that treated with T1, respectively, and the increment of GA3/ABA in shoots treated with T2, T3 and T4 at day 120 was 1.11, 3.46 and 2.67 times that of T1, respectively and the signals of water transport recovery and cell proliferation were observed in T3 treated shoot ducts and stem tip meristem in January, while T1, T2 and T4 treated were observed in March, February and March, respectively. Conclusion Low temperature treatment, especially low temperature in the underground part, can promote the hydrolysis of starch to soluble sugar in the dormant shoots of bamboo shoots, and affect the release of dormancy of bamboo shoots by reducing ABA content, increasing GA3 content, enhancing the activities of CAT and POD antioxidant enzymes, promoting the connectivity of vascular bundle and the rapid division and proliferation of meristem cells. Also, with a comprehensive analysis, it was confirmed that the underground part of bamboo was mainly the part that senses low temperature during dormancy. [Ch, 7 fig. 40 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240471
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Objective The objective is to investigate the effect of temperature on enzyme activity in Heterolocha jinyinhuaphaga. Method The experimental insects were collected from Sanjie Town, Chuzhou City in Anhui Province and reared in a laboratory. The photoperiod was 14 h of daylight and 10 h of darkness, and the relative humidity was 70%. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), peroxidase (POD), carboxylesterase (CarE) and acid phosphate (ACP) was measured in larvae, pupae, female and male moths of H. jinyinhuaphaga at different temperatures (16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, and 34 ℃). Result There were differences in the activity of four enzymes in larvae, pupae, female and male moths of H. jinyinhuaphaga at different temperatures. At 16−34 ℃, the activity of the four enzymes increased first, and then decreased with increasing temperature. LDH activity in larvae, pupae, female, and male moths was the highest at 22 ℃ (17.93×16.67, 15.25×16.67, 19.63×16.67 , and 18.81×16.67 μkat·g−1, respectively), POD activity was the highest at 25 ℃ (34.63×16.67, 31.83×16.67, 37.19×16.67, and 36.87×16.67 μkat·g−1, respectively), CarE activity was the highest at 28 ℃ (26.78×16.67, 23.36×16.67, 29.44×16.67, and 28.32×16.67 μkat·g−1, respectively), ACP activity was the highest at 25 ℃ (13.82×16.67, 11.37×16.67, 15.43×16.67, and 14.38×16.67 μkat·g−1, respectively). According to the established regression model, the optimal temperatures for the highest LDH activity in larvae, pupae, female, and male moths were found to be 21.45, 21.44, 22.32 and 21.56 ℃, respectively, the optimal temperatures for the highest POD activity were 26.16, 25.94, 25.67and 25.54 ℃, respectively, the optimal temperatures for the highest CarE activity were 29.20, 29.65, 28.93 and 28.92 ℃, respectively, the optimal temperatures for the highest ACP activity were 25.05, 26.39, 24.86 and 25.24 ℃, respectively. Two-way ANOVA showed that the interaction between temperature and insect stage had no significant effect on the activity of four enzymes. Conclusion Temperature can affect the activity of LDH, POD, CarE and ACP in larvae, pupae, female and male moths of H. jinyinhuaphaga. [Ch, 4 fig. 26 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240473
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Objective This study aims to investigate the variations of soil nutrients during leaching processes under different vegetation restoration modes in degraded red soil regions and to enrich the understanding of water-soil-nutrient loss patterns and their influencing mechanism. Method 4 different vegetation restoration modes, named Pinus massoniana pure forest (PM), P. elliottii pure forest (PE), mixed P. massoniana and Schima superba forest (RMS), and mixed P. elliottii and S. superba forest (RES), were taken as the objects of the study. The characteristics of the soil runoff, sediment production, sediment particle changes and nutrient loss during the process of leaching were investigated in four leaching intensities, namely, 60, 90, 120, and 150 mm·h−1 in the red soil vegetation restoration area of Taihe County, Jiangxi Province. Result (1) With the increase of leaching intensity, the flow rate and sediment yield of red soil also increased, and the composition and stability characteristics of sediment particles changed significantly. Mean weight diameter (DMW) and ＞0.250 mm sediment particles (R0.25) increased significantly (P＜0.05). PM with low understory vegetation cover had low agglomerate stability under leaching erosion, and soil aggregates in RMS with high vegetation cover had high stability. (2) At a leaching intensity of 150 mm·h−1, the nutrient loss in red soil was significantly higher than that in 60 mm·h−1, but there was no significant difference in nutrient loss in 90 and 120 mm·h−1. Sediment was the main medium for nutrient migration and loss in this study. (3) Nutrient loss in red soil was positively correlated with leaching intensity, runoff yield rate, sediment yield, and R0.25, while negatively correlated with sediment ≤0.053 mm particles. (4) Random forest analysis showed that leaching intensity and runoff rate were the main factors affecting nutrient loss, with contribution rates of 16.33% and 20.91%, respectively. Conclusion With the increase of leaching intensity, the runoff and sediment yield significantly increase, and the composition and stability of sediment particles change. Moreover, leaching intensity and runoff rate are the main factors affecting nutrient loss. In the ecological construction of the subtropical degraded red soil zone in China, emphasis should be placed on enhancing the richness of understory vegetation in the vegetation restoration area in order to improve the structure of the forest stand and consolidate the results of management. [Ch, 7 fig. 2 tab. 44 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240149
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Objective Excessive application of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer could result in severe environmental problems whereas appropriate reduction of nitrogen fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer can avoid the decrease of yield, hence an important way to support the sustainable cultivation of rice-wheat rotation system. Method This study, using conventional nitrogen application rate as the standard (180 kg·hm−2 for wheat and 210 kg·hm−2 for rice) and with the controlled-release urea as the nitrogen fertilizer, is aimed to clarify the effects of nitrogen reduction combined with organic fertilizer on crop yield, plant nitrogen and soil nutrient content in a rice-wheat rotation system. This field experiment consisted of four treatments: no nitrogen application (ck), conventional nitrogen application (N100), 15% reduction of nitrogen combined with organic fertilizer (MN85), and 30% reduction of nitrogen combined with organic fertilizer (MN70). Result Contribution of nitrogen fertilizer to yield increase was 46.0% (wheat 66.2%, rice 25.8%) and nitrogen fertilization significantly increased crop yield (P＜0.05), especially in the treatment of 15% nitrogen reduction combined with organic fertilizer. Compared with N100, MN85 treatment significantly increased the effective panicle number of rice by 16.8% while compared with MN70, the nitrogen content in wheat grains in N100 and MN85 treatments increased by 8.7% and 9.0% (P＜0.05), and the nitrogen content in straw increased by 16.6% and 16.0%, respectively (P＜0.05). Compared with N100 and MN70, the MN85 treatment exhibited a 23.5% and 19.9% increase in nitrogen content of rice grains, and a 25.5% and 26.6% increase in nitrogen content of straw, respectively (P＜0.05). Nitrogen fertilizer application resulted in the accumulation of nitrogen in soil, especially in the treatments of reducing nitrogen combined with organic fertilizer, which had more nitrogen surplus. Compared with N100, the N apparent utilization rate (RE), N agronomic efficiency (AE), and N partial production rate (PFP) of wheat decreased by 61.7%, 57.6%, and 59.5% under MN85 treatment, respectively, and decreased by 152.8%, 122.9%, and 90.3% under MN70 treatment, respectively. During the rice planting season, the nitrogen reduction combined with organic fertilizer treatments showed a 27.0% to 33.2% increase (P＜0.05) in N physiological efficiency (PE), while the AE of the MN85 treatment increased by 33.3% comparing to the N100 treatment. Compared with N100, the nitrogen reduction combined with organic fertilizer increased soil organic matter and total nitrogen content by 12.23%−13.96% and 10.5%−13.0%, respectively (P＜0.05) whereas microbial biomass nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen increased by 37.9%−42.7% and 72.5%−107.9%, respectively (P＜0.05). The soil available potassium and available phosphorus in MN85 treatment also increased by 45.9% and 152.5% (P＜0.05), while water-soluble nitrogen increased by 68.9% (P＜0.05). Conclusion A 15% reduction of controlled-release urea combined with organic fertilizer can increase soil nutrient content, promote crop nitrogen absorption, thereby improving crop yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency. This approach can serve as an effective measure to reduce nitrogen fertilizer usage while increasing its efficiency. [Ch, 1 fig. 6 tab. 40 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240267
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Objective The objective is to study the function of early flowering gene GhPRR9 in the growth and development of Gossypium hirsutum (cotton), so as to provide theoretical basis for cultivating early maturing cotton varieties. Method Members of GhPRR subfamily were identified by genome-wide screening and the structure and expression characteristics were studied. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to analyze the expression of GhPRR9 among different varieties, tissues and within a single day. Subcellular localization was performed in Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) leaves by transient transformation method. The promoter of the gene was cloned and β-D-glucosidase (GUS) plants were constructed for staining experiment. The overexpression lines of Arabidopsis thaliana were constructed to analyze the flowering phenotype data and related gene expression. Virus induced silencing (VIGS) experiment was performed to observe the difference in flowering time. Result Bioinformatics analysis showed that most of the 14 members of the GhPRR subfamily were located in the nucleus, with a relatively conserved structure and mainly expressed in stems and leaves before flowering. RT-qPCR analysis indicated that the expression level of GhPRR9 was positively correlated with early maturity of varieties, higher in flower organs, and exhibited a periodic change within one day. Transient transformation of tobacco revealed that GhPRR9 was distributed in the nucleus. GUS staining suggested that there might be key regulatory elements in the promoter within 500−2 000 bp upstream. Early flowering was observed in A. thaliana overexpressed strains. VIGS experiment revealed that gene silencing led to delayed flowering. Conclusion Gene GhPRR9 has a positive regulatory effect on the early flowering of upland cotton and can promote its growth and development. [Ch, 5 fig. 2 tab. 55 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240291
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Objective This study, with embryogenic callus from Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’ employed as the experimental material, is aimed to investigate the growth and suspension culture dynamics of its suspension cells, explore the response of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ embryogenic callus to gibberellin treatment. Method Using the embryogenic callus of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ cultivated in laboratory as the experimental material, the suspension culture dynamics were studied by measuring cell viability and fresh cell weight, and the culture conditions were optimized before a transcriptome analysis was performed on the callus treated with exogenous GA3. Result (1) Within the culture cycle, the fresh weight growth curve of the suspension cells exhibited an S-shaped pattern, with cell viability reaching its peak at 3 days and then gradually decreasing steadily. (2) The optimal subculture period for T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ suspension cells was determined to be 9 to 12 days, with an optimal inoculation rate of 30 g·L−1, an initial pH of 5.7 for the culture medium, and an optimal shaking speed of 110 r·min−1. (3) transcriptome analysis of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ embryogenic callus treated with exogenous GA3 revealed 428 differentially expressed genes, including 236 upregulated and 192 downregulated genes whereas GO enrichment analysis of these differentially expressed genes showed that the upregulated genes after GA3 treatment were mainly involved in catalytic activity, oxidation-reduction processes, and oxidoreductase activity, and in the KEGG metabolic pathways, the differentially expressed genes were primarily enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and suberin biosynthesis. Conclusion The kinetic analysis of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ embryogenic callus culture can identify the optimal inoculation period and optimizing the culture conditions can enhance cell growth rate and stress resistance. In embryogenic callus of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ under exogenous GA3 treatment, metabolic pathways such as phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and suberin biosynthesis are the main participating parts of differentially expressed genes. Moreover, changes in the expression levels of some key genes may play an important role in the growth and development, environmental adaptation, and stress response of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ callus. [Ch, 5 fig. 1 tab. 31 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240345
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to prepare wooden decorative laminates-sheets made from polyethylene film (WDL) based on the laminated composite structure of high-pressure decorative laminates made from thermosetting resins impregnated sheets (HPL), which provides a theoretical basis for the preparation of aldehyde-free composite decorative panels with excellent performance. Method Polyethylene film and reconstituted decorative veneer were used as raw materials, and the five-layer structural WDL were prepared by hot pressing in the way of smooth-grain grouping. Box-Behnken Response Surface Analysis was used to study the impact of hot-pressing factors on the impregnation peeling performance and tensile strength of the smooth grain and to optimize the process parameters for the preparation of decorative panels. Result The impregnation peeling performance of WDL was affected greatly by hot-pressing temperature and hot-pressing time, while hot-pressing pressure had no significant effect on the impregnation peeling performance. The peeling length gradually decreased with the increase of hot-pressing temperature and hot-pressing time. Hot-pressing temperature and time, hot-pressing time and pressure also had significant interaction effects on the impregnation peeling performance of WDL. The tensile strength along the grain of WDL was mainly determined by the strength and thickness of the reconstituted decorative veneer, and the hot-pressing temperature also affected the tensile strength of WDL. Low temperature could result in inadequate cementation of the reconstituted decorative veneer and PE, and high temperature could lead to degradation of the hemicellulose in the veneer, all of which adversely affect the tensile strength along the grain of WDL. When the hot-pressing temperature was 160 ℃, the hot-pressing time was 109 s, and the hot-pressing pressure was 1 MPa, the impregnation peeling length of the decorative boards under these conditions reached 0 mm, and the tensile strength of the smooth grain reached 38.2 MPa, which was close to the prediction results of the optimization model. Conclusion A new type of veneer-PE laminated decorative panels is prepared, which has no formaldehyde release, and its water resistance meets the requirements of the Type Ⅱ immersion peel test according to GB/T 17657−2022. It can meet the needs of general interior decoration field, and there is no need to add adhesive again in the post-finishing process, which is an upgraded product of HPL. [Ch, 8 fig. 3 tab. 27 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240394
Abstract:
Objective In order to establish a suitable evaluation methods for eggplant resources, the agronomic characters and quality indexes of different eggplant cultivars are analyzed, which will provide a theoretical reference for rapid screening of germplasm resources and eggplant breeding. Method 10 eggplant varieties ‘Zilong No.5’ ‘Zilong No.7’ ‘Liangzi No.7’ ‘Zheqie No.10’ ‘Hangqie No.716’ ‘Hangqie No.718’ ‘Z1’ ‘Z2’ ‘Z3’ ‘Hangqie No.2020’ were used to determine 16 indicators relevant with plant growth and fruit characteristics. The principal component analysis method was used for comprehensive evaluation. Result There were differences among different eggplant cultivars. Plant of ‘Z2’ was the highest. The highest plant breadth and stem diameter was found in ‘Zilong No. 7’ and ‘Hangqie No. 716’, respectively. For fruit length, ‘Z1’ was the longest, while ‘Zilong No. 7’ was the shortest. The highest and lowest chroma value was found in fruit of ‘Z1’ and ‘Z3’, respectively. The hardness of fruit peel and pulp for ‘Hangqie No. 716’ was significantly higher than those of the other 9 cultivars (P＜0.05). The pericarp toughness of ‘Liangzi No. 7’ was significantly higher than others (P＜0.05). Soluble sugar and protein contents of ‘Z2’ were the highest. Fruits of ‘Liangzi No. 7’ and ‘Zilong No. 5’ showed the highest levels of amino acid. Principal component analysis extracted a total of 5 principal components with a cumulative contribution rate of 87.126%. Conclusion A comprehensive evaluation model of eggplant was constructed by taking the eigenvalues corresponding to the five principal components and the ratio of single principal component to the extracted principal components. The best comprehensive score was found from ‘Liangzi No. 7’, while the worst was found from ‘Zilong No. 7’. [Ch, 1 fig. 6 tab. 29 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240301
Abstract:
Objective The objective is to explore the effects of different concentrations of lead (Pb) stress on the root growth physiology, root exudates and rhizosphere soil nutrient environment of Hydrangea macrophylla, and analyze its adaptation mechanism, provide a scientific basis to repair lead-contaminated soil. Method The effects of Pb [0 (the control), 500, 1 500, 2 500 mg·kg−1] stress on the growth and uptake of Pb, root oxidative damage, root antioxidant system, root osmotic regulatory substances and root exudates, soil physical and chemical properties, soil enzymes and rhizosphere Pb chemical morphology were studied by a pot experiment. Result Pb stress inhibited the growth of H. macrophylla, especially under 2 500 mg·kg−1 Pb treatment, the biomass decreased significantly by 23.7% compared with the control, but H. macrophylla had a certain tolerance to high concentrations of Pb. The oxidative damage caused by Pb stress on H. macrophylla was alleviated by increasing SOD and POD activities in the root, increasing GSH content and enhancing the antioxidant capacity. H. macrophylla also increased the content of osmotic regulatory substances. The soluble sugar content reached the maximum under 2 500 mg·kg−1 Pb treatment, while the proline content was opposite. The root could secrete fatty acids and amines to maintain cell structure, eliminate reactive oxygen species, and the increase of glycolic acid secretion promoted Pb absorption. Soil microecological environment was improved under Pb stress. The activities of sucrase and catalase in rhizosphere soil reached the maximum under the treatment of 2500 mg·kg−1 Pb, which effectively improved soil nutrients. With the increase of Pb concentration, rhizosphere pH value decreased and EC value increased, and the exchangeable ionic state and carbonate binding state of soil Pb accounted for 2.03% and 8.09% respectively, which increased the available state composition of Pb and was conducive to the absorption of Pb by H. macrophylla. Conclusion H. macrophylla has good adaptability to Pb, and can grow normally in soil with high concentration of Pb and improve the physical and chemical properties of soil. [Ch, 2 fig. 4 tab. 40 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240358
Abstract:
Objective This study is to analyze the habitat quality and its influencing factors in Haikou, so as to provide data support and scientific reference for ecological environment protection and urban construction. Method Based on the land use data of 2000, 2010 and 2020, InVEST model and the methods of land use transfer, habitat quality change rate and spatial statistical analysis were used to analyze the spatial-temporal dynamic changes in habitat degradation and habitat quality in Haikou, and summarize the influencing factors. Result ① From 2000 to 2020, forestland was the main type of land use in Haikou, accounting for 47.22%, 55.03%, and 48.75% of the total area in each period, followed by cropland. During the research period, the increase of built land area was the largest, with an increase of 230.37 km2, mainly transformed from forestland, cropland, and grassland. ②The change rate of habitat degradation degree was −1.77% from 2000 to 2010, and 12.20% from 2010 to 2020. The level of habitat degradation showed a spatial distribution pattern centered around the urban area and decreasing in circles. ③The overall habitat quality in Haikou was good. The proportion of areas with excellent habitat quality grades was around 50.00% in all stages, while the proportion of areas with poor grades increased from 5.33% in 2000 to 16.83% in 2020. The habitat quality level changed significantly and frequently in areas such as the urban-rural fringe in the central urban area of Haikou. During the research period, the habitat quality index of Haikou firstly increased and then decreased, and showed an overall decrease from 0.6880 to 0.6588. Conclusion From 2000 to 2020, the overall habitat quality in Haikou firstly increased and then decreased, which is closely related to the intensity of urban construction. Haikou should maintain the ecological priority and pay attention to ecological restoration of the main urban area, ecological infrastructure construction, and strengthen the protection and comprehensive management of the ecological system of the peripheral natural environment of the main urban area. [Ch, 5 fig. 7 tab. 25 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240458
Abstract:
Objective The study is to explore the niche and interspecific association of dominant species of woody plants in the evergreen broad-leaved forest in Bailushan scenic area, Zhejiang Province and understand their relationship and succession characteristics, so as to provide reference for ecological restoration and biodiversity conservation of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests. Method Taking the dominant species of woody plants in the evergreen broad-leaved forest in the study area as the research object, a long-term fixed plot with an area of 1 hm² was established. Ecological niche analysis, variance ratio method (RV), χ2 test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Spearman rank correlation coefficient were used to analyze the niche and interspecific relationship of dominant woody plant species with importance values greater than 1.00%. Result (1) Schima superba, Lithocarpus glaber, Quercu sphillyreoides, and Pinus massoniana were the constructive species of the community. Among them, S. superba had the highest importance value (VI=27.37%), Levins niche width (BL=20.95), and Shannon niche width (BS=3.11), while the other three species had importance values greater than 10%. The average BL and BS were 16.63 and 2.87, respectively. (2) The mean niche overlap index of dominant species was 0.39. Most species were relatively independent in resource utilization and interspecific competition was weak. S. superba, L. glaber, Q. sphillyreoides, and P. massoniana had high niche overlap (mean Oik=0.73), indicating a high degree of similarity in resource utilization. The niche overlap index of Castanopsis sclerophylla with these four species was relatively low (mean Oik=0.17), indicating the weakest competition. (3) The overall association of dominant species in the community showed a significant positive correlation (P＜0.05). According to χ2 test, among the 153 pairs out of 18 dominant woody plant species, only 12 pairs showed significant associations (P＜0.05), while 91.00% pairs were not significantly correlated. Similar results were observed in Pearson correlation and Spearman rank correlation tests, and 71.25% and 71.90% of species pairs were not significantly correlated. The positive and negative association ratio was greater than 1, indicating that species tended to distribute independently. Conclusion The community is in the middle to late stage of succession and has a relatively stable ecological state. In the management of evergreen broad-leaved forests in the early or middle stage of succession in central Zhejiang, it is recommended to moderately retain P. massoniana when regulating high-density stands and appropriately plant Q. sphillyreoides in forest gaps and edges to promote positive succession and enhance the stability of forest ecosystems. [Ch, 4 fig. 2 tab. 36 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240356
Abstract:
Objective Neotrichocolea bissetii, a vulnerable liverwort by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), is endemic to East Asia. This study aims to clarify the structure traits of chloroplast genome and phylogenetic status of N. bissetii, the results can provide theoretical reference for the species identification, resource conservation and systematic evolution of N. bissetii. Method DNA was extracted, sequenced and assembled from N. bissetii samples collected in the field. The chloroplast genome structure, repeat sequences and codon bias were analyzed. The phylogenetic relationship was constructed based on the chloroplast genome sequences of 19 bryophytes. Result The whole genome sequence of the chloroplast of N. bissetii was 118 423 bp, including a pair of reverse repeat regions (IR, 9 031 bp), a large single copy region (LSC, 80 837 bp) and a small single copy region (SSC, 19 524 bp). It contained 79 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNA and 36 tRNA. In addition, a total of 56 simple sequence repeats (SSR) were detected in the whole chloroplast genome, most of which were AT/AT dinucleotide sequences. Codon preference analysis showed that the codon preferred to ends in A/U. With the exception of a few variable regions, the IR boundary regions of the chloroplast genome of the N. bissetii were very conserved. Phylogenetic tree showed that this species was most closely related to Trichocoleopsis sacculata. Conclusion The chloroplast genome of N. bissetii is a typical tetrad structure and relatively conserved. Phylogenetic tree analysis indicates that N. bissetii and T. sacculata into a branch structure. [Ch, 5 fig. 3 tab. 32 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240244
Abstract:
Objective In order to reveal the diversity of ant species in different vertical zones in Tianshan Mountains, the ant community structure, relationship between species diversity and altitude and vegetation in the middle-western section of Tianshan Mountains were studied. Method Ant communities in four vertical zones were surveyed by plot sampling and searching methods. The sampling adequacy was tested by Estimate S 9.1.0, and the diversity indexes in different zones were calculated. The correlations between diversity indexes and altitude and vegetation characteristics were analyzed by SPSS 24.0, if the correlation between species diversity and elevation was significant, both linear and binomial models were used for fitting, the fitting was evaluated based on R2 value while the significance was tested. Result A total of 136 247 ants were collected, and 29 species belonging to 12 genera and 2 subfamilies were recognized. Tetramorium caespitum, Lasius niger and Formica fusca were the dominant species of the middle-western section of Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang. Sampling adequacy analysis showed that the most of ant species were collected. The richness of ant species of the four vertical zones as follows: Dushanzi vertical zone (18 species) ＞ Narathi vertical zone (14 species)＞ Kuqa vertical zone (13 species) ＞ Ulastai vertical zone (10 species). Diversity analysis showed that the ant species diversity of the middle-western section of Tianshan Mountains generally decreased with the altitude increasing. The species number and diversity index of the four vertical zones were significantly negatively correlated with the altitude change. On the four vertical zones, the correlation significance between evenness index and altitude was not the same, the change trends of binomial and linear models also lacked regularity. There was no significant correlation between dominance index and elevation change, but the binomial model analysis of each vertical zone showed a trend of increasing firstly and then decreasing with the elevation increasing. Community similarity analysis found that the similarity coefficient of ant community was between 0.166 7 to 0.600 0 (average 0.289 0), which was at the medium dissimilarity level, and indicating significant differentiation among ant communities. Correlation analysis showed that the species number was significantly positively correlated with tree canopy density, while the correlation between other diversity indexes and vegetation characteristics was not significant. Conclusion Altitude significantly affected ant species diversity in this region, while slope, humidity and vegetation also play an important role. In the Tianshan area of Xinjiang,under the influence of multiple factors such as vegetation types mainly being grassland and shrubland, hot and dry climate, high altitude and large temperature difference, and the ecosystem in this region is relatively fragile, so the protection of biodiversity in this region should be strengthened. [Ch, 5 fig. 5 tab. 37 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240359
Abstract:
Objective The objective is to analyze the dynamic variations in sap flow rate of Salix psammophila branches across various diameter classes and explore the water use control strategies of S. psammophila in response to soil water potential (Psw) and meteorological factors under the influence of rainfall during the growing season, so as to provide theoretical reference for understanding the water consumption characteristics of desert shrubs under seasonal drought. Method 12 branches from 3 sample trees (including 4 diameter levels: 6−8 mm, 8−10 mm, 10−12 mm, and greater than 12 mm) were selected from the national germplasm resource bank of S. psammophila in Hobq Desert. From May to October 2023, sap flow system for small stems or branches was used to continuously monitor changes of sap flow, Psw and meteorological factors such as precipitation, air temperature and relative humidity. Principal components analysis and stepwise linear regression were used to analyze the response of sap flow to major meteorological factors and Psw at different depths before and after rainfall. Result (1) During the growing season, the daily variation of sap flow rate at different diameter levels of S. psammophila showed a “single peak” or “double peak” curve from May to August, while a “U” shaped curve was easy to appear in September to October, and the onset time of sap flow rate was gradually delayed. (2) The sap flow rate of S. psammophila with smaller diameter was significantly positively correlated with Psw in 20 and 40 cm soil layers (P＜0.05), and was more directly influenced by Psw in 40 cm soil layer. There was a significant positive correlation between the flow rate of S. psammophila with larger diameter and Psw in 60 and 80 cm soil layer (P＜0.05), and was more directly affected by Psw in 80 cm soil layer. (3) When the precipitation exceeded 10 mm, the sap flow rate of S. psammophila at different diameter levels showed a “multi peak” curve, and the daily cumulative flow decreased. The cumulative contribution rate of soil temperature, saturated vapor pressure deficit, relative air humidity, and air temperature to changes in sap flow rate before rainfall was 71%, and the cumulative contribution rate of Psw in 10 and 20 cm soil layers to changes in sap flow rate after rainfall was 63%. Conclusion The instantaneous variation and overall level of S. psammophila sap flow rate are affected by meteorological factors and soil water supply, respectively, indicating that the short-term and long-term flow characteristics of S. psammophila under seasonal drought have different responses to environmental factors. [Ch, 7 fig. 5 tab. 30 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240416
Abstract:
Objective Taking the forest communities of Yandang and Kuocang Mountains in Taizhou as the research objects, this study focuses on the differences of forest community structure and species composition of 2 mountain systems and their causes, which provides technical support for understanding the changes of evergreen broad-leaved forests in Taizhou. Method Based on the survey of 11 plots in Yandang Mountain and 15 plots in Kuocang Mountain (20 m×20 m), species composition, diameter structure and their relationships with the environmental factors were analyzed using methods such as Redundancy Analysis (RDA). Result Forest communities of Yandang Mountain recorded 67 species of trees, belonging to 31 families and 46 genera while those of Kuocang Mountain recorded 89 species of trees, belonging to 38 families and 62 genera. Species having important values ≥1% in the forest communities of Yandang and Kuocang Mountains were Schima superba, Liquidambar formosana, Cinnamomum camphora, Cunninghamia lanceolata, Loropetalum chinense, Eurya rubiginosa, Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Castanopsis sclerophylla, Adina pilulifera, Eurya muricata, Styrax faberi. The important value of Schima superba in the forest communities of Kuocang Mountain was 27.37%, which was 16.80% higher than that in Yandang Mountain. Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou evenness index of the forest communities of Yandang Mountain were significantly higher than those of Kuocang Mountain (P＜0.05). The total individual diameter distribution of species in 2 forest communities showed inverted J shapes. Total nitrogen, rock exposure rate, pH, soil total carbon and electrical conductivity were the main factors affecting the diversity indexes of forest communities of 2 mountains. Conclusion Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou evenness index of Yandang Mountain forest community were significantly higher than those of Kuocang Mountain forest communities. The main difference between 2 mountain forest communities is that the important value of Schima superba in Kuocang Mountain forest community is significantly higher than that in Yandang Mountain. [Ch, 3 fig. 3 tab. 42 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240401
Abstract:
Objective The objective of this study is to interpret the carbon accumulation characteristics during the growth process of typical Pinus massoniana forests, and investigate the mechanism and potential of carbon sequestration in P. massoniana forests. Method Four different afforestation years (8, 12, 22, 38 years) of P. massoniana plantations with similar slopes and altitudes were selected in Laoshan Forest Farm, Qiandaohu Town, Chun’an County, Zhejiang Province. Multiple statistical methods combined with redundancy analysis and structural equation modeling were employed to analyze the carbon density characteristics of P. massoniana forests with different afforestation years and the main factors affecting their carbon density. Result The total biomass reached its maximum value at 38 years (mature forest), which was significantly higher than that of young and middle-aged forests (P＜0.05). The biomass of the herb layer and litter layer reached their maximum values at 22 years of afforestation, with values of 13.74 and 5.24 t·hm−2, respectively. Carbon density of the tree layer increased with the increase of afforestation years, reaching a maximum value of 176.36 t·hm−2 at 38 years (mature forest). There were significant differences in soil carbon density among different ages of P. massoniana forests (P＜0.05). The carbon density in the soil layers of 0−10 and 10−30 cm reached their maximum values at 38 years (mature forest), which were 38.60 and 57.13 t·hm−2, respectively. Redundancy analysis revealed that total potassium, available potassium, and slope direction were the main contributing factors to carbon density of P. massoniana forests, accounting for approximately 28.70%, 27.00%, and 9.90% of the carbon density of each component, respectively, and were crucial to overall carbon sequestration of soil and vegetation. The structural equation model demonstrated that bulk density, vegetation density, and total potassium content had significant effects on carbon density in P. massoniana forests. Conclusion The carbon density of P. massoniana forests is closely related to the years of afforestation, with mature P. massoniana forests exhibiting the highest capacity for carbon sequestration. Environmental factors and soil nutrient status are crucial for enhancing the carbon sequestration potential of P. massoniana forests. [Ch, 4 fig. 5 tab. 44 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240381
Abstract:
Objective Analyze the effects of different microorganisms on the weathering and elemental release of basalt, to explore the role of microorganisms in the weathering process of basalt, and to provide a theoretical basis for microorganisms promoting basalt weathering. Method Different microbial strains (Bacillus mucilaginosus and Trichoderma asperellum) were selected to carry out simulation experiments on biological weathering of basalt. By means of elemental geochemical methods (elemental dissolution amount and rate) and mineral analytical methods (material composition), the effects of microorganisms on the release amount, release rate, and release capacity of Si, Ca, Al, Fe, and Mg elements from basalt were investigated, and preliminarily explored the release mechanisms. Result Microorganisms contributed to the weathering of basalt and the dissolution of elements, compared to the control group, the pH of the fungal and bacterial system solutions decreased by 1.46 and 0.88 units, respectively. Compared to the control group, the release amounts of Si, Ca, Al, Fe and Mg elements in basalt was significantly increased by 10.2, 2.6, 8.2, 92.9 and 9.9 times under the action of fungi, and it was significantly increased by 2.7, 1.2, 1.7, 19.7 and 3.2 times under bacterial action. The order of element release from basalt under the action of fungi and bacteria was same: Ca＞Mg＞Fe＞Si＞Al. Microorganisms create an acidic environment mainly by secreting organic acids or by complexing to promote the weathering of basalt and increase the rate of elemental dissolution. Conclusion Microorganisms can effectively increase the release and rate of elements during the weathering process of basalt, there are also differences among different strains. The release and rate of elements during the weathering process of basalt under the treatment of T. asperellum are higher than those under the treatment of B. mucilaginosus, indicating that fungi have a more significant role in accelerating the weathering process of basalt. [Ch, 6 fig. 41 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240415
Abstract:
Objective The objective is to investigate the effects of leaf microstructure of garden plants on particle retention capacity, and provide theoretical basis for the selection of urbangarden tree species. Method 13 evergreen shrubs, including Pyracantha fortuneana, Fatsia japonica and Nerium oleander were studied in Zhengzhou City, Henan Province. The retention of particles of different sizes [total suspended particulate matter (TSP), large particulate matter (PM>10), inhalable particulate matter (PM10) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5)] per unit leaf area was measured by graded membrane filtration method. The microstructure of leaf surface was observed by scanning electron microscopy and ultra depth microscope, and the relationship between particle retention capacity and leaf surface microstructure features was analyzed. Result (1) There were significant differences in the retention capacity of 13 evergreen shrubs with different particle sizes (P＜0.05), and the strongest comprehensive dust-retention ability was found in P. fortuneana, F. japonica, and N. oleander, with a dust retention capacity per unit area of 2.59, 2.23 and 1.97 g·m−2, respectively, 3.58−4.70 times that of Mahonia fortunei and Nandina domestica, which had a weak dust retention capacity. (2) Particles tended to be distributed near the midrib and leaf tip. Observation of leaf surface microstructure revealed that there were various structures such as grooves, fuzz, and protrusions on the upper surface. Most of the stomata were located on the lower surface of the leaf. These structures synergistically affected the retention of particles in plants, and concurrently enhanced the roughness of leaf surfaces. The surface roughness in N. oleander leaves was the highest (4.53 μm), with regular semi-circular protrusions on the upper surface and large concave stomata on the lower surface, surrounded by hairy tissue to attach dust particles. (3) Correlation analysis indicated that leaf area, roughness, stomatal length were significantly positively correlated with the content of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 retention per unit leaf area (P＜0.05, P＜0.01), and stomatal width and stomatal area were significantly positively correlated with PM10 and PM2.5 retention (P＜0.05). Conclusion P. fortuneana, F. japonica, and N. oleander are recommended as excellent garden dust-retaining species in controlling air pollution in Zhengzhou City. [Ch, 5 fig. 3 tab. 35 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240354
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to employ bioinformatics methods to perform a comprehensive genome-wide identification of the soybean IGT gene family and explore the potential functions of IGT gene family in soybean. Method Soybean cultivar Glycine max‘Tianlong 1’ was selected and GmIGTs were identified by BLASTP search of IGT protein domain. The evolutionary relationships, gene structure, conserved motifs, cis-acting elements, and collinearity relationships were analyzed by bioinformatics methods. The expression patterns of GmIGTs in different tissue parts were analyzed. Result A total of 17 GmIGT genes were identified and classified into 4 branches based on their phylogenetic relationships: TAC, IGT-like, DRO, and LAZY. Protein conserved motif analysis revealed that all IGT proteins contained Motif2. Chromosomal localization and collinearity analysis showed that GmIGT genes were unevenly distributed on 11 chromosomes, and segmental duplication might have played a significant role in the expansion of GmIGT gene. Cis-acting element analysis indicated that GmIGT expression might be associated with light response, physiological response, plant hormone response and stress. RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that GmIGT gene had obvious tissue-specific expression characteristics. Among them, GmIGT5 exhibited relatively high expression levels in all tissues, while GmIGT4 and GmIGT10 were highly expressed in stems and petioles. Conclusion GmIGT gene may play a potential role in shaping soybean plant architecture, and GmIGT4 and GmIGT10 may be the core genes involved in this process. [Ch, 9 fig. 2 tab. 23 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240383
Abstract:
Objective This study is to explore the dominant factors in stand structure and soil nutrients that affect the understory herbaceous diversity of natural secondary Betula platyphylla forest, so as to provide theoretical basis for optimizing the stand structure and improving herbaceous diversity of natural secondary B. platyphylla forest in Qinghai Province. Method Taking the natural secondary B. platyphylla forest in Baoku Forest Farm of Datong County, Qinghai Province as the research object, 20 standard plots (24 m×24 m) were selected by typical sampling method. The effects of multiple factors (stand spatial structure, stand non-spatial structure, and soil nutrient) on herbaceous diversity were investigated by correlation analysis and redundancy analysis. Result (1) A total of 47 species of herbaceous plants belonging to 41 genera and 24 families were found under the B. platyphylla forest, among which Lolium perenne, Fragaria vesca, Polygonum viviparum, Galium bungei and Geranium wilfordii were the dominant species, with mean important values of 19.52%, 18.91%, 10.53%, 6.95% and 5.27%, respectively. (2) Redundancy analysis showed that openness, mean DBH, and size ratio could explain 44.1%, 16.8% and 8.2% of the variation patterns in herbaceous diversity, respectively, and were the main stand factors affecting herbaceous diversity. Alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen and available potassium could explain 7.9% and 7.6% of herbaceous diversity pattern, respectively, and were the main soil nutrient factors. Conclusion Both stand structure and soil nutrients significantly affect understory herbaceous diversity. The overall level of understory herbaceous diversity can be improved by adjusting stand spatial structure, optimizing stand competition and improving soil fertility. [Ch, 2 fig. 4 tab. 37 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240307
Abstract:
Objective This study explore the ecological niche and interspecific association of the dominant species of woody plants in evergreen broad-leaved forest in Jinzifeng National Forest Park, Zhejiang Province, in order to provide a reference for ecological restoration and biodiversity conservation of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. Method Niche composition, niche width, niche overlap index, niche similarity coefficient, variance ratio method, \begin{document}$ {X}^{2} $\end{document} Result (1) There were 113 species of woody plants belonging to 31 families and 62 genera in the evergreen broad-leaved forest community in Jinzifeng National Forest Park, including Fagaceae, Rosaceae, Lauraceae, and Ericaceae. (2) The importance values and niche widths of Schima superba, Castanopsis eyrei and Pinus taiwanensis were larger. They were established species in this community, and had higher niche overlap values and niche similarity coefficients with other dominant species of woody plants. The niche overlap values and niche similarity coefficients of 21 dominant species of woody plants were mainly concentrated in the range of 0.10 − 0.50. (3) The dominant species of evergreen broad-leaved forest woody plants in Jinzifeng National Forest Park showed a significant positive association. Among 210 species pairs, 112 species pairs showed no significant positive association, 49 species pairs showed no significant negative association, only 2 species pairs showed extremely significant positive association (P＜0.01) , 8 species pairs showed significant positive association (P＜0.05) , 39 species pairs showed no association. Spearman rank correlation test and Pearson correlation test showed no significant association. Species pairs accounted for 81.4% and 80.0%, respectively. The interspecific association was weak, with positive and negative association ratios greater than 1. (4) The regression analysis of Pearson correlation coefficient and niche overlap values of dominant tree species showed a extremely significant positive correlation (P＜0.01). Conclusion The evergreen broad-leaved forest community in Jinzifeng National Forest Park is in the middle stage of succession, and the competition among species is gradually balanced. [Ch, 3 fig. 5 fig. 34 ref.]
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2024, 41(6): 1105-1113.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240574
Abstract:
Objective The radial growth dynamics of xylem is considered one of the indicators of sensitivity to environmental change. Investigating the xylem formation is crucial to elucidate the relationship between trees growth and the climate. Method Microcore sampling and paraffin sections technology were used to monitor the intra-annual growth dynamics of xylem formation. We collected the microcores of Catalpa bungei, Cinnamomum camphora, Fraxinus chinensis and Koelreuteria paniculata every 7−10 d, and Gompertz model was used to fit the modeled value of cumulative radial growth. Result (1) Cambial activity began in early March and ended in mid-October. The duration of cambial activity was shortest for C. bungei [(189.0±14.6) d], and longest for C. camphora [(216.0±17.4) d]. (2) Four species finished the xylem differentiation in early November, and their maximum growth rate occurred in the middle of May. However, the widths of cumulative radial growth showed great variations among four ring-porous species which were from (5 807.0±2 192.9) μm for F. chinensis to (8 276.0±1 744.2) μm for C. bungei. (3) Additionally, temperature may be the main climatic factor influence the radial growth in study area. Both air temperature and surface ground temperature had a significantly positive correlation on the xylem growth increment for four ring-porous wood species (P＜0.01). The positive correlation between precipitation and xylem growth was only in C. camphora (P＜0.05). It may explained by the smallest diameter and area of vessel of C. camphora, which led to the trees were more sensitive to precipitation. Conclusion The radial growth of the four tree species in the local area is highly significantly positively correlated with air temperature. The response of the C. camphora plants to climatic factors is stronger than the other three ring-porous porous tree species. [Ch, 5 fig. 4 tab. 52 ref.]
2024, 41(6): 1114-1123.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240253
Abstract:
Objective Frequent droughts caused by global temperature rise and precipitation pattern change have significant impacts on forest ecosystems, so information of plant water utilization and adaptation during and after droughts is crucial. Method The seedlings of Cunninghamia lanceolata were used as test material. A two-factor controlled experiment with 4 precipitation amount and 2 precipitation intervals gradients was set to investigate the response of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) and related fractions content in different organs that suffer different precipitation amount and intervals. Result With the decrease of precipitation, NSC content of the seedlings showed an overall trend of firstly increasing and then decreasing in absorbing roots, transport roots, branches and leaves, and continuous decreasing in branches and trunks. C. lanceolata seedlings increased NSC content in transport roots, absorbing roots, leaves and branches, while hydrolyzed and converted the starch from the absorbing roots to soluble sugars to regulate intracellular water potentials; soluble sugars content showed an overall trend of continuous decreasing in transport roots and trunks, and an overall trend of firstly increasing and then decreasing in absorbing roots, leaves and branches; starch content of all organs showed an overall trend of firstly increasing and then decreasing. When precipitation was too low, C. lanceolata seedlings would consume NSC to preferentially meet the survival needs of absorbing roots, which led to a significant decrease of NSC content in transport roots, branches and twigs (P＜0.05). When precipitation intervals increased, NSC content in leaves and transport roots of the seedlings increased significantly (P＜0.05); soluble sugar content of leaves decreased significantly (P＜0.05), and soluble sugar content of transported roots increased significantly (P＜0.05). Conclusion To improve the survival of C. lanceolata plantation forests under changes in precipitation patterns, soil water content should be maintained at more than 50% of the average monthly precipitation in the local multi-year dry season, and watering intervals can be extended in areas with higher precipitation. [Ch, 3 fig. 1 tab. 51 ref.]
2024, 41(6): 1124-1133.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240180
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to analyze the biomass distribution pattern of Eucalyptus plantations at different ages, so as to provide theoretical basis and data support for accurate assessment of carbon storage and carbon sink in China’s Eucalyptus industry. Method Eucalyptus urophylla×E. grandis plantation in Leizhou Peninsula was taken as the research object. The whole-plant harvesting method was used to measure the biomass of various organs in 57 trees aged 1, 2, 3, 6 and 10. Using diameter at breast height (DBH), height (H), and diameter at breast height-tree height (DBH 2 H and DBHH) as independent variables, allometric growth models for organ biomass, aboveground biomass, and total biomass without and with age variables were established, respectively, to screen for the optimal model. Result The biomass of different parts of E. urophylla×E. grandis increased with age, but the proportion of each organ to the total biomass varied with age. The proportion of stem biomass increased with age, from 45.21% at 1 year old to 68.25% at 10 years old, whereas the proportion of branch and leaf biomass decreased with forest age, from 19.43% and 16.31% at 1 year old to 10.51% and 2.91% at 10 years old , respectively. The proportion of root biomass first increased from 19.05% at 1 year old to 25.21% at 3 years old, and then gradually decreased to 18.33% at 10 years old. The root to shoot ratio of E. urophylla×E. grandis ranged from 0.16 to 0.39. In selecting the optimal model for biomass of various organs, the model with DBH as the independent variable (without age variable) had better predictions for root biomass and total biomass than other models. The model with DBH 2 H plus age as independent variables had the best predictions for leaf biomass and aboveground biomass. The model with DBH, H, and age as independent variables had the best predictions for branch biomass. Regarding the prediction accuracy for stem biomass, there was no significant difference between the prediction models with DBHH and DBH 2 H plus age as independent variables, and both models could predict stem biomass well. Conclusion Forest age has significant impacts on the biomass allocation ratio of various organs in E. urophylla×E. grandis plantations. The prediction accuracy of branch, leaf, and aboveground biomass in E. urophylla×E. grandis plantations significantly improves if forest age is included in the allometric growth model. [Ch, 2 fig. 4 tab. 45 ref.]
2024, 41(6): 1134-1141.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240148
Abstract:
Objective The widespread degradation of Populous euphratica forests seriously threatens the ecological security of oases in arid zones. Therefore, mapping the health of P. euphratica forests is important for their sustainable management. Method The P. euphratica forests in Dali Yabuyi Oasis in the desert hinterland were taken as the object, and based on the field survey of 68 typical sample plots in the region, 17 indexes were selected from the aspects of forest productivity, forest community structure and habitat factors, and the health evaluation index system and health evaluation model applicable to the P. euphratica forests in the region were constructed by using the principal component analysis and the cluster analysis method, the forest health indexes were calculated, and the health of the P. euphratica forests in the region was comprehensively evaluated. Result (1) The overall forest health of oasis P. euphratica forests was poor, with 29.4% in an unhealthy state, 33.8% in a medium-healthy state, 30.9% in a sub-healthy state, and 5.9% in a healthy state. Groundwater burial depth, total nitrogen, depression, Simpson index, and Shannon-Wiener index were the main factors affecting forest health. (2) In the P. euphratica forests of Dali Yabuyi Oasis, the forest health index of deep groundwater burial depth is significantly lower than that of shallow and medium groundwater burial depth (P＜0.05), and the forest health level is relatively low. Shallow groundwater burial depths have relatively high levels of forest health. Overall, the forest health indices of different groundwater depths: shallow groundwater depth (0.65)＞medium groundwater depth (0.45)＞deep groundwater depth (0). (3) Among the P. euphratica forests in different regions of the oasis, the forest health index of the P. euphratica forests in the north is significantly lower than that in the center and south, and the forest health level is relatively low. Forest health is relatively high in the south. Overall, the forest health index showed an increasing trend from the north, center to the south, and the forest health index in different regions: south (0.61)＞center (0.58)＞north (−0.01). Conclusion The overall health level of P. euphratica forests in the oasis is poor, the shallower the water table is, the higher the health index of P. euphratica forests is, and the health index shows a decreasing trend from the south, the center to the north in different regions. [Ch, 2 fig. 2 tab. 29 ref.]
2024, 41(6): 1142-1149.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240170
Abstract:
Objective By investigating the population density and activity rhythm of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Longyou County of Zhejiang Province, this study is aimed to research the accurate countermeasures for wild boar prevention and control, and to provide exemplary monitoring and evaluation work from theory and practice to methodological application at the county level. Method Firstly, with the employment of infrared camera technology, a total of 1 308 independent and valid photographs were obtained from January 2021 to August 2023. Then the population density was estimated using a random encounter model, and the activity rhythm of the wild boar in the studied area was also investigated using the kernel density estimation method. Result The population density of wild boar in Longyou County ranged from 0.957 to 1.291 per square kilometer, with the total estimated population size of 417 to 563. The number of wild boar decreased from the southern mountainous areas, the northern mountainous areas to the central regions. In terms of habitat selection, the wild boar population preferred coniferous forests (relative abundance index IRA=38.45%), mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests (IRA=24.39%), and the elevation range of 1 100 to 1 300 m (IRA=57.25%). High population density was observed at 17:00 in all four seasons. The daily activity rhythms were similar in spring and winter, exhibiting an unimodal pattern. When come to summer, the daily activity rhythm was bimodal, with the main peaks occurring around sunrise and sunset. There was no significant fluctuation of daily activity rhythm in autumn and the population exhibited a highly significant seasonal migration along the altitudinal gradient (P＜0.01). Conclusion The distribution of wild boars in Longyou County exhibits significant spatial heterogeneity, and their activity rhythms are deeply influenced by the factors of altitude and season. This study provides direct scientific evidence for the formulation of wild boar control policies in Longyou County and will serve as a reference for estimating population density as well as studying the activity rhythms of wild boar at the county level. [Ch, 2 fig. 4 tab. 29 ref.]
2024, 41(6): 1150-1159.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240282
Abstract:
Objective This purpose was to investigate the physiological and molecular responses, as well as the molecular mechanisms, of Juglans hindsii×J. regia overexpressing line JrDHN during drought stress, to provide theoretical basis for breeding drought-resistant J. regia (walnut) cultivars. Method Healthy overexpressing walnut JrDHN were subjected to drought stress at different time points. The response of the overexpressing JrDHN line to drought stress was observed from various aspects including phenotype, antioxidant enzyme activity, and reactive oxygen species content. Quantitative PCR was conducted to analyze the expression levels of drought-related genes MYB, ADH, and CAM in plant tissues, exploring the molecular mechanism by which overexpression of JrDHN gene affects plant drought resistance. Result The results confirmed the overexpression of JrDHN gene in walnut seedlings, with expression levels in JrDHN1, 2, 3 being 2.55, 1.72, and 1.49 times higher than the WT respectively. Phenotypic traits of the overexpressing JrDHN line were superior to WT after 1−4 weeks of drought treatment, with significantly lower stomatal aperture in the overexpressing JrDHN line compared to WT after 2 weeks of drought treatment. The activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT) showed an initial increase followed by a decrease trend, reaching maximum values at 2 weeks, with SOD and POD activities in JrDHN1 significantly higher than WT (P＜0.01), and CAT activity showing significant difference (P＜0.05). Chlorophyll content reached its minimum after 4 weeks of drought treatment, with significantly higher levels in the overexpressing JrDHN line compared to WT. Levels of MDA, H2O2, and O2·− increased gradually with prolonged drought stress, reaching maximum values at 4 weeks, with significantly lower levels in JrDHN1 compared to WT. Expression levels of drought-related genes MYB, ADH, CAM showed an initial increase followed by a decrease trend, with significantly higher levels in the overexpressing JrDHN line compared to WT after 2 weeks. Conclusion The overexpressing JrDHN transgenic walnut seedlings exhibited superior phenotype, photosynthetic capacity, and antioxidant capacity under PEG-simulated drought stress compared to WT. Overexpression of JrDHN gene in walnut seedlings effectively enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzyme system, scavenged reactive oxygen species, reduced cell damage, thereby improving plant drought resistance. [Ch, 8 fig. 1 tab. 34 ref.]
2024, 41(6): 1160-1169.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240195
Abstract:
Objective Transposable elements (TE), an essential component of eukaryotic genomes are prone to activation under stress when they account for over 63% of the Phyllostachys edulis genome. This study, with an analysis of the expression patterns of transcripts of uncertain coding potential (TUCP) from transposable elements under abiotic stress, is aimed to provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of TEs in stress resistance in Ph. edulis. Method First, bioinformatics techniques were employed to investigate the transcriptional characteristics and patterns of TE-TUCPs, and neighboring genes in Ph. edulis under 4 stress treatments: low temperature, high temperature, high salinity, and UV irradiation. Then the reliability of the differentially expressed TE-TUCPs, data derived from the transcriptome was validated using RT-qPCR. Result A total of 57 627 TE-TUCPs were identified from the transcripts of Ph. edulis under 4 stress treatments. These TE-TUCPs exhibited specific expression patterns in response to different abiotic stresses. High temperature, high salinity, and UV irradiation promoted differential expression of genes neighboring TE-TUCPs with transcriptional activity, whereas low temperature suppressed such differential expression. Conclusion TE-TUCPs were primarily derived from the Ty1/Copia and Ty3/Gypsy superfamilies. The expression potential of genes and that of nearby TE-TUCPs were mutually inhibitory and the transcription of TE-TUCPs was regulated by abiotic stress to modulate the expression of neighboring genes in response to stress. [Ch, 7 fig. 2 tab. 44 ref.]
2024, 41(6): 1170-1179.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230603
Abstract:
Objective The objective is to study the genetic variation patterns of oil-related traits in complete diallel progenies of Camellia oleifera, and to provide basis for parental selection in cross breeding. Method 5×5 complete diallel hybridization (no self-crossbreeding) was carried out with 5 excellent clones of C. oleifera as parents, and the oil content, lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose contents of 20 hybrid families were determined. The correlation among traits was analyzed, the general combining ability of parents and the specific combining ability of hybrid combinations were determined, and the genetic variation rules among traits were analyzed. Result The kernel oil content of 20 families ranged from 252.30 to 537.08 mg·g−1, the lignin content was from 49.64 to 222.20 mg·g−1, the cellulose content was from 42.11 to 130.43 mg·g−1, and the hemicellulose content was from 3.72 to 111.96 mg·g−1. There were significant differences in oil, lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose contents of kernels among 20 families (P＜0.01), and there were significant correlations (P＜0.01) among the 4 traits. The correlation coefficient between oil content and lignin content was the highest (−0.47). Except for the specific combining ability of lignin content and reciprocal cross effect of oil content, the general combining ability, specific combining ability and reciprocal cross effect of the parents were significantly different (P＜0.01) in the 4 traits. Oil and hemicellulose contents of kernels were jointly controlled by additive and dominant effect, and dominant variance was greater than additive variance. The lignin content was mainly affected by additive effect and the cellulose content was mainly controlled by dominant effect. The broad-sense heritability of the 4 traits ranged from 7.86% to 14.03%, and the narrow-sense heritability was 0 to 14.03%, all of which were strongly influenced by environmental factors. Conclusion Based on the analysis of combining ability, 2 excellent parents ‘Changlin No. 4’ and ‘Changlin No. 40’, as well as 2 excellent combinations ‘Changlin No. 40’× ‘Changlin No. 95’ and ‘Changlin No. 4’בChanglin No. 53’ are selected. [Ch, 8 tab. 35 ref.]
2024, 41(6): 1180-1188.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240326
Abstract:
Objective Flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) is a key enzyme in the synthesis of plant flavonoids. This study aims to investigate the relationship between RcF3H gene and flavonoid metabolism in Rubus chingii and analyze its biological function, so as to provide reference for further exploring the mechanism of RcF3H in the process of flavonoid accumulation in R. chingii. Method RcF3H gene was cloned from R. chingii, and bioinformatics analysis was performed, including physicochemical properties, homology comparison, phylogenetic tree and promoter cis-acting elements. At the same time, this study detected the expression level of RcF3H gene in different tissues, fruit growth period and exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) induction. Result RcF3H gene, belonging to the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase superfamily, was located on the first chromosome, and its fragment length was 1098 bp. RcF3H gene consisted of 1 exon and encoded 365 amino acids. RcF3H belonged to the hydrophilic stable protein. Subcellular localization predicted that the protein was located in the cytoplasm. The secondary and tertiary structure of RcF3H was mainly composed of α-helix and irregular curl, which had the closest genetic relationship with dicotyledons such as Rubus coreanus and Arabidopsis thaliana. Analysis of promoter cis-acting elements showed that the promoter region of RcF3H gene contained multiple cis-acting elements, and its function mainly focused on responding to hormones and stress. RcF3H gene was highly expressed in fruits, and had obvious tissue specificity. In addition, the expression of RcF3H gene in different ripening stages of fruits was consistent with the accumulation of flavonoids, and the expression increased under the treatment of 100 μmol·L−1 MeJA. These results suggested that RcF3H gene is the key enzyme to promoting flavonoid synthesis. Conclusion RcF3H gene responds to MeJA stimulation and may act as a positive regulator of flavonoid biosynthesis in R. chingii, affecting flavonoid accumulation. [Ch, 8 fig. 2 tab. 28 ref.]
2024, 41(6): 1189-1200.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240264
Abstract:
Objective The objective is to study the distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon (SOC) and its active components in Pinus massoniana forest affected by pine wilt disease, so as to reveal the influence mechanism of natural vegetation restoration after logging on soil carbon sink in P. massoniana secondary forest and provide scientific support for organic carbon pool management. Method From March to June 2023, in Yuhang District and Lin’an District of Hangzhou City, the undamaged P. massoniana forest was used as the control (ck), four vegetation restoration types were set up by using the space substitution time survey method: moderate logging restoration for 5 a (ML5), moderate logging restoration for 15 a (ML15), heavy logging restoration for 5 a (HL5) and heavy logging restoration for 15 a (HL15) to compare the variation characteristics of SOC, readily oxidizable carbon (ROC), particulate organic carbon (POC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in different soil layers ( 0−10, 10−20, 20−40 cm ) of P. massoniana secondary forest under natural recovery after different logging intensities, and their relationship with soil physicochemical properties was analyzed to explore their mechanisms. Result (1) The content of SOC and its active components in each soil layer ranking from high to low were SOC, ROC, POC, MBC and WSOC, and the content decreased accordingly with the deepening of soil layer. The highest SOC content was 33.53 g·kg−1 in 0−10 cm soil layer of ML15, and the lowest WSOC content was 136.55 mg·kg−1 in 20−40 cm soil layer of ck. (2) Under the same logging intensity, the content of active organic carbon in soil of P. massoniana secondary forest increased with the increase of natural recovery years, among which the content of POC in each soil layer changed the most, and the content of POC in each soil layer of 15 a was over 2.6 times higher than that in each soil layer of 5 a. (3) The content of active organic carbon component in 0−10 cm soil layer of ML15 was the highest, and was significantly higher than that in ck (P＜0.05 ). (4) The results of correlation analysis showed that there were significant positive correlations among active organic carbon components in soil and between active organic carbon components and \begin{document}${\mathrm{NO}}_3^- $\end{document} Conclusion Moderate logging has a significant promoting effect on SOC and its active components in P. massoniana secondary forest. The longer the natural recovery time of vegetation, the more favorable it is to increase the content of soil active organic carbon components. Moderate logging of P. massoniana pure forests and their natural recovery can promote soil carbon pool accumulation. [Ch, 3 fig. 3 tab. 46 ref.]
2024, 41(6): 1201-1210.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240185
Abstract:
Objective This study, with an investigation of the effects of different recovery periods after thinning on soil physical-chemical proprieties and extracellular enzyme activities in oak-pine mixed forests in the Qinling Mountains, is aimed to better understand the nutrient cycling processes under thinning treatments, providing basis for developing programs of sustainable forest management and exploring better ecological restoration measures. Method First, pace-for-time substitution was employed to explore the effects of thinning restoration process (5 and 13 years, no thinning as the control) on soil physical-chemical proprieties and enzyme activity changes in the surface layer at 0−10 cm depth. Then the enzyme stoichiometric ratios and enzyme vectors were calculated for each treatment. Result (1) The total phosphorus, microbial biomass carbon, and microbial biomass nitrogen contents in the soil increased significantly, whereas the inorganic nitrogen content decreased in the 13-year restoration (P＜0.05) and the soil pH increased in the 5-year and 13-year restorations; following a 13-year restoration, the soil organic carbon content progressively recovered to pre-thinning levels after declining dramatically in the 5-year restoration (P＜0.05). (2) Thinning significantly increased the activity of β-glucosidase (BG), while decreasing the activities of β-xylosidase (BX), nitrogen acquiring enzyme (NAG+LAP), and acid phosphatase (AcP) (P＜0.05); after the 13-year restoration, the activities of phenol oxidase (POX) and peroxidase (PER) showed a decreasing tendency during the initial stage of thinning (5 years treatment) and then reverted to pre-thinning values. (3) In the 13-year restoration, thinning significantly increased the soil enzyme carbon-nitrogen ratio (EC/N), soil enzyme carbon-phosphorus ratio (EC/P) and vector length value (P＜0.05) whereas the EC/P and soil enzyme nitrogen-phosphorus ratio (EN/P) increased significantly and the vector angle value decreased in the 5-year restoration (P＜0.05). Conclusion Soil nutrients, organic carbon, and oxidase activities showed a recovery trend with the thinning recovery stage with the soil pH being a key factor affecting soil enzyme activity and the change of enzyme vectors. Thinning decreases the phosphorus limitations of soil microorganisms during the initial stage of recovery, but it has little effect on the phosphorus and carbon limitation in the later stage of recovery. [Ch, 3 fig. 4 tab. 41 ref.]
2024, 41(6): 1211-1221.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240571
Abstract:
Objective This study is in order to explore the effects of stand density on biomass and soil physicochemical properties in Pinus tabuliformis forests, for high-quality development and performance of the ecological service function. Method A 30-year-old P. tabuliformis forest in Caijiachuan watershed, Jixian County, Shanxi Province, was used as the research object, and the standard wood method was used to measure the biomass of individual plants and the overall biomass of the sample plots under the conditions of different densities, and the soil physicochemical properties were determined, so as to analyze the effects of stand density on the biomass of P. tabuliformis forest and soil physicochemical properties, and to determine their relationship by redundancy analysis (RDA) and Spearman’s correlation analysis. Result (1) The differences in stand biomass and total tree biomass between different densities were significant (P＜0.05), and with the increase of stand density, stand biomass gradually decreased, and the total tree biomass had a peak at a density of 1 750 plants·hm−2; (2) The physicochemical properties of soil in forests of different densities differed significantly (P＜0.05), with soil porosity being the highest at 1 750 plants·hm−2, reaching 52.38%, soil moisture content being the highest at 2 750 plants·hm−2, reaching 13.84%, and soil fertility being the best at a density of 1 750 plants·hm−2; (3) RDA and Spearman’s correlation analyses revealed that total soil porosity, organic carbon and quick-acting phosphorus were all highly significantly correlated with arbor biomass in the sample plots (P＜0.01), and below-ground biomass was significantly affected by soil water content (P＜0.05). Conclusion The stand density should be maintained at 1750 plants·hm−2 for the purpose of sequestering carbon and releasing oxygen and maintaining maximum productivity, and for the purpose of increasing the carbon sink capacity of the soil and improving fertility, and at 1 750−2 750 plants·hm−2 for the purpose of retaining soil and water and improving soil water retention properties. [Ch, 4 fig. 5 tab. 40 ref.]
2024, 41(6): 1222-1232.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240171
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the effects of raw and iron-modified biochar on the nutrient content and bioavailability of arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) in con-contaminated agricultural soil. Method An experiment using rice potted in soil mixed with 2% raw Ficus microcarpa biochar (FMB) and Polyferric Sulfate (iron)-modified biochar (Fe-FMB) was conducted, no biochar soil as control. Soil nutrient availability, soil enzyme activity, rice biomass and As and Pb concentrations in various plant organs at different growth stages were measured. The bioavailable As and Pb in the soil were determined using the NH4H2PO4 and DTPA extraction methods, respectively. Result The results indicated that, compared to the control, Fe-FMB significantly enhanced the availability of nutrients such as phosphorus (P) and silicon (Si) in the soil and significantly altered the distribution of Si forms in the soil (P＜0.05), primarily increasing the content of amorphous silicon (by 25.2%) and iron-manganese oxidized silicon (by 11.1%). Fe-FMB was more effective in immobilizing soil As (P＜0.05), reducing it by 37.9% compared to the control, while original biochar (FMB) was more effective for soil Pb immobilization, reducing it by 24.9%. Application of Fe-FMB led to a 67.2% reduction in As content in rice grains as compared to the control. Furthermore, Fe-FMB significantly increased the activities of leucine aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase, and catalase (P＜0.05), with maximum increases of 121.1%, 99.1%, and 33.2%, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis showed that soil enzyme activity was significantly related to pH and As availability (P＜0.05), indicating that biochar application can regulate soil enzyme activity by influencing soil pH and As bioavailability. Conclusion While F. microcarpa biochar is effective in remediating soils contaminated with Pb only, it is not suitable for the treatment of soils co-contaminated with As and Pb. On the other hand, iron-modified biochar shows a better prospect for remediating soils co-contaminated with As and Pb. [Ch, 8 fig. 2 tab. 36 ref.]
2024, 41(6): 1233-1241.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240212
Abstract:
Objective This study is to comprehensively evaluate the role of ecological ditches in the blocking process of agricultural non-point source pollution and scientifically assess the effect of ecological ditches on pollutant removal. Method 6 ecological ditches in Tonglu, Lin’an, Jiande, Dongyang, Yiwu, and Zhuji in Zhejiang Province were selected for water quality monitoring. The removal rates of major agricultural non-point source pollution by ecological ditches were calculated, including total nitrogen (TN), ammonium nitrogen (\begin{document}${\mathrm{NH}}_4^+ $\end{document} Result The average removal rates of TN, \begin{document}${\mathrm{NH}}_4^+ $\end{document} \begin{document}${\mathrm{NH}}_4^+ $\end{document} \begin{document}${\mathrm{NH}}_4^+ $\end{document} \begin{document}${\mathrm{NH}}_4^+ $\end{document} Conclusion The water purification function of ecological ditches in Zhejiang Province can be strengthened by constructing ecological slopes, installing denitrification phosphorus removal devices, and increasing plant density. [Ch, 4 fig. 2 tab. 34 ref.]
2024, 41(6): 1242-1251.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240217
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to analyze the annual variation of the concentration and accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in Fritillaria hupehensis bulbs, and explore the impacts of different nitrogen dosages on the accumulation of dry matter and alkaloids of F. hupehensis, so as to provide scientific basis for rational fertilization of F. hupehensis. Method F. hupehensis obtained from Xintang township, Enshi City, Hubei Province was used as the material. Under the conditions of 102.4 kg·hm−2 phosphorus pentoxide and 86.4 kg·hm−2 potassium oxide for both phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, 4 nitrogen fertilizer treatments were set up: no nitrogen fertilizer (N0), 58.0 kg·hm−2 nitrogen fertilizer (N1), 116.0 kg·hm−2 nitrogen fertilizer (N2), and 174.0 kg·hm−2 nitrogen fertilizer (N3). Samples were collected at seedling, flowering and harvest stages to determine the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and various alkaloids in the bulbs of F. hupehensis at different growth stages. Result The accumulation of dry matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, total alkaloid, verticine, verticinone, peimissine and hupehenine in F. hupehensis bulbs significantly increased with increasing nitrogen application (P＜0.05), and all reached their peak at a nitrogen fertilizer application of 116.0 kg·hm−2. With the increase of nitrogen application, potassium to phosphorus ratio in F. hupehensis bulbs was less than 3.4 at seedling stage, while that during the flowering and harvesting periods was more than 3.4. Throughout the entire growth period, nitrogen to phosphorus ratio in F. hupehensis bulbs was less than 14.0, and nitrogen to potassium ratio was less than 2.1. During the seedling and harvest stages, the concentration of total alkaloid, verticine, verticinone, and hupehenine in F. hupehensis bulbs all decreased with increasing nitrogen application. During the flowering period, the concentration of verticine, verticinone and peimissine in F. hupehensis bulbs showed an increasing trend with the increase in nitrogen application. When the nitrogen fertilizer application amount was 116.0 kg·hm−2, the peak accumulation of total alkaloid, verticine, verticinone, hupehenine and peimissine in F. hupehensis bulbs were 56.50, 4.20, 12.73, 1.66, and 3.68 mg·plant−1, respectively. When the same amount of nitrogen fertilizer was applied, with the extension of growth period, except for peimissine, the concentration of all other alkaloids was the highest during the harvest period and the lowest during the flowering period. When the nitrogen fertilizer application amount was 116.0 kg·hm−2, the accumulation rate of verticine, verticinone and peimissine in bulbs decreased from flowering to harvest stage. The dry matter accumulation rate was relatively fast from seedling to flowering stage, and the accumulation ability of total alkaloids in the bulb during the flowering to harvest period was strong. Conclusion The amount of nitrogen fertilizer significantly affects the yield and quality of F. hupehensis. Excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer is not conducive to the accumulation of dry matter and alkaloids in bulbs. The accumulation of dry matter and alkaloids in bulbs of F. hupehensis at different growth stages is a dynamic process. Yield increase is predominant at vegetative growth stage, while alkaloids accumulation is dominant at productive growth stage. [Ch, 4 fig. 2 tab. 28 ref.]
2024, 41(6): 1252-1260.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240193
Abstract:
Objective This study, with an investigation of the effects of planting density, fertilization, and neighboring weed species identity on wheat growth, is aimed to provide scientific guidance for wheat cultivation. Method With wheat (Triticum aestivum) and two dominant weed species [wild oat (Avena fatua) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli)] selected as target species, a competition experiment was conducted between pairs of wheat and weeds, by setting four planting densities (4, 8, 12 and 16 plants·pot−1), four wheat-weed planting ratios (25%∶75%, 50%∶50%, 75%∶25% and 100%∶0), as well as with or without nitrogen addition. After growing for about six months, the total biomass, plant height, leaf and root functional traits of wheat were measured. Result (1) In monoculture or mixtures with weed species, individual wheat’s biomass decreased with the increase of planting density and the proportion of wheat (P＜0.05) (i.e., the occurrence of negative density dependence). (2) For individual wheat plants grown in monoculture, fertilization significantly increased their biomass and leaf area (P＜0.05) while for those grown in mixture with wild oats or barnyard grass, fertilization had the trend to increase the biomass, root length and root surface area, which did not depend on weed species identity. (3) The interaction effects of planting density, proportion, and fertilization significantly affected wheat root length and area, but demonstrated no effects on other traits. Conclusion Fertilization enhanced wheat’s aboveground traits in monoculture and belowground traits in mixed cropping, with consistent negative density dependence in both systems. This indicates that agricultural management outcomes are influenced by weed interactions. [Ch, 4 fig. 1 tab. 38 ref.]
2024, 41(6): 1261-1273.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240256
Abstract:
Objective The impact of different drying methods on the quality of dried Prunus mume flowers is to be studied and evaluated, so as to provide reference for maintaining the quality of dried P. mume flowers in drying process. Method 4 different drying methods (hot air drying, microwave drying, compound drying and vacuum freeze-drying) were used to treat 8 P. mume flower cultivars (‘Dongfang Zhusha’ ‘Guhong Zhusha’ ‘Xiaohong Gongfen’ ‘Fenpi Gongfen’ ‘Fentai Yudie’ ‘Yueguang Yudie’ ‘Jiuguang Lve’ and ‘Suyu Lv’). Color difference, antioxidant capacity, and total flavonoid content were used as evaluation indicators to compare the impact of different drying methods on the quality of P. mume flowers. The entropy weight-coefficient of variation method was used for combined weighting to calculate the comprehensive score. The evaluation model was verified by the weighted proximation ideal solution sorting method and the optimal drying method was obtained. Result The color difference and shrinkage rate treated with vacuum freeze-drying were the smallest, less than 33.09 and 28.7%, respectively, and the total flavonoids, anthocyanins, and total chlorogenic acid mass fractions of the samples were the highest. The soluble protein mass fraction and antioxidant capacity of the materials treated with vacuum freezing and composite drying methods were the highest. The retention rate of volatile substances was the highest after composite drying, exceeding 50%. The comprehensive scores ranking from high to low was vacuum freeze-drying group, composite drying group, hot air drying group, and microwave drying group. Conclusion The mass fraction of active ingredients is the highest after vacuum freeze-drying, followed by composite drying. The quality of P. mume flowers is the best after vacuum freeze-drying and composite drying, which can be used for high-quality processing and mass production. [Ch, 8 fig. 6 tab. 29 ref.]
2024, 41(6): 1274-1282.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240243
Abstract:
Objective This study used whey protein (WPI) and alginate dialdehyde (ADA) to prepare WPI-ADA copolymer microcapsules, and the interactions between WPI and ADA and their effects on the controlled release of curcumin in the microcapsules were investigated to provide a theoretical basis for the development of the encapsulation system of curcumin. Method WPI-ADA copolymers were prepared using a wet-heat method, and the interaction between WPI and ADA was explored through analysis of grafting degree, browning intensity, and infrared spectroscopy. The effects of different proportions of copolymers on the emulsion were studied in terms of particle size, zeta potential, and rheological properties. The influence of copolymers on microcapsules was investigated using X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and the release characteristics of curcumin. Result The results indicated that the optimum mass ratio of WPI and ADA for preparing microcapsules was 1∶3. Grafting degree, browning intensity and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses confirmed the formation of conjugates. Driven by covalent binding, the particle size of WPI-ADA emulsion decreased from 415.4 nm to 325.9 nm, and the microcapsule encapsulation efficiency increased from 83.9% to 95.4%. Additionally, WPI-ADA copolymer microcapsules exhibited good thermal stability. In vitro simulated digestion experiments demonstrated that WPI-ADA copolymer microcapsules exhibited certain controlled release capabilities, extending the time for maximum curcumin release from 12 hours to 24 hours in simulated gastric fluid and intestinal fluid. Conclusion Under covalent interaction, WPI-ADA copolymers can improve the physicochemical properties and curcumin release properties of microcapsules, and can be used to modify the microcapsule system and the delivery of hydrophobic active substances. [Ch, 8 fig. 1 tab. 27 ref.]
2024, 41(6): 1283-1292.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240169
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to discuss the ecological risks caused by landscape fragmentation and habitat quality decline in green space in the water network area of southern Jiangsu Province under the background of rapid urbanization. Method Taking Kunshan City as an example, the land use data from 2000, 2010 and 2020 were selected, and the landscape pattern index was used to construct a landscape ecological risk assessment model. The spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of landscape ecological risks in green space of Kunshan City from 2000 to 2020 were analyzed, and green space control zones were defined based on the characteristics of landscape ecological risk level transfer and change. Result (1) From 2000 to 2020, the total area of green space in Kunshan City showed a continuous reduction trend, with a significant decrease in cultivated land, a total reduction of 20 203.11 hm2, accounting for 21.70%. The water area first slightly increased and then continued to decrease, with an overall decrease of 3813.66 hm2. The proportion of forest land and grassland was relatively small and stable. The area transfer matrix between land types of green space mainly showed a shift from arable land to construction land, reflecting the increasing interference degree of green space by artificial construction. (2) There were certain changes in the distribution of landscape ecological risks, mainly manifested as a shift from low risk level to higher risk level. The proportion of the highest and high risk areas increased by 8.10% and 6.61%, respectively, while the area of low and the lowest risk areas decreased by 8.25% and 9.73%, respectively. (3) Based on the characteristics of landscape ecological risk level transfer and change, the study area was divided into three types of control zones: key restoration zone, coordinated buffer zone and optimal utilization zone. Conclusion The landscape ecological risk of green space in Kunshan City shows an upward trend. There is a correlation between the transformation of green space land use type and landscape ecological risk, reflecting the increasing ecological pressure of green space under human construction activities. Green space zoning regulation strategies based on the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of risks are proposed in this study. [Ch, 4 fig. 5 tab. 28 ref.]
2024, 41(6): 1293-1302.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230610
Abstract:
Objective Vegetation is a principal component of terrestrial ecosystems. This study intends to investigate the spatiotemporal variation in regional vegetation coverage, and quantify the relative contributions of climate change and human activities, which can provide scientific support for future ecological environment construction and sustainable development of the region. Method Based on the MODIS-normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) dataset and meteorological data of Yan’an City from 2001 to 2020, Mann-Kendall trend analysis, partial correlation analysis and residual analysis were employed to investigate the response of NDVI to climate change and human activities. Result (1) From 2001 to 2020, the annual mean NDVI value in Yan’an City was 0.69, indicating a significant upward trend, with a spatial distribution pattern of high in the south and low in the north. (2) The impact of temperature and precipitation on NDVI varied significantly at different temporal scales. At the annual scale, NDVI was influenced more by precipitation than temperature. At the seasonal scale, NDVI in spring was influenced by both temperature and precipitation, while precipitation in summer had a greater impact on NDVI. In autumn and winter, the correlation between NDVI and temperature and precipitation was not significant in most regions. (3) The overall NDVI exhibited a trend of improvement, with 83.27% of the area showing significant improvement. (4) The impact of climate change and human activities on vegetation had a dual effect, with 91.26% of the area affected by both factors. The relative contributions of the two to vegetation change were 17.81% and 82.19%, respectively. Conclusion The overall vegetation in Yan’an City demonstrates a positive trend, and compared to climatic factors, human activities have a stronger driving effect on NDVI changes. [Ch, 7 fig. 3 tab. 28 ref.]
2024, 41(6): 1303-1312.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240297
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to explore the impact of various industrial organization models on the value realization of non-timber forest products and their mechanism of action, and to clarify effective pathways for the value realization of material-based ecological products. Method Based on the survey data of 811 farming households from 7 counties (cities) in Zhejiang Province in 2022, this study empirically analyzed the impact of different industrial organization models on the value realization of non-timber forest products, as well as the role of regional public brands in this process. Result Both horizontal cooperation (cooperative + farmer) and vertical collaboration (company + farmer) models had significant positive effects on the value realization of non-timber forest products. Mechanism verification showed that regional public brands played a mediating role in the value realization process of non-timber forest products by industrial organizations. Heterogeneity tests revealed that the premium effect of non-timber forest products sold by farmers with small operation scale and through the Internet was more significant. Conclusion Industrial organizations can facilitate the value realization of non-timber forest products by promoting farmers’ participation in regional public brands. Therefore, it is suggested that while improving the organization degree of farmers, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of regional public brand and optimize sales channels. [Ch, 6 tab. 35 ref.]
2024, 41(6): 1313-1322.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240187
Abstract:
Light is a crucial environmental factor affecting plant growth and development. It is of great scientific significance and application value to enhance plant yield and quality in agricultural production by improving its photosynthetic efficiency. In dense plant communities, lower plants receive less light energy due to the coverage of upper vegetation, so lower plants need to compete for more light energy to maintain growth. Plants have two strategies to obtain more light energy: shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) and shade tolerance response (STR). Research on SAS is relatively thorough, but there is a lack of in-depth research on STR. This paper provides an overview of how sunny plants adapt to lower light level by extending hypocotyl, petioles, stems and other physiological morphological changes in shaded environments. At the same time, shade tolerant plants respond to limited light conditions by exhibiting shade resistance characteristics such as promoting carbon acquisition, low phenotypic plasticity ability and improving stress resistance. Combined with the mechanism of shade avoidance response of sunny plants in response to low light environment through the interaction between hormones and light signaling pathways, the shade tolerance response mechanism of shade tolerant plants in shaded environments is studied, which involves both activating antagonistic factors to inhibit shade avoidance syndrome and improving the transcription activity of shade tolerance response genes to enhance low light adaptability. This review provides reference for research on the mechanism of different plants responding to low light environments, and proposes effective ways to improve the efficiency of plant light energy utilization, cultivate crop varieties with high light efficiency, and construct efficient forest ecosystems. [Ch, 3 fig. 61 ref.]
Light is a crucial environmental factor affecting plant growth and development. It is of great scientific significance and application value to enhance plant yield and quality in agricultural production by improving its photosynthetic efficiency. In dense plant communities, lower plants receive less light energy due to the coverage of upper vegetation, so lower plants need to compete for more light energy to maintain growth. Plants have two strategies to obtain more light energy: shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) and shade tolerance response (STR). Research on SAS is relatively thorough, but there is a lack of in-depth research on STR. This paper provides an overview of how sunny plants adapt to lower light level by extending hypocotyl, petioles, stems and other physiological morphological changes in shaded environments. At the same time, shade tolerant plants respond to limited light conditions by exhibiting shade resistance characteristics such as promoting carbon acquisition, low phenotypic plasticity ability and improving stress resistance. Combined with the mechanism of shade avoidance response of sunny plants in response to low light environment through the interaction between hormones and light signaling pathways, the shade tolerance response mechanism of shade tolerant plants in shaded environments is studied, which involves both activating antagonistic factors to inhibit shade avoidance syndrome and improving the transcription activity of shade tolerance response genes to enhance low light adaptability. This review provides reference for research on the mechanism of different plants responding to low light environments, and proposes effective ways to improve the efficiency of plant light energy utilization, cultivate crop varieties with high light efficiency, and construct efficient forest ecosystems. [Ch, 3 fig. 61 ref.]
Bimonthly, Start in 1984
Supervisor：Department of Education of Zhejiang Province
Sponsor：Zhejiang A&F University
Editor-in-Chief：SHEN Xi
Editor：Editorial Department of Journal of Zhejiang A&F University
Tel：0571-63732749
E-mail：zlxb@zafu.edu.cn
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