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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250264
Abstract:
Objective The effects of diverse terroir factors in Ningxia Helan Mountain’s east foothill production area on grape (Vitis vinifera) berry amino acid accumulation and wine aroma formation are investigated, with the goal of providing theoretical support for optimizing local grape planting terroir and upgrading wine quality. Method The fruit amino acid composition and content were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in 4 plots (Yuquan, Yuma, Xige, Zhihui) of ‘Chardonnay’ grape berries and wines made during the harvest period in Yongning, Qingtongxia, and Yinchuan, three sub-appellations in Ningxia Helan Mountain’s east foothill, with Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was used to analyze the volatile components in the wines. Result The results showed that the total amino acid content of grape berries from plot Zhihui was the highest at 6 876.62 mg·L−1, Yuquan was the lowest at 3 873.65 mg·L−1, and the difference between Yuma and Xige was not significant, but there was a significant difference with the other 2 plots (P＜0.05). The contents of alanine, arginine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine in the grape berries of the 4 plots, phenylalanine and tyrosine, and glycine and proline. The aroma composition of the wines from the 4 plots mainly consisted of 4 types of substances, accounting for a total of 95.1%, of which higher alcohols accounted for 49.3%, fatty acid ethyl esters accounted for 22.2%, other esters accounted for 12.6%, and fatty acids accounted for 11.0%. By using Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA), 4 plots could be better distinguished, among which the differences between Yuma and Xige groups were small and could be categorized as one group; the aroma substances that could significantly distinguish the plots were identified as eight by the VIP score plot, among which isoamyl alcohol, ethyl tridecanoate, ethyl ethyl 9-decenoate, ethyl caprylate, isobutyl alcohol were the main characteristic substances of Yuma and Xige wines; phenylethanol, diethyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate were the main characteristic substances of Yuquan wine. Conclusion The accumulation of amino acids in ‘Chardonnay’ grape berries and the aroma characteristics of wines from various sub-appellations in Ningxia Helan Mountain’s east foothill were affected by the differences in terroir conditions, among which, alanine was most affected by the ecological conditions and made a prominent contribution to the higher alcohols of the wine’s aroma substances. [Ch, 5 fig. 5 tab. 33 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250354
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Objective This study investigates the responses of microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus (MBC, MBN, MBP), hydrolytic enzyme activities and their stoichiometric characteristics in soil aggregates of Chinese fir plantations to long-term nitrogen (N) addition, thereby providing a basis for assessing the impacts of nitrogen deposition on micro-scale processes in subtropical forest soils. Method Based on a long-term N addition experiment established in 2004 (with four N addition gradients: 0, 60, 120, and 240 kg N·hm−2·a−1), soil aggregates (0–10 cm depth) were collected in 2024. These aggregates were separated into three size fractions: coarse macroaggregates (＞2.00 mm), fine macroaggregates (0.25–2.00 mm), and micro-aggregates (＜0.25 mm). Analyses were conducted on the contents of MBC, MBN, MBP, hydrolytic enzyme activities, and their stoichiometric within these aggregates. Result Compared to microaggregates, fine and coarse macroaggregates exhibited 23.61% and 32.65% lower MBN content, but 16.74% and 27.27% higher MBP content, respectively. Their MBC/MBN ratios ewere 13.87% and 22.84% higer, respectively. Under the N1 treatment, the MBC/MBP and MBN/MBP ratios in microaggregates were 97.57% and 85.51% higher than those under N0. Furthermore, the MBC/MBP ratios in fine and coarse macroaggregates were 53.72% and 64.43% lower than those in microaggregates, while their MBN/MBP ratios were 60.25% and 72.89% lower, respectively. Long-term N addition decreased acid phosphatase (AP) activity in microaggregates by 44.14%–56.67%. Under the N0 treatment, fine and coarse macroaggregates showed 54.84% and 53.92% lower AP activity compared to microaggregates. No significant changes were observed in other enzyme activities. The aggregate enzyme C/P and N/P ratios were lower than global averages and unaffected by N addition. A negative correlation was found between the MBC/MBN ratio and AP activity. Conclusion Under long-term N addition, microaggregates demonstrated the strongest response. N input drives a shift in microbial nutrient allocation strategies by restructuring aggregate composition, manifesting as enhanced phosphorus (P) capture coupled with reduced N storage in macroaggregates, while microaggregates maintaine a strategy of high P retention. Concurrently, microorganisms respond to P limitation in this subtropical Chinese fir forest ecosystems by reducing microbial biomass accumulation and regulating phosphatase synthesis. [Ch, 5 fig. 42 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250216
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Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of serine (Ser) and alanine (Ala) on strain degeneration and rejuvenation in Pleurotus pulmonarius, providing theoretical insights for mitigating the industrial bottleneck of strain stability and degeneration. Method Using the P. pulmonarius strain JX-2, a degeneration model was established through ten successive subcultures on potato dextrose agar(PDA) medium. Comparative cultivation experiments were performed with Ser- or Ala-supplemented media. Mycelial growth rate, biomass, and biochemical parameters (crude polysaccharides, total protein content) were systematically quantified. Changes in superoxide anion production rate, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, and antioxidant enzyme activities were analyzed. The rejuvenation efficacy of hyphal tip purification was evaluated across different media (PDA, Ser-PDA, Ala-PDA). Result Continuous subculturing induced strain degeneration. The 10th-generation strain exhibited a 15.45% reduction in growth rate and 28.67% biomass decrease compared to initial generations. Ser or Ala supplementation effectively delayed degeneration and maintained mycelial vitality. Hyphal tip purification significantly reversed degenerative traits. In PDA medium, this method increased biomass by 17.17%, elevated crude polysaccharides and total protein content by 30.66% and 30.50%, respectively, and enhanced antioxidant capacity [peroxidase (POD) activity +84.20%; superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity +20.07%]. Ser-PDA medium demonstrated superior rejuvenation effects, achieving 57.77% biomass increase and 63.70% SOD activity enhancement. Ala-PDA medium specifically boosted total protein content by 32.01%. Conclusion Subculturing frequency critically drives P. pulmonarius strain degeneration. Media supplementation with 2 g·L−1 Ser or Ala substantially mitigates this process. Hyphal tip purification synergized with amino acid-enriched media achieves targeted rejuvenation efficiency: Ser-PDA preferentially enhances antioxidant defenses, while Ala-PDA specifically promotes protein biosynthesis. [Ch, 5 fig. 33 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250448
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Objective The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the composition of high molecular weight gluten subunits (HMW-GS) in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and wheat quality traits. Method Using 106 high-generation wheat lines as materials, the potential quality of each line was predicted by identifying the HMW-GS subunit type. Using SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and molecular marker techniques, HMW-GS identification and quality assessment were performed by near-infrared grain analyzer, flour texture analyzer, and gluten tester. Result A total of 8 types of HMW-GS subunits and 7 HMW-GS subunit combinations were identified in 106 wheat lines. There were 3 subunits at the Glu-A1 locus, namely x1 (24.53%), x-null (57.55%), and x2* (17.92%). At the Glu-B1 locus, there were 2 types: x7+y8 (64.15%) and x7+y9 (34.91%). At the Glu-D1 locus, there were 3 types: x2+y12 (43.4%), x5+y10 (42.45%), and x5+y12 (15.09%). There were 7 types of subunit combinations, with quality scores ranging from 5 to 10 points. Among them, the 2*/7+9/5+10 and 1/7+8/5+10 combinations had the highest scores of 10 points each. The specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) molecular markers were used to identify the Ax1, Ax-null, Dx2, Dx5, Dy10, Dy12, Bx7, and By8 subunits within the HMW-GS subunits. The results were compared with those obtained by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, and the agreement rates were 100%, 100%, 91.83%, 96.69%, 97.78%, 100%, 100%, and 76.92%, respectively. Correlation analysis between HMW-GS subunit positions and quality traits revealed that the 2*, 7+9, and 5+10 subunits exhibited higher protein content, flour sedimentation value, and water absorption capacity compared to other subunits (P＜0.05). The 1, 7+8, and 5+10 subunits had significantly higher flour sedimentation value, dough formation time, and dough stability time than other subunits (P＜0.05). Among them, the 7+9 subunit exceeded the 7+8 subunit in protein content, dry gluten content, wet gluten content, and flour sedimentation value (P＜0.05). Correlation analysis and principal component analysis of HMW-GS subunit combinations and quality traits revealed that the 1/7+8/5+10 and 2*/7+9/5+10 combinations exhibited superior comprehensive quality characteristics and contributed significantly to quality traits, while Null/7+8/2+12 and the Null/7+9/2+12 combinations performed poorly. Meanwhile, heat map analysis and cluster analysis of high-generation lines found that there were extremely significant differences among various quality traits (P＜0.01), which could be clustered into 5 distinct groups. Conclusion The impact of subunits at each position on the quality traits varies, with significant effects on sedimentation value, dough formation time, dough stability time, and wet gluten mass fraction. [Ch, 6 fig. 5 tab. 39 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250612
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Objective This study aims to investigate the effects of biochar application on the carbon sequestration capacity of Populus (poplar) plantation ecosystems and the main underlying regulatory mechanisms, in order to provide theoretical and technical support for forest management practice of balancing timber production and carbon sequestration capacity in artificial forests in China. Method From 2023 to 2025, a one-year old poplar artificial forest was selected as the research object in Malanghu Forest Farm, Sihong County, Jiangsu Province. Three treatments were set up: a control without biochar application (ck), low biochar application rate (B1, 30 t·hm−2), and high biochar application rate (B2, 60 t·hm−2). The short-term effects of different biochar application rates on the carbon sequestration capacity of each carbon layer in the poplar plantation were explored. Result (1) Compared with ck, B1 and B2 treatments significantly promoted the growth of the diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height of poplar trees for two consecutive years, among which B2 treatment had the most significant promoting effect (P＜0.05). (2) One year after biochar application, both B1 and B2 treatments significantly promoted the net increment of carbon storage in the arbor layer, herb layer, litter layer, and soil layer compared with ck (P＜0.05). However, in the second year, there was no significant difference in the net increment of carbon storage in each layer compared with ck, indicating that a single application of biochar was not sufficient to maintain the long-term growth of poplar trees. Instead, biochar exerted a continuous effect through more stable improvement of soil properties. (3) One year after biochar application, all treatments significantly increased the soil carbon storage in the 0−40 cm soil layer (P＜0.05), but had no significant effect on the 40−100 cm soil layer, indicating that the increase in soil carbon storage mainly originated from the one-time application of biochar in the 0−40 cm soil layer. (4) Correlation analysis showed that the carbon storage in each carbon layer was significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with soil total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), ammonium nitrogen (\begin{document}${\mathrm{NH}}_4^+ $\end{document} \begin{document}${\mathrm{NO}}_3^- $\end{document} Conclusion Biochar application can significantly promote the carbon sequestration capacity of the arbor layer, herb layer, litter layer, and soil layer in young poplar plantations, and is conducive to sustained and stable promotion of the rapid growth of DBH and tree height of poplar trees, thereby improving comprehensive carbon sequestration and sink increment capacity of young poplar plantations. Among them, a high biochar application dose of 60 t·hm−2 (B2) can achieve short-term rapid and stable carbon sequestration, exhibiting a better promoting effect. [Ch, 5 fig. 1 tab. 36 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250322
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Objective It is of great significance to explore the rational layout of ecological-living-production space in karst scenic byway to promote the high-quality development of scenic byway in ecologically fragile areas and optimize the national space. Method This study focused on the karst mountainous area of the Huajiang section of the Beipan river, and constructed a spatial suitability evaluation framework for the karst scenic byway that encompassed ecological, living, and production spaces. After identifying and categorizing the spatial elements of the karst scenic byway, the criteria for spatial suitability evaluation were established. Using GIS spatial overlay analysis technology, the study evaluated the spatial development and construction suitability of the karst scenic byway and proposed targeted landscape planning strategies accordingly. Result (1) The most suitable and highly suitable areas for the development of the karst scenic byway account for a small proportion, while the moderately suitable, low suitable and unsuitable areas account for a large proportion. (2) It is suggested that the development of unsuitable and low suitable areas should be strictly restricted, and ecological conservation corridors should be established, and priority should be given to the restoration of ecologically fragile areas. (3) It is planned to build karst ecological display corridor in the area with high ecological function, recreational and sightseeing corridor in the area with living-function suitability, and develop karst ecological agriculture in the area with production potential. (4) The theme segmentation design divided the Huajiang karst scenic byway into 5 sections: pastoral cottages, peak cluster and fields, mountain and valley, mountain range, and rural river valleys. On this basis, the route of road culture event was planned reasonably, and 14 station nodes are set up in suitable areas. Conclusion This study reveals the suitability of spatial development and construction along the Huajiang karst scenic byway, along with its spatial distribution characteristics. It also proposes landscape planning strategies aimed at promoting the coordinated development of ecological protection, recreational activities, and agricultural production. The planning method for karst scenic byway, based on the suitability evaluation of production-living-ecological spaces, can effectively guide the rational layout and protective development of functional spaces in ecologically fragile areas. [Ch, 6 fig. 4 tab. 25 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20260156
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Objective In situ hybridization(ISH)technology is widely used for studying the spatiotemporal expression patterns and functions in different tissues. This study utilizes materials from different cultivars, tissues, and developmental stages of Osmanthus fragrans to establish an efficient and stable in situ hybridization system for this flower species, providing a technical method for the spatiotemporal expression localization of functional genes in O. fragrans. Method Using the auxin response factor OfIAA14 as the detection gene, based on the conventional ISH process, key parameters such as sample vacuumization time, protease K digestion time, whether to perform pre-hybridization, and hybridization temperature and time were systematically optimized and compared. Meanwhile, the functional verification of related genes was conducted across different varieties, tissues, and developmental stages. Result The results showed that the optimal hybridization signal could be obtained under the conditions of vacuumization for 30 min at 0.08 MPa (2 times), proteinase K digestion for 20−25 min, no pre-hybridization, hybridization temperature at 50 ℃, and hybridization time of 20 h. Furthermore, genes such as OfPIF4, OfPIF5, OfUFO , OfYAB2 and OfAUX5 were selected to verifty the applicability of the optimized system in different O. fragrans cultivars, tissues and developmental stages. Good tissue structure preservation and clear and stable signal expression were obtained, indicating that the method has good reliability and certain universality. Conclusion This study established an optimized ISH technology system suitable for O. fragrans tissues, providing reliable technical support for in-depth analysis of the spatiotemporal expression characteristics and molecular regulation mechanisms of genes related to flower development in O. fragrans. [Ch, 9 fig. 1 tab. 25 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250540
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Objective The objective is to identify tissue-specific modules related to gland development in Vernicia fordii and to screen core regulatory genes, so as to lay a foundation for further in-depth analysis of gland ontogenesis and provide theoretical support for the study of the developmental mechanisms of plant secretory tissues such as secretory cavities and glandular trichomes. Method Based on transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) data of 12 tissue parts and developmental stage combination samples of V. fordii, combined with weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), the tissue-specific modules related to glands were identified. Core genes were screened through functional enrichment analysis of hub genes within the module, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction, and gene interaction network clustering analysis. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) was subsequently applied to verify the expression patterns of candidate genes in different parts of the tree. Result WGCNA clustered the 12 943 filtered genes into 27 co-expression modules, and identified the greenyellow module that was highly related to the gland development. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed that hub genes within this module were mainly involved in biological processes such as growth, anatomical structure development, cell differentiation, protein metabolism, light signal perception response, and biotic stress response, and were enriched in related pathways such as transporters, the ubiquitin system, signal transduction, and environmental information processing. Based on the interaction network of genes within the module and gene functional annotations, several genes such as LSH4, RAD4, HDG5, GHI, LOB, and SWEET10 were identified as potential key regulators in gland development. RT-qPCR verification results showed that the expression of each candidate gene in different parts of V. fordii exhibited significant tissue specificity, and its expression trend was highly consistent with the RNA-Seq data. Conclusion One tissue-specific module related to gland is identified, and core genes (RAD4, GHI, SWEET10), which are closely related to gland formation and development, are screened. [Ch, 8 fig. 3 tab. 44 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250505
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Objective The objective is to analyze the nutrient stoichiometric patterns among organs of the widespread species Setaria viridis and the driving factors, so as to reveal its resource acquisition strategies and growth adaptability on a large regional scale. Method 10 sampling sites were selected along a precipitation gradient from the humid southeast region to the arid northwest region of China, with the widespread species S. viridis as the target plant. The carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) stoichiometric indices in its roots, stems and leaves were measured. Using one-way ANOVA and principal component analysis, the variation patterns of stoichiometry along the precipitation gradient were investigated. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and hierarchical partitioning were further employed to identify the key environmental factors driving stoichiometric variation. Result (1) The coefficient of variation of total carbon mass fraction in all organs of S. viridis was the lowest (9.13% for roots and 11.70% for leaves), while the variations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were relatively large, reflecting the sensitive response of limiting elements to environmental changes. (2) Geographical factors such as latitude and elevation had no significant direct effect on the stoichiometric traits. Their influence was achieved indirectly by regulating climatic and soil conditions. (3) The differences in environmental driving factors among organs lied in that the variation in root stoichiometry was primarily explained by soil factors while stem stoichiometry was predominantly driven by climatic factors. Consequently, leaf stoichiometric characteristics were positively and significantly correlated with mean annual precipitation, photosynthetically active radiation, and soil total phosphorus. Conclusion The stoichiometric traits of S. viridis organs exhibit significant differences across different sampling sites, primarily driven by environmental factors (climate and soil). The chemical diversity of plants is determined jointly by the basic resource utilization strategies (the first principal component) selected by large-scale climatic conditions and the specific adaptive characteristics (the second principal component) refined by local soil heterogeneity (especially phosphorus), through hierarchical regulation. These findings highlight the importance of understanding plant adaptive differentiation at the organ scale, providing a novel perspective for more accurate prediction of plant response and adaptation trajectories under future climate change. [Ch, 7 fig. 2 tab. 26 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250305
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Objective This study aims to explore soil microbial diversity in artificial ecological pubic welfare forests of Pinus massoniana and Eucalyptus urophylla by comparing them with zonal natural public welfare forests. Method Soil bacterial and fungal communities were investigated in the two artificial public welfare forests, two natural pubic welfare forests (karst, and non-karst natural forests) in Yachang Orchid Natural Reserve, Guangxi. The influence mechanism of plant communities and soil factors on the composition and diversity of soil microbial communities across different forest types were analyzed. Result The contents of total carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available potassium, and available calcium in the soil of artificial forests were significantly lower than those in zonal natural forests (P＜0.05), while there was no significant difference in available magnesium. The available phosphorus in artificial forests was significantly lower than that in non-karst natural forests and higher than that in karst forests (P＜0.05). The Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, and evenness indices of bacteria in P. massoniana forests were significantly higher than those in karst forests (P＜0.05), but there was no significant difference in non-karst natural forests. There was no significant difference in species richness index between P. massoniana forests and zonal natural forests. The species richness, Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, and evenness indices of bacteria in E. urophylla forests were not significantly different from those in zonal natural forests. The species richness index of fungi in artificial forests was significantly lower than that in zonal natural forests (P＜0.05), while no significant differences were found in the Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, and evenness indices. There were significant differences in the composition of bacterial and fungal communities among different forest types (P＜0.001), and the main influencing factors were plant community composition (explaining 33.4% and 21.2% of the variation, respectively) and soil total nitrogen content (explaining 24.8% and 7.8% of the variation, respectively). The difference in bacterial community composition was also influenced by soil pH (explaining 20.9% of the variation), while the fungal community composition was influenced by soil temperature (explaining 7.2% of the variation). This resulted in a significant decline in the relative abundance of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (such as Xanthobacteraceae) and copiotrophic and alkaliphilic bacteria (such as Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes) in artificial forests, while the relative abundance of oligotrophic and acidophilic bacteria (such as Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi) increased. There was a significant increase in pine-associated symbiotic fungi (such as Mortierellaceae and Sebacinaceae) in P. massoniana forests, and eucalyptus-associated symbiotic fungi (such as Gloniaceae) in E. urophylla forests. In contrast, the symbiotic fungi (such as Russulaceae) of oak trees (the dominant species in natural forests) and copiotrophic, cold-adapted fungi (such as Hymenogastraceae) decreased in both artificial forests. There was no significant difference in bacterial functional groups among different forest types, while there were significant differences in fungal functional groups. Conclusion The artificial public welfare forests of P. massoniana and E. urophylla still face the problems of a monotonous plant community and declining soil nutrients, resulting in a significant reduction in fungal diversity and significant changes in functional groups, but bacterial diversity and functional groups have not been significantly affected. [Ch, 2 fig. 4 tab. 41 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250437
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Objective The aim is to deeply explore the spatiotemporal distribution patterns and driving mechanism of land desertification in Beijing, which is essential for formulating effective policies for preventing and controlling desertification and promoting ecological sustainability. Method Based on 7 phases of Landsat images from 1990 to 2020, a feature space was constructed using surface albedo (Albedo) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Combined with desertification difference index and geographic detector model, the spatial distribution characteristics and key driving factors of land desertification in Beijing were revealed. Result From 1990 to 2020, the desertified land in Beijing was primarily distributed in plains and riparian areas, and decreased significantly by approximately 33000 hm2. Among different land use types, the degree of desertification in forest land was severe. The geographic detector analysis showed that land desertification was driven by both natural and anthropogenic factors, with population density being a key driving factor. Conclusion Land desertification situation in Beijing has significantly improved in 1990−2020, but there are still some desertified areas that require further restoration. Future management strategies should include rational regulation of population density, the focus on vegetation construction along rivers, and protection of cultivated land. Various measures such as soil and water conservation and afforestation should be taken comprehensively to further curb the expansion of land desertification. [Ch, 4 fig. 7 tab. 35 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250364
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Objective Cereal cyst nematode (CCN) is a widespread and severe soil-borne disease in wheat, seriously threat to the food security in China. The application of phosphate fertilizer can effectively reduce the number of cysts in wheat field. Aim to reveal the role of root exudates in the regulation of CCN occurrence by phosphate fertilizer. Method A wheat pot experiment was conducted with applying different phosphorus levels (P1: 0 kg·hm−2 P2O5; P2: 72 kg·hm−2 P2O5; P3: 144 kg·hm−2 P2O5; P4: 216 kg·hm−2 P2O5). By analyzing the occurrence of CCN, as well as the composition differences of wheat root exudates which were determined by LC-MS metabolomics under different treatments. Result Under P3 treatment, the phosphorus concentration in shoot was significantly improved, and the number of cysts was the lowest, which was 55% lower than that of P1. As increased phosphorus supplying, the number of cysts under P4 treatment was significantly higher than that of P3, suggesting that excessive application of phosphorus might aggravate CCN diseases. The PCA analysis indicated that the composition of root exudates under P3 treatment was significantly different from that of P1. Compared with P1 treatment, there were 682 dissimilar root exudates under P3 treatment, among which 434 were significantly enriched and 248 were significantly reduced. These significant different root exudates are involved in glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and the biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. Correlation analysis with cysts revealed that there were 16 significantly negatively correlated root exudates under P3 treatment, including organic oxides, organic acids, organic heterocyclic compounds, lipids, benzene ring compounds, and polyketides, and it has been reported that some of these substances have inhibitory effects on plant diseases. Conclusion Resistance of CCN can be enhanced by optimizing phosphate fertilizer application, which stimulates the root secretion of disease-suppressive compounds. These findings initially reveal the regulatory mechanism of phosphate fertilizer in inhibiting the occurrence of CCN, providing a theoretical basis for the green control technology system of plant parasitic nematodes through reduction of fertilizers and pesticides. [Ch, 6 fig. 2 tab. 43 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250400
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Objective Urea-formaldehyde resin (UF) is widely used in decorative materials such as plywood and decorative paper due to its excellent performance and cost advantages. However, because of the high brittleness and fire safety properties of UF in applications, it is imperative to conduct toughening and flame-retardant modification on such resin to broaden its application scope. Method Amino-grafted polyborosiloxane (N-PBS) was used as a monomer to prepare a N-PBS-modified flame-retardant and toughened UF resin (PUF) via in-situ polymerization. An impregnation adhesive system integrating adhesion, toughness, and flame retardancy was constructed to improve the mechanical properties and flame retardancy of UF. Result Owing to the modification of the UF main chain by the flexible N-PBS segments, PUF-coated decorative panels with 10%N-PBS (10%PUF) exhibited superior mechanical and flame retardant properties compared to pure UF-coated panels. (1) After 30 seconds of flame combustion, the backside temperature of the decorative panel decreased by 78.2 ℃, the burn-through time was delayed by 60 seconds, and the flame self-extinguished upon removal from the fire. (2) The dry bonding strength increased by 27%, and the wet bonding strength met the standards for Type Ⅱ plywood as specified in GB/T 9846 −2015. (3) The toughness was improved, as evidenced by a reduction of 0.9 mm in curling radius in a relevant test. Conclusion By introducing N-PBS into the UF structure via in-situ polymerization, the chemical cross-linking is achieved, which significantly enhances the flame retardancy, bonding properties and toughness of UF, thereby providing technical support for enhancing the high value-added applications and expanding the application scope of UF. [Ch, 10 fig. 36 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250440
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Objective This study aims to explore the reasons for dormancy of Clematis dilatata seeds and find effective methods to break dormancy, providing a basis for the protection, development and utilization of this plant. Methods Using seeds of C. dilatata as experimental material, the morphological traits, seed coat permeability, and endogenous inhibitors (using seeds of Brassica rapa var. glabra as the receptor) were observed. Furthermore, treatments with different gibberellin (GA3) concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg·L−1) were applied, varying durations of cold stratification (0~98 d), and treatments of different temperature (constant and alternating) and photoperiod (alternating light/dark and complete darkness) were combined to screen for the most effective dormancy-breaking method. Result At maturity, seeds of C. dilatata had differentiated but underdeveloped embryos. The seed coat showed good water permeability, posing no barrier to water uptake by the embryo. Aqueous extracts from the seed coat and endosperm had no significant effect on the germination of B. rapa var. glabra seeds. Compared to the constant temperature (25 ℃) or complete darkness, alternatingtemperature (25 ℃ 16 h/15 ℃ 8 h) and a light/dark cycle (light 16 h/dark 8 h) were more conducive to seed germination. Cold stratification significantly reduced the mean time to radicle emergence (21~45 d) compared to the control (75 d). When stratification duration increased, germination rate firstly increased and then decreased, while germination potential firstly increased and then stabilized, and the mean time to radicle emergence decreased progressively until stabilizing. After 70 d of cold stratification, germination rate peaked at (64.33±5.51)%, with a germination potential of (7.33±1.15)% and a mean radicle emergence time of 25 d. Treatment with 50 mg·L−1 GA3 resulted in a high germination rate of (68.33±3.51)%, a germination potential of (8.00±1.00)%, and a mean radicle emergence time of 23 d. However, higher GA3 concentration reduced both germination rate and potential, and prolonged the mean time to radicle emergence. Conclusion Seeds of C. dilatata belong to non-deep simple morphophysiological dormancy. Under alternating temperature and light/dark conditions, treatment with 50 mg·L−1 GA3 or cold stratification for 70 d can effectively seed dormancy. [Ch. 2 fig. 4 tab. 31 ref.]
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doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250349
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Objective This study aims to develop a cultivable foam made from renewable raw materials for use in soilless cultivation, thereby reducing reliance on conventional molding substrates such as rock wool and polyurethane. Method The soilless culture matrix foam material was prepared by mechanical foaming of wood residue fibers and chitosan gel. The effects of freeze-thaw treatment and Triton X-100 on the macroscopic morphological characteristics and foam volume were investigated. The structure of foam was characterized by microscopic morphology and infrared spectrum, and the effects of of citric acid as a cross-linking agent on the fundamental properties and cultivation performance of foam was evaluated through water retention performance, absorption tests, and cultivation experiments as well. Result The freeze-thaw treatment significantly improved the pore structure of the wood fiber-chitosan foam, with 1 g of triton X-100 (TX-100) as the optimal dosage. The addition of citric acid induced a cross-linked network within the chitosan, which could effectively enhance the pore structure and water retention capacity of the foam. Under the condition of 40 ℃ for 12 hours, the wood fiber-chitosan foam had a water loss rate of only 69.21% and its water absorption capacity reached 68.15%, a significant improvement compared to the foam without citric acid. In the cultivation experiment, the growth performance of Raphanus sativus was second only to that grown in polyurethane foam cultivation substrates. Conclusion The combination of a freeze-thaw process and the use of Triton X-100 can create a uniform pore structure in the foam. The wood fiber-chitosan foam prepared with citric acid as the cross-linking agent can meet the basic requirements for plant growth, demonstrating good application potential in practical cultivation experiments. [Ch, 7 fig. 1 tab. 25 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250398
Abstract:
Objective In regions with poor drainage during the rainy season, frequent waterlogging severely constrains the increase in yield and quality of Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’. This study aims to systematically investigate the physiological response and waterlogging tolerance of rootstocks of different T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ cultivars under waterlogging stress, which not only helps facilitate screening and cultivating waterlogging-tolerant varieties, but also provides a theoretical basis for elucidating the waterlogging-tolerant mechanism of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’. Method Rootstocks of 9 T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ cultivars, namely ‘Zhenzhufei’ ‘Zaoyuanfei’ ‘Yushanyufei’ ‘Jinyehongxiangyafei’ ‘Qiefei’ ‘Changyefei’ ‘Xiaozixiangyafei’ ‘Longfengxifei’ and ‘Zhimafei’ were used as test materials. 2 treatments were set up: normal moisture (control) and waterlogging. The tolerance of each cultivar to waterlogging was comprehensively evaluated by measuring 10 physiological indices in T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ leaves, including chlorophyll a and b contents, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, electrolyte leakage rate, proline (Pro) content, and the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD). Then, the waterlogging tolerance index of each variety was assessed based on principal component analysis and membership function analysis to comprehensively evaluate waterlogging tolerance capacity of each variety. Result Under waterlogging treatment, the contents of chlorophyll a and b of rootstocks of different cultivars decreased to varying degrees compared to the control. In contrast, the physiological indicators related to oxidative stress, such as H2O2 content, MDA content, electrolyte leakage rate, SOD activity, and POD activity, all increased to varying degrees. Pro content, APX activity, and CAT activity showed an increasing or decreasing trend in different cultivars. Based on principal component analysis and membership function analysis, a comprehensive evaluation of different physiological indicators was conducted to obtain the comprehensive evaluation values of waterlogging tolerance for the 9 cultivars. Conclusion Rootstocks of different T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ cultivars exhibit different changes in osmotic substances and antioxidant protection ability under waterlogging stress. ‘Changyefei’ ‘Jinyehongxiangyafei’ and ‘Yushanyufei’demonstrate high waterlogging resistance, while ‘Xiaozixiangyafei’ ‘Longfengxifei’ and ‘Zaoyuanfei’ show moderate tolerance. ‘Zhenzhufei’ ‘Qiefei’ and ‘Zhimafei’ have the least capacity of waterlogging tolerance. [Ch, 1 fig. 3 tab. 29 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250375
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to prepare a fully biobased composite film with flexible iridescent cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)/phosphorylated cellulose nanofibers (PCNF)/lignin nanoparticles (LNPs), and systematically examine the influence of LNPs mass fraction on the optical properties, morphology, mechanical properties, humidity sensitivity, thermal stability, hydrophobicity, and ultraviolet shielding properties of the composite film. Method Taking CNC as the structural matrix, PCNF as the reinforcing phase, and LNPs as the functional component, a two-step method was employed to prepare a fully biobased, flexible, and iridescent CNC/PCNF/LNPs composite film. Result The structural color and the maximum reflection wavelength (λmax) of the film exhibited a significant redshift with increasing LNPs mass fraction. Hydrophobicity was enhanced, and the water contact angle increased from 39.0° to 76.1°, while humidity sensitivity decreased slightly. Thermal stability improved, with the maximum thermal decomposition temperature rising from 240 ℃ to 261 ℃. Ultraviolet shielding performance was enhanced, and the CNC/P20/L2.0 film (where P20 represented the mass fraction of PCNF relative to CNC as 20.0%, and L2.0 represented the mass fraction of LNPs relative to CNC as 2.0%) achieved UV absorption rates of 95.8% in the ultraviolet region (UV, 200−400 nm) and 99.2% in the mid wave UV region (UVB, 280−320 nm). Conclusion The mass fraction of LNPs can affect the optical properties, morphology, humidity sensitivity, thermal stability, hydrophobicity, and ultraviolet shielding properties of the composite film, but it has little effect on the mechanical properties. [Ch, 7 fig. 26 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250389
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to examine the influence of circular holes of different positions and sizes on the load-bearing capacity of wooden beams, explore the mechanical mechanism by which wooden beams have a certain tolerance for hole damage, and inspire the design of materials with high hole tolerance or lightweight structures. Method The mechanical concept of hole compatibility was proposed, and the calculation formula for hole compatibility coefficient was provided. By conducting bending and fracture experiments on wooden beams, the fracture bending moment values of wooden beams with holes of different positions and diameters were measured, corresponding relationship curves were drawn, and the hole compatibility coefficient of wooden beams was calculated. By conducting simulation analysis and fracture morphology analysis on representative wooden beams, the mechanism of their hole compatibility mechanical properties was clarified. Result The impact of holes below the neutral layer on the load-bearing capacity of wooden beams was greater than that of holes located above the neutral layer. When the diameter of the hole was less than 1/5 of the beam height, the bearing capacity of the wooden beam did not exceed 10%. Except for wooden beams with extremely high and low densities, the compatibility coefficient of most wooden beams was close to 1.0, which was higher than that of plastic metal aluminum beams and brittle acrylic beams. Finite element analysis showed that the stress distribution below the hole was more uniform than that above the hole, and the fracture morphology analysis revealed that the fracture surface below the hole was smoother. Conclusion When the diameter of the hole is smaller than the critical value, the overall bearing capacity of the wooden beam decreases slightly. When such holes are located in the stretching area of the wooden beam, the bearing capacity of the wood fibers in the lower area of the hole is more evenly exerted, and the wooden beam exhibits a mechanical phenomenon of hole compatibility as a whole. Wooden beams have better hole compatibility mechanical properties than plastic metal aluminum beams and brittle acrylic beams. The mechanical mechanism of hole compatibility can inspire the design of new fiber-reinforced composite materials, lightweight load-bearing structures with holes, and micro porous structural materials. [Ch, 6 fig. 6 tab. 25 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250331
Abstract:
Objective The objective of this study is to explore the mechanism of rutin against myocardial fibrosis (MF) based on network pharmacology, molecular docking, and cellular experiments. Method Based on drug and disease databases, disease-associated gene targets related to rutin and MF were identified. A multidimensional “drug-target-disease” interaction network model was constructed using Cytoscape, and the core targets were subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis using R software. The interaction between rutin and the core target protein was simulated through molecular docking technology. The effect of rutin on the proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) was detected by the CCK-8 method. Result Network pharmacology analysis revealed that rutin acted on 91 MF-related targets, among which IL-6, TNF, TP53, and SRC were the core targets, and they were enriched in signaling pathways such as PI3K-Akt, MAPK, and IL-17. Molecular docking demonstrated that rutin had a good binding activity with the core target protein. Molecular biology experiments showed that rutin could reverse the expression of fibrotic biomarkers in TGF-β1-induced CFs and significantly downregulate the expression of key proteins associated with the MAPK-JNK/ERK signaling pathway (P＜0.05). Conclusion Rutin may alleviate TGF-β1-induced fibrosis in CFs by inhibiting the activation of the MAPK-JNK/ERK signaling pathway. [Ch, 7 fig. 2 tab. 31 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250370
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to investigate the structural and performance differences of sliced bamboo veneers from different radial positions under various treatments, so as to provide fundamental data for achieving “bamboo as a substitute for plastic” and diversified utilization of veneers. Method A comparative study was conducted on the transverse and longitudinal planning methods, as well as water-boiling pretreatment process. Surface quality, flexibility, tensile properties, and chemical composition were taken as evaluation indices to quantify the effects of different processing techniques on the physical and chemical properties of sliced bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) veneers from different radial positions. Result Transverse planing yielded higher surface quality and stability than longitudinal planing. The flexibility gradually decreased from the inner bark to the outer bark of the bamboo. Compared with transverse-planed unboiled veneers at the same gradient positions, the flexibility of transverse-planed boiled veneers and longitudinal-planed veneers decreased by approximately 11.47% and 34.22%, respectively. Conversely, the tensile strength of the sliced veneer increased from the inner bark to the outer bark of the bamboo. At the same gradient position, the transverse-planed boiled and unboiled veneers showed reductions of 11.78% and 21.68%, respectively. Chemical compositions showed no significant variations across radial positions due to gradient-dependent softening effects, while the crystallinity basically showed an upward trend from the inner to the outer layers of the bamboo. Conclusion The mechanical properties of bamboo veneers vary with radial position and planing direction. Directional planing and gradient processing can effectively coordinate mechanical properties of veneers. [Ch, 7 fig. 3 tab. 28 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250249
Abstract:
Soil inorganic carbon (SIC) is a key component of the soil carbon pool, and its sequestration and loss have profound impacts on the global carbon cycling and climate change. With accelerating urbanization in China, urban ecosystems have become a focal point of ecological research. Urban green spaces, as integral components of urban ecosystems, are closely linked to soil carbon dynamics, climate regulation, and ecosystem services, and their response and feedback to urbanization will inevitably be the focus and priority of study. However, the understanding of SIC cycling in urban green spaces remains limited. This paper examined the potential impacts of human activities such as land management and construction on SIC in urban ecosystems. It systematically overviewed the following aspects: (1) sequestration, loss and influencing factors of SIC in urban green spaces under urbanization; (2) the driving effects of changes in soil physical properties, nitrogen inputs, pH, and salinity on the carbonate dissolution–precipitation balance of SIC in urban green spaces; (3) the impact of soil fauna and microbial communities on SIC formation process. Future research should focus on the driving mechanism of SIC dynamics under urbanization, so as to make up for the research deficiencies in inorganic carbon in urban green spaces and provide theoretical support for improving carbon cycling theory and optimizing ecosystem functions in urban ecosystems. [Ch, 1 tab. 83 ref.]
Soil inorganic carbon (SIC) is a key component of the soil carbon pool, and its sequestration and loss have profound impacts on the global carbon cycling and climate change. With accelerating urbanization in China, urban ecosystems have become a focal point of ecological research. Urban green spaces, as integral components of urban ecosystems, are closely linked to soil carbon dynamics, climate regulation, and ecosystem services, and their response and feedback to urbanization will inevitably be the focus and priority of study. However, the understanding of SIC cycling in urban green spaces remains limited. This paper examined the potential impacts of human activities such as land management and construction on SIC in urban ecosystems. It systematically overviewed the following aspects: (1) sequestration, loss and influencing factors of SIC in urban green spaces under urbanization; (2) the driving effects of changes in soil physical properties, nitrogen inputs, pH, and salinity on the carbonate dissolution–precipitation balance of SIC in urban green spaces; (3) the impact of soil fauna and microbial communities on SIC formation process. Future research should focus on the driving mechanism of SIC dynamics under urbanization, so as to make up for the research deficiencies in inorganic carbon in urban green spaces and provide theoretical support for improving carbon cycling theory and optimizing ecosystem functions in urban ecosystems. [Ch, 1 tab. 83 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250455
Abstract:
However, the current organogenic regeneration system generally has technical bottlenecks such as rooting difficulties, severe browning and strong genotype dependence in adult materials, which seriously restricts the relevant breeding and breeding process. The key external factors affecting regeneration efficiency, including explant selection, media optimization, and the ratio and treatment timing of plant growth regulators (PGRs) are systematically sorted out. At the molecular mechanism level, the cellular and molecular regulatory mechanisms from callus induction to adventitious root/adventitious bud formation were expounded, and the core mechanisms of auxin signaling (ARF-WOX-LBD pathway) regulating adventitious root genesis and cytokinin signaling (ARR-WUS-CLV3 loop) regulating adventitious bud formation were revealed. In view of the technical bottlenecks such as the difficulty of rooting of adult materials and the serious browning of high-phenolic varieties, a comprehensive countermeasure combining physiological and epigenetic regulation was further proposed. This paper analyzes that the organogenesis of woody plants is jointly regulated by external culture conditions, internal hormone pathways and epigenetic status, and the essence of adult material regeneration disorder is that regeneration-related genes are systematically inhibited at the epigenetic level. In the future, through deepening mechanism analysis and technological innovation, it is expected to systematically break through the regrowth obstacles of woody plants and provide systematic support for precision breeding and gene function research of forest trees. [Ch, 1 fig. 2 tab. 82 ref.]
However, the current organogenic regeneration system generally has technical bottlenecks such as rooting difficulties, severe browning and strong genotype dependence in adult materials, which seriously restricts the relevant breeding and breeding process. The key external factors affecting regeneration efficiency, including explant selection, media optimization, and the ratio and treatment timing of plant growth regulators (PGRs) are systematically sorted out. At the molecular mechanism level, the cellular and molecular regulatory mechanisms from callus induction to adventitious root/adventitious bud formation were expounded, and the core mechanisms of auxin signaling (ARF-WOX-LBD pathway) regulating adventitious root genesis and cytokinin signaling (ARR-WUS-CLV3 loop) regulating adventitious bud formation were revealed. In view of the technical bottlenecks such as the difficulty of rooting of adult materials and the serious browning of high-phenolic varieties, a comprehensive countermeasure combining physiological and epigenetic regulation was further proposed. This paper analyzes that the organogenesis of woody plants is jointly regulated by external culture conditions, internal hormone pathways and epigenetic status, and the essence of adult material regeneration disorder is that regeneration-related genes are systematically inhibited at the epigenetic level. In the future, through deepening mechanism analysis and technological innovation, it is expected to systematically break through the regrowth obstacles of woody plants and provide systematic support for precision breeding and gene function research of forest trees. [Ch, 1 fig. 2 tab. 82 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250275
Abstract:
Objective The aim is to explore the difference in water conservation function of Robinia pseudoacacia plantations at different growth stages in loess areas of western Shanxi, and provide scientific basis for improving water conservation capacity and management of forest stands. Method Taking R. pseudoacacia plantations of 5 age groups (with forest ages of 15, 23, 27, 34, and 41 years respectively ) in Caijiachuan watershed, Linfen City of Shanxi Province as the research objects, water conservation indicators in vertical layers (canopy, litter, and soil) were measured, including canopy interception rate, litter water-holding capacity, soil physical properties, and water holding characteristics. Comprehensive evaluation of the water conservation function was conducted based on Entropy Weight-Approximate Ideal Solution Ranking (TOPSIS). Result (1) The leaf area index and interception rate of the canopy layer showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing as the age increased, with the highest values observed in middle-aged forests (23 years), and remained stable after maturity. (2) The litter layer in middle-aged forests exhibited the highest accumulation and maximum water holding capacity, while the effective retention capacity was superior in mature stands. (3) Young stands (15 years) had the highest non-capillary and saturated water-holding capacities, while middle-aged stands excelled in capillary water retention. (4) Soil layers contributed the most to water conservation. Water retention capacity first increased and then declined with age, reaching peak in middle-aged stands. Conclusion The water conservation function of the middle-aged R. pseudoacacia plantation is the best. To enhance the water conservation function, inefficient and degraded stands should be selectively harvested and replanted, which is in line with regional project for low efficiency forest transformation and functional improvement. [Ch, 2 fig. 5 tab. 34 ref.]
, Available online
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250203
Abstract:
Objective The objective is to investigate the changes in soil physicochemical properties, aggregates and microbial communities in the wine vineyards at the eastern foot of Helan Mountains in Ningxia under conservation tillage measures, and to elucidate the correlation between soil physicochemical properties and microbial communities. Method Taking the wine grape variety Vitis vinifera ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ as the experimental material, natural grass (NT), branch mulching (CTS), and natural grass + branch mulching (NTS) were set up as treatments and clean tillage (ck) was used as the control. The indicators such as soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), aggregate stability, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, organic matter contents, and relative abundance and diversity of bacteria and fungi were measured and analyzed in the wine vineyards during the flowering period (May), fruit swelling period (July), and fruit ripening period (September). Result (1) Compared with ck, NT, CTS, and NTS treatments significantly increased soil pH and total phosphorus, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and organic matter contents at different growth stages of the grapes (P＜0.05). In September, the soil organic matter content in NT, CTS, and NTS treatments increased by 34.71%, 93.33%, and 68.73%, respectively. (2) Compared with ck, the stability of soil aggregates under NT, CTS, and NTS treatments was significantly improved (P＜0.05). Particularly in September, NTS significantly increased the mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates by 26.23%, the mean geometric diameter (MGD) of aggregates by 67.65%, and the percentage of aggregates larger than 0.250 mm (R0.25) by 31.33%, resulting in an improvement in soil structure. (3) NT, CTS, and NTS treatments significantly increased the relative abundance and diversity of bacteria and fungi in the soil (P＜ 0.05), and altered the microbial community structure. Conclusion NT, CTS, and NTS treatments can significantly improve soil physical-chemical and microbial properties in the ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ vineyard. [Ch, 4 fig. 3 tab. 54 ref.]
2026, 43(2): 229-241.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250575
Abstract:
Objective In April each year, 89% of the fruits on the bearing branches of Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’ are stiff fruits characterized by unruptured arils and internal nucellus browning and shrinking. The aim of this study is to investigate the occurrence mechanism of stiff fruits, so as to provide a theoretical basis for developing effective prevention and control measures. Method The number of days after seed protrusion (D) was used as an indicator to record the developmental progression of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ fruits, with the day of protrusion recorded as D=0. Nucellar tissue samples were collected at regular intervals. The tissue separation method was employed to isolate and purify pathogenic bacteria from the nucellar tissues at various developmental stages. By combining morphological analysis, multi-gene joint phylogenetic analysis and Koch’s postulates verification, the dominant pathogenic bacteria species of stiff fruits were identified and their biological characteristics were analyzed. Result (1) When D was within the range of −207 to 21 days, Cladosporium exhibited the highest isolation rate and frequency among the pathogens isolated from the nucellar tissues. Based on colony morphology, these Cladosporium isolates were classified into 5 types. Vaccination with representative strains and mixed strains of these 5 species of bacteria consistently induced browning of the T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ nucellus. The browning phenotype after inoculation with the mixed spore suspension was similar to that of stiff fruits. (2) Through morphological identification and multi-gene sequence analysis, the 5 major pathogenic strains of Cladosporium were identified as C. funiculosum TGZX1, C. oxysporum TGZX2, C. guizhouense TGZX3, C. tenuissimum TGZX4, and C. scabrellum TGZX5. (3) The optimal growth temperature for the 5 species of Cladosporium was 20−25 ℃. The optimal carbon sources for TGZX1-1, TGZX2-1, TGZX3-1, TGZX4-1, and TGZX5-1 were soluble starch, mannitol, glucose, maltose, and maltose, respectively. The optimal nitrogen source for all strains was tryptone. Moreover, these strains grew well under dark conditions. Conclusion The stiff fruits of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ are caused by the combined infection of 5 species of Cladosporium, which is closely linked to the susceptibility of the female cone to Cladosporium infection during pollination. Therefore, the key to effectively preventing the formation of stiff fruits is to take control measures during the female flowering stage of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’. [Ch, 6 fig. 1 tab. 34 ref.]
2026, 43(2): 242-249.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250284
Abstract:
Objective Carya cathayensis is important economic tree species in China, suffers from severe fruit abscission, which significantly affects yield and economic benefits. This study aims to reveal the fruit abscission characteristics of C. cathayensis and explore the regulatory effects of 2 reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers (potassium iodide and propyl gallate) on fruit abscission. Method C. cathayensis from Chun’an and Lin’an in Zhejiang were used as research subjects. Solutions of potassium iodide (KI) and propyl gallate (PG) at different concentrations were sprayed in 2023 and 2024, water spray served as the control, and the fruit abscission rate was calculated, KI concentrations were 3.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mmol·L−1; PG concentrations were 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mmol·L−1, all confidence intervals for mean differences were calculated at the 95% confidence level. The ROS content in fruit tissues was detected by 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) staining methods to analyze the dynamic changes of ROS during fruit abscission. Result A large amount of physiological fruit abscission occurred in C. cathayensis from April to June, with natural abscission rates reaching 89.55%±2.43% in 2023 and 80.09%±4.05% in 2024. There were 2 types of fruit abscission: the fruit directly separated from the branch or the fruit separated from the branch together with the pedicel. After treatment with ROS scavengers, the fruit abscission rates were 57.24%±8.60% (2023) and 61.22%±2.75% (2024) for the 3 mmol·L−1 KI treatment group, and 51.85%±3.15% (2023) and 45.77%±2.17% (2024) for the 0.5 mmol·L−1 PG treatment group. Histological analysis showed that the ROS levels in the abscission zone significantly increased before abscission, while KI and PG treatments effectively reduced ROS accumulation in fruit tissues. Conclusion Fruit abscission in C. cathayensis occurring predominantly from April to June. ROS play a key role in the formation of the abscission layer, and 3 mmol·L−1 KI and 0.5 mmol·L−1 PG significantly reduced the fruit abscission rate by scavenging ROS. [Ch, 4 fig. 1 tab. 27 ref.]
2026, 43(2): 250-259.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250431
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to identify the members of the FW2.2 family in Citrus sinensis and analyze their structural characteristics and expression patterns during the fruit cell division period, so as to provide a theoretical basis for exploring the function of the FW2.2 gene family in C. sinensis fruit development. Method Based on the whole genome data of C. sinensis, FW2.2 family members were screened and identified. Bioinformatics methods were employed to predict and analyze their gene structure, sequence characteristics, chromosome localization, and cis-acting elements. A phylogenetic tree was constructed with FW2.2 sequences from multiple species. The expression patterns of FW2.2 family members during the fruit cell division period were analyzed by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) technology. Result A total of 16 FW2.2 genes were identified in C. sinensis, distributed on 6 chromosomes, with a length of 100 to 563 amino acids, containing multiple conserved motifs, and mainly located in the cell membrane. Evolutionary analysis revealed that FW2.2 family members from C. sinensis, Solanum lycopersicum, Pyrus bretschneideri, Prunus persica, Zea mays and Oryza sativa were divided into 6 subgroups. Cis-acting elements analysis showed that the promoters of FW2.2 family genes contained elements related to the hormone, growth and development, and abiotic stress. Gene expression analysis showed that there were differences in the expression trends of FW2.2 family genes during the fruit cell division period. The expression levels of CsFWL5, CsFWL6 and CsFWL12 decreased significantly during the fruit cell division period, and were negatively correlated with the increase in cell layers (P＜0.01). Conclusion CsFWLs members exhibit a certain degree of conservation during evolution, and share sequence similarities with FWLs genes in crops such as Pyrus bretschneideri, Prunus persica, and S. lycopersicum. CsFWLs show different gene functions. CsFWL5, CsFWL6 and CsFWL12 may be involved in regulating fruit cell division. [Ch, 6 fig. 3 tab. 33 ref.]
2026, 43(2): 260-271.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250225
Abstract:
Objective The aim of this study is to determine and analyze the traits and study the variation pattern of seed and fruit traits of different cultivars of Lycium barbarum so as to provide theoretical basis for cultivating good varieties and utilizing germplasm resources. Method 14 L. barbarum cultivars (10 red fruits and 4 yellow fruits) collected from a germplasm repository were selected as research materials. Their seed and fruit traits were measured, followed by correlation analysis, coefficient of variation (CV) analysis, cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and comprehensive evaluation. Result (1) Significant positive correlation between seed and fruit size and length of fruit stalk of L. barbarum (P＜0.05). (2) The CV of phenotypic traits among cultivars ranged from 0.17% to 59.08%, with an average CV of 19.16%, indicating high phenotypic diversity. Significant differences were observed both within and between varieties (P＜0.05). Fruit traits exhibited greater variability (CV=9.69%) compared to seed traits (CV=17.17%). (3) ‘Ningnongqi 20’ was clustered into one class with red fruit L. barbarum under different dimensional clustering, and its variation pattern of seed and fruit traits was more similar to that of red fruit L. barbarum. ‘Ningnongqi 4’ formed an independent cluster (Group Ⅰ) in all analyses, demonstrating unique trait variations. (4) PCA identified 4 principal components with a cumulative contribution rate of 74.478%, capturing most genetic information. Key traits influencing component loadings included adhesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, fruit length/width, fruit shape index, seed length/width, and thousand-seed weight. (5) Comprehensive evaluation ranked ‘Ningnongqi 4’ first, followed by ‘Ningqi 3’ ‘Ningnongqi 20’, and ‘Ningqi 9’. Conclusion The 14 L. barbarum cultivars exhibited substantial phenotypic diversity in seed and fruit traits, providing valuable breeding materials. ‘Ningnongqi 4’ with the highest comprehensive score, showed superior textural properties, its high hardness may facilitate mechanical harvesting, while low elasticity necessitates adjusted processing parameters. [Ch, 3 fig. 7 tab. 40 ref.]
2026, 43(2): 272-282.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250268
Abstract:
Objective The research aimed to explore the differences of fruit morphological characteristics, fruit appearance, fruit texture and fruit internal quality of five Prunus simonii cultivars in Aksu area, and put forward the excellent P. simonii cultivars suitable for Aksu area. Method In 2024, a field experiment was conducted in a P. simonii orchard in Jiamu Town, Wansu County, Aksu area, Xinjiang. Five 6-year-old cultivars were used to determine and analyze the differences in fruit quality, including fruit appearance, fruit texture, soluble sugar, soluble solids, titratable acid, vitamin C, and sugar-acid components. Result In terms of appearance, the average single fruit weight of ‘Konglongdan’ and ‘Weihou’ is 100−120 g, and the other three cultivars are 50−80 g; the L* value and a* value of ‘Weiwang’ were 68.23 and 16.68, respectively, and the fruit color was bright. In terms of nutrition, ‘Weiwang’ had the highest vitamin C content of 0.967 8 mg·g−1; the soluble sugar content of ‘Konglongdan’ was the highest, which was 15.37%, and the titratable acid content of ‘Weidi’ was the highest, which was 1.65%. The soluble solids content of ‘Weidi’ was the highest, which was 20.47%. The flavonoids, total phenols and soluble protein of ‘Konglongdan’ were the highest, which were 2.29, 2.75 and 1.44 mg·g−1, respectively. In terms of sugar and acid components, the sugar component is mainly sorbitol accumulation, and the acid component is mainly citric acid accumulation.The fructose, glucose and sorbitol of ‘Fengweihuanghou’ were significantly higher than those of other cultivars (P＜0.05), and the sucrose of ‘Weihou’ was 32.83 mg·g−1, which was significantly higher than that of the other four cultivars (P＜0.05). The citric acid and ascorbic acid of ‘Weidi’ were significantly higher than those of the other four cultivars (P＜0.05), with the contents of 10.03 and 0.34 mg·g−1, respectively. In the acid category, only ‘Weidi’ contains succinic acid, but ‘Fengweihuanghou’ does not contain fumaric acid. The fruit quality was comprehensively evaluated by principal component analysis, and the scores from high to low were ‘Konglongdan’ ‘Weiwang’ ‘Weihou’ ‘Fengweihuanghou’ and ‘Weidi’. Conclusion The sugar and acid of ‘Weidi’ are balanced, and the taste is relatively soft, but the fruit is relatively small, so the ranking is relatively backward. From the comprehensive point of view of fruit quality: ‘Konglongdan’ not only has large fruit, but also has high and relatively balanced nutrients, which is more suitable for large-scale planting in Aksu area. [Ch, 5 fig. 6 tab. 37 ref.]
2026, 43(2): 283-292.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250418
Abstract:
Objective To develop a rapid, non-destructive vigor classification method for micro-sized tobacco seeds based on hyperspectral imaging and an ensemble model. Method Seeds of 3 cultivars (‘MS-Yunyan 87’ ‘Honghua Dajinyuan’ ‘Yunyan 99’) were subjected to multiple controlled-deterioration gradients, and population-level hyperspectral data were acquired across treatments. A seed vigor index (SVI) was constructed by weighting germination potential, primary root length, and seedling height, and a threshold was applied to assign high/low vigor labels. All spectra were denoised with Savitzky-Golay (SG) smoothing; discriminative wavelengths were selected via uninformative variable elimination (UVE); and a CNN-LightGBM classifier was trained on the compact features. External validation was performed using an independent cultivar ‘MS121’. Result SVI decreased markedly with longer deterioration; seeds treated for 48, 72, and 96 h were almost entirely classified as low vigor, indicating that the predefined threshold provided a clear decision boundary. Among feature–model combinations, UVE-derived compact features coupled with CNN-LightGBM performed best, achieving 88.90% test accuracy, 97.40% recall, and an F1-score of 91.40%. On external validation with ‘MS121’, overall accuracy reached 85.58%, demonstrating robust cross-batch and cross-cultivar generalization. Conclusion Integrating SG preprocessing and UVE-based wavelength selection with a CNN-LightGBM classifier enables efficient, accurate, and non-destructive vigor classification for micro-sized tobacco seeds. The pipeline shows promising transferability to other small-seeded crops and offers a new avenue for quality monitoring in such crops. [Ch, 6 fig. 2 tab. 25 ref.]
2026, 43(2): 293-302.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250261
Abstract:
Objective This study aimed to identify the flavonoid components in the leaves of Neosinocalamus affinis and to investigate their inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and α-amylase, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the deep utilization and development of N. affinis leaf resources. Method Using N. affinis leaves as raw material, purified bamboo leaf flavonoids (PBLF) were obtained by macroporous resin purification. The chemical components of PBLF were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). The inhibitory effects of PBLF on α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities, as well as the hypoglycemic mechanism of PBLF, were investigated through in vitro experiments. Result 18 flavonoid compounds were identified in the N. affinis leaf extract, including glycyrrhizinol, epimedium cyanidin Ⅱ, and baohuoside Ⅰ. Furthermore, the in vitro results demonstrated that PBLF significantly inhibited both α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities. At a concentration of 0.5 mg·mL−1, PBLF inhibited α-amylase by 79.71%±5.02% with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of (0.057±0.005) mg·mL−1, and inhibited α-glucosidase by 74.17%±6.17% with an IC50 of (0.071±0.004) mg·mL−1, and both types of enzyme inhibition showed competitive-noncompetitive mixed inhibition. Conclusion Enzyme inhibition kinetic studies indicated that the flavonoids present in N. affinis leaves likely function as active hypoglycemic components, potentially through a non-competitive inhibition mechanism. [Ch, 3 fig. 4 tab. 34 ref.]
2026, 43(2): 303-309.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250186
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to construct transgenic homoisoflavones tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants based on the homoisoflavones synthase gene ChOMT from alfalfa (Medicago sativa), thereby achieving nutritional fortification of tomatoes. Method ChOMT gene was introduced into tomatoes using agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic identification was carried out through PCR and fluorescence detection. Furthermore, plant-wide targeted metabolomics technology and multivariate statistical analysis methods were employed for precise quantitative analysis of homoisoflavones content. Result Through PCR and fluorescence detection, positive transgenic plants of ChOMT were obtained. Compared with the wild type, the content of homoisoflavonoids significantly increased. Among them, the relative content of (3RS)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-chroman-4-one (HIF1) in the leaves of transgenic tomatoes was 57019 , which was 260 times higher than the relative content of 220 in the leaves of the wild type. The relative content of 5,7-dihydroxy-3-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-chroman-4-one (HIF2) in the fruits of transgenic tomatoes was 15 849 985, which was over 4 000 times higher than the relative content of 3849 in the wild type. Conclusion ChOMT transgenic tomatoes are obtained, which not only provides a theoretical basis for analyzing the catalytic function of ChOMT in plants, but also lays an important foundation of germplasm resources for breeding genetically improved tomato varieties with high homoisoflavonoid content. [Ch, 6 fig. 28 ref.]
2026, 43(2): 310-319.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250260
Abstract:
Objective Heading date of Triticum aestivum is a key agronomic trait determining yield and quality. T. aestivum ‘Chinese Spring’ (CS)-T. turgidum var. dicoccoides chromosome arm substitution line CASL3AL exhibits early heading under multi-environment cultivation. This study investigates the regulatory genes during critical stages of young spike development through transcriptome analysis. Method This study utilized recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross between the wild emmer wheat chromosome arm substitution line CASL3AL and CS as materials, screening stable early-maturing lines (1017-7-167-1 and 1017-10-311-15-5) and the late-maturing parent CS. Main stem leaves at the single ridge stage (W1.5) and double ridge stage (W2.5) were collected for transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq). Result The homozygous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci of 2 early-maturing lines were predominantly enriched in chromosome 3A. Differential expression analysis revealed: 4 172 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at single ridge stage and 169 at double ridge stage in line 1017-7-167-1, while 1 065 and 172 DEGs were detected in line 1017-10-311-15-5 at corresponding stages. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis indicated these DEGs were primarily involved in biological processes such as circadian rhythm and floral organ development. Based on SNP enrichment results and expression differences, 2 candidate genes (TraesCS3A02G432900 and TraesCS3A02G139300) were identified within the SNP-enriched region of chromosome 3A. Conclusion This study identified candidate genes from wild emmer wheat that promote early heading in common wheat, providing a theoretical foundation for wheat growth period improvement. [Ch, 9 fig. 1 tab. 32 ref.]
2026, 43(2): 320-330.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250210
Abstract:
Objective Maize (Zea mays) growth period refers to the complete growth cycle from sowing to maturity, with key representative traits including tasseling stage, anthesis stage, and silking stage. Identifying key genes regulating maize growth period is of great significance for optimizing maize production and promoting industrial quality and efficiency improvement. Method In 2022 and 2023, phenotypic investigations of traits such as tasseling stage, anthesis stage, and silking stage were conducted on 322 maize germplasm resources at 2 locations (Dongyang and Haining, Zhejiang Province). Genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed on the above traits combined with genotypic resequencing data. Result The frequency distribution of tasseling stage, anthesis stage, and silking stage traits showed a unimodal curve, consistent with a normal distribution. GWAS results revealed: for the tasseling stage, 61, 27, 281, and 57 SNP-associated loci were identified in the 4 experimental sites (Dongyang and Haining in 2022, Dongyang and Haining in 2023) across 322 maize germplasms, explaining phenotypic variation ranging from 7.26% to 10.68% and distributed on all 10 chromosomes. For the anthesis stage, 51, 26, 424, and 58 related loci were identified, explaining phenotypic variation from 7.25% to 11.80% and mainly distributed on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, and 10. For the silking stage, 47, 277, 212, and 1 169 related loci were identified, explaining phenotypic variation from 7.25% to 41.26% and mainly distributed on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, and 10. A total of 49, 53, and 24 overlapping SNP loci were detected for tasseling stage, anthesis stage, and silking stage among the 4 experimental sites, respectively. Through comprehensive analysis of SNP locus information, gene annotation, and gene tissue expression profiles, 6 key candidate genes for maize growth period were finally screened out. Conclusion Tasseling stage, anthesis stage, and silking stage traits showed a normal distribution, and a large number of environment-specific and overlapping SNP loci were identified. Ultimately, 6 key candidate genes for growth period were screened out, providing important genetic resources for the genetic improvement of maize growth period and the high-quality development of the industry. [ Ch, 8 fig. 3 tab. 44 ref.]
2026, 43(2): 331-339.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250221
Abstract:
Objective In this study, the chloroplast genomes of 3 Pistacia species were compared to analyze their structural characteristics and genetic evolution. Method 3 publicly available chloroplast genomes of Pistacia species from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) were selected as research materials, and their chloroplast genome structure, repeat sequence, nucleotide polymorphism and genetic relationship were analyzed by relevant bioinformatics methods. Result The chloroplast genomes of the 3 species were tetrad ring structure, and the numbers of protein-coding sequence (CDS), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA) were exactly the same among them; The simple repeat sequences were mainly A (34.35%) or T (39.69%) repeat units in mono-nucleotide, but no hexa-nucleotide. And the number of scattered repeat sequences were mainly palindromic repeats (105) and forward repeats (76), but no reverse repeats; There were different degrees of variation in the conserved non-coding sequences (CNS) of the large single copy (LSC) and small single copy (SSC) of the chloroplast genomes of three species, but there was no significant difference in the contraction or expansion of genes near the tetrad boundary; 5 highly variable sequences (matK, trnG-UCC~trnR-UCU, trnT-UGU~trnL-UAA, petD~rpoA, rpl22~rpl2) were identified in the LSC region and the boundary between LSC and inverted repeat b (IRb); Phylogenetic reconstruction based on complete chloroplast genomes demonstrated clear segregation between Pistacia and Rhus, and P. chinensis was closely related to P. weinmaniifolia, while P. vera and P. atlantica could be formed a distinct clade. Conclusion The chloroplast genome structure of the 3 Pistacia species was similar and relatively conservative, and the number of various genes was consistent; The 5 mutant sequences detected could be used as candidate molecular markers for Pistacia species; The genetic relationship between P. chinensis and P. weinmannifolia was similar, while P. vera was relatively distant from former 2 species. [Ch, 6 fig. 1 tab. 46 ref.]
2026, 43(2): 340-350.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250279
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to assemble, annotate, and analyze the chloroplast genome of flowering Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. parachinensis), and to elucidate its phylogenetic relationships with other Brassicaceae crops. Method The complete chloroplast genome of flowering Chinese cabbage was sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. Bioinformatics approaches were employed to analyze its genome structure, repetitive sequences, nucleotide diversity, codon usage bias, and phylogenetic relationships by constructing phylogenetic trees with chloroplast genome sequences of other 25 Brassicaceae species. Result The chloroplast genome of flowering Chinese cabbage is 153 482 bp in length with a GC content of 36.36%, exhibiting a typical quadripartite structure. In total, 132 functional genes had been identified and annotated, comprising 86 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 1 pseudogene. Codon usage bias analysis revealed that leucine (Leu) is the most frequently used amino acid, with 31 codons showing a relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) value greater than 1, predominantly ending with A or U. Repetitive sequence analysis detected 37 dispersed repeats and 315 simple sequence repeats (SSRs), with mononucleotide repeats predominating (72.70% of total SSRs). The nucleotide diversity of small single copy region (SSC) is the highest, while that of inverted repeat region (IR) is the lowest. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that flowering Chinese cabbage exhibits the closest genetic relationship with leafy Chinese cabbage varieties. Conclusion The chloroplast genome of flowering Chinese cabbage exhibits a conserved quadripartite structure and demonstrates close phylogenetic relationships with B. rapa var. chinensis, B. rapa var. purpuraria, and B. rapa subsp. pekinensis. [Ch, 5 fig. 3 tab. 39 ref.]
2026, 43(2): 351-360.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250420
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to investigate hybrid affinity between Lilium davidii var. unicolor and Lilium ornamental cultivars, and to provide germplasm resources and technical support for breeding multi-purpose lilies. Method Pollen viability of all tested lilies was examined. Based on the results, 10 cross combinations were established: using L. davidii var. unicolor as the male parent with ‘Tiger Babies’ ‘Purple Dream’ ‘Black Charm’ ‘Sweet Sugar’ ‘Eye Liner’‘Gizmo’ and ‘Watch Up’ as female parents, and using L. davidii var. unicolor as the female parent with ‘Purple Dream’ ‘Black Charm’ and ‘Watch Up’ as male parents. 3 pollination methods were employed, including direct pollination, cut-style pollination, and stigma application with 1 g·L−1 NAA solution. Cross-compatibility was evaluated based on pollen tube growth and fruit set. The authenticity of hybrid seedlings obtained through embryo culture was assessed using SSR markers. Result (1) Cross-compatibility analysis revealed that ‘Sweet Sugar’ and ‘Black Charm’ exhibited the highest compatibility with L. davidii var. unicolor, followed by ‘Eye Liner’ ‘Tiger Babies’ and ‘Purple Dream’. In contrast, ‘Watch Up’ and ‘Gizmo’ showed low compatibility. (2) Direct pollination was the simplest and most universally applicable method. (3) SSR analysis revealed that all 145 seedlings from the 6 hybrid combinations (‘Sweet Sugar’ × L. davidii var. unicolor, ‘Black Charm’ × L. davidii var. unicolor, ‘Tiger Babies’ × L. davidii var. unicolor, ‘Eye Liner’ × L. davidii var. unicolor, L. davidii var. unicolor × ‘Black Charm’, and L. davidii var. unicolor × ‘Purple Dream’) were authentic hybrids. Conclusion The study revealed distinct cross-compatibility between L. davidii var. unicolor and different lily cultivars, identifying ‘Sweet Sugar’ and ‘Black Charm’ as highly compatible parents. Cut-style pollination is an effective technique for improving fruit set in the cross of ‘Tiger Baby’× L. davidii var. unicolor. SSR marker technology enables early and accurate identification of hybrid seedlings. [Ch, 2 fig. 6 tab. 34 ref.]
2026, 43(2): 361-369.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250213
Abstract:
Objective This study aimed to identify the causal pathogen of branch blight in Rosa chinensis, characterize its biological properties, and evaluate effective fungicides to establish a scientific foundation for disease for disease control. Method The pathogen was isolated and purified using tissue isolation. The isolate was characterized morphologically and phylogenetically by multi-locus sequence analysis. Mycelial growth kinetics were assessed under varying carbon/nitrogen sources, pH values, and temperatures using the growth rate method. 5 fungicides were evaluated for inhibitory effects by poisoned medium technique. Result The purified strain R1007 induced disease symptoms upon wound inoculation, and the same strain was re-isolated from infected tissues. Morphological characteristics matched Nectria ulmicola, and Blast analysis with phylogenetic analysis confirmed high genetic similarity to the type strain CFCC52117 of N. ulmicola. Optimal growth conditions were maltose (carbon source), yeast extract (nitrogen source), pH 7.17, and 25 ℃. Among tested fungicides, carbendazim showed the strongest inhibition (EC50=0.338 8 mg·L−1). Conclusion The causal agent of R. chinensis branch blight was identified as N. ulmicola. The optimal growth conditions were maltose and yeast extract as carbon and nitrogen sources, pH 7.17, and 25 ℃. Carbendazim shows promise as an effective fungicide for disease control. [Ch, 5 fig. 2 tab. 28 ref.]
2026, 43(2): 370-380.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250224
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the effects of different forest stand types on soil nutrients, enzyme activities and microbial diversity, which can provide theoretical basis for the improvement of soil function and the selection of suitable tree species in the study area from the perspective of soil improvement by forest land. Method This study selected 5 typical forest stands (Robinia pseudoacacia pure forest, Pinus tabulaeformis pure forest, Platycladus orientalis pure forest, Pinus tabulaeformis-Robinia pseudoacacia mixed forest, Quercus wutaishanica-Populus davidiana mixed forest) in the loess area of Western Shanxi, and used the barren grassland as the control, to determine the characteristics of soil nutrients, enzyme activities and microbial diversity in different forests, and to analyze the interrelationships among soil nutrients, enzyme activities and microbial diversity by combining the high-throughput sequencing method, one-way analysis of variance, redundancy analysis, etc. This study also analyzed the relationship between soil nutrients, enzyme activities and microbial diversity of different forests. The relationship between soil nutrients, soil enzyme activity and microbial diversity was analyzed by combining high-throughput sequencing and redundancy analysis. Result (1) The soil nutrients of forest land were better than those of barren grassland, and the contents of total nitrogen (TN) and organic matter (SOM) in the Pinus tabulaeformis-R. pseudoacacia and Q. wutaishanica-Populus davidiana mixed forests were significantly higher than those in the other pure forests (P＜0.05). (2) Soil β-glucosidase (BG), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were the highest in Q. wutaishanica-Populus davidiana mixed forests, and soil β-N-acetylamino-glucosidase (NAG) activity was the highest in Pinus tabulaeformis pure forest. (3) ACE, Chao1 and Shannon’s alpha diversity indices of soil bacteria were generally high, but mixed forest creation significantly enhanced the species richness of fungal communities (P＜0.05). (4) Soil enzyme activities were significantly correlated with soil TN, ANC, NNC, AP and SOM contents (P＜0.05), and soil microbial diversity was were closely correlated (P＜0.05). Soil NAG and ANC were the key drivers of microbial communities. Conclusion The comprehensive study showed that mixed forests exhibited significant positive effects on soil nutrient accumulation, enhanced enzyme activities and increased fungal diversity compared with pure forests and barren grasslands. Therefore, based on the perspective of soil improvement by forest stands, it is recommended that a mixed forest configuration with deciduous broadleaf or coniferous broadleaf species as the core should be prioritized in the vegetation restoration and reconstruction of loess area. [Ch, 4 fig. 6 tab. 32 ref.]
2026, 43(2): 381-394.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250227
Abstract:
Objective This study examines soil metabolite variations in degraded alpine meadows of the Sanjiangyuan region, identifies key metabolic pathway shifts, and assesses their correlations with soil environmental factors. The findings provide scientific insights into degradation drivers and soil ecological responses. Method This study focuses on alpine meadows in Sanjiangyuan National Park, Maqin County, Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province. It uses untargeted LC-MS/MS metabolomics to analyze soil metabolites across a degradation gradient, including non-degraded, lightly degraded, moderately degraded, and severely degraded meadows. The study also examines correlations between key differentially expressed metabolites and soil environmental factors. Result A total of 8 451 metabolites were identified, with lipids and lipid-like molecules being the most abundant (26.81%). Soil degradation significantly altered metabolite types and contents, with the most significant differences observed between heavily degraded and other meadow types. The top 20 signature metabolites included carboxylic acids, fatty acyls, organic nitrogen compounds, and sphingolipids. Key metabolic pathways affected were linoleic acid metabolism, ABC transporters, phospholipase D signaling, and sphingolipid signaling. Redundancy analysis revealed significant correlations between soil metabolites and environmental factors such as organic matter, water content, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH, and urease activity. Conclusion The types of signature metabolites, differentially expressed metabolites, and major metabolic pathways in alpine meadow soils varied significantly across degradation levels. These variations were hypothesized to correlate strongly with changes in environmental factors such as soil organic matter, water content, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH, and soil urease. [Ch, 6 fig. 2 tab. 55 ref.]
2026, 43(2): 395-404.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250206
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics, as well as the driving factors of soil respiration across different vegetation types of urban forests, so as to provide theoretical references for regional carbon estimation. Method Taking Beijing Olympic Forest Park as the research object, a portable soil respiration measurement system was used to measure soil respiration (Rs), soil temperature (Ts), and soil water content (CSW) of 26 sample plots (13 in the arbor community and 13 in the arbor-shrub mixed community) monthly from April to October in 2023. And combined with high-resolution normalized difference vegetation index (INDV), a fitting analysis was conducted on the seasonal and spatial variations of Rs and the influencing factors. Result (1) The seasonal dynamics of Rs and Ts were consistent, showing a unimodal pattern of first increasing and then decreasing. The average Rs in the arbor community (4.83 μmol·m−2·s−1) was higher than that in the arbor-shrub mixed community (4.42 μmol·m−2·s−1). (2) Ts accounted for 90.0% and 73.0% of the seasonal variation in Rs in the arbor and arbor-shrub mixed community, respectively, while CSW explained 28.0% and 37.0%. A dual-factor model incorporating both temperature and moisture could explain 93.0% and 82.0% of the variation, respectively. (3) The spatial coefficient of variation of Rs in the arbor-shrub mixed community was similar to the variation trend of CSW, with a significant positive correlation between the two (R2=0.88, P＜ 0.01). In contrast, there was a highly significant nonlinear relationship between the spatial variation of Rs and Ts (R2=0.65, P＜0.01) in the arbor community. (4) The response of Rs to Ts varied in time and space, with an approximately linear increase in time and a nonlinear response in space. Although Rs increased with the increase of CSW in both time and space, the rate of increase varied. Conclusion The response of Rs to environmental factors in urban forests exhibits spatiotemporal variations. Ts is the driving factor of seasonal variations in Rs, while the dominant factors of spatial variation of urban forest Rs vary among different vegetation types. [Ch, 6 fig. 2 tab. 38 ref.]
2026, 43(2): 405-415.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250291
Abstract:
Objective The objective is to investigate the effects of different fire severities on understory vegetation species diversity and soil physicochemical properties, which is of great significance for the restoration and sustainable management of forest ecosystems in burnt areas. Method The study focused on the burnt area 4 years after the fire in Pinus tabuliformis forests in Taiyue Mountain of Shanxi Province. A combination of field investigation and indoor analysis was used to examine the differences and trends in understory vegetation species diversity and soil physicochemical properties in plots with different fire severities (low severity fire, medium severity fire, high severity fire, and no fire), as well as the short-term response of post-fire species diversity to physicochemical properties. Result (1) A total of 50 vascular plant species were recorded, belonging to 20 families and 43 genera. After low-severity fire in the herb layer and medium severity fire in the shrub layer, the number of species was higher than that in unburnt areas. (2) In the shrub layer, the Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index, and Margalef index ranging from large to small were as follows: medium-severity fire plots, high-severity fire plots, unburnt plots, and low-severity fire plots, while the Pielou index in descending order was high-severity fire plots, medium-severity fire plots, unburnt plots, and low-severity fire plots. In the herb layer, the Shannon-Wiener and Margalef indices significantly increased by 21.38% and 47.55% (P＜0.05) in the low-severity fire plots compared to unburnt plots, while the Simpson and Pielou indices significantly increased by 20.00% and 19.40% (P＜0.05) in the high-severity fire plots compared to unburnt plots. (3) Different fire severities significantly (P＜0.01) affected soil physicochemical properties. Soil moisture content and total porosity decreased with increasing fire severity. Mass fraction of total phosphorus and potassium showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing with the increase of fire severity, reaching its lowest point in medium-severity fire plots. Soil total porosity, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and available potassium decreased with deepening of soil layers in different fire severity plots. (4) The redundancy analysis revealed that soil moisture content, capillary porosity, and total potassium mass fraction in the 0−10 cm layer, along with available phosphorus mass fraction, total porosity, and available potassium mass fraction in the 10−20 cm layer, were significant soil factors affecting species diversity in the shrub and herb layers. Conclusion Low severity and medium severity fires promote vegetation regeneration in P. tabuliformis forests, and soil moisture content and available phosphorus are key factors driving post fire species diversity differentiation. [Ch, 2 fig. 4 tab. 48 ref.]
2026, 43(2): 416-425.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250196
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to investigate the species composition and community structure of forest stands on Daishan Island, Zhejiang Province, and provide recommendations for tree species combination models for the restoration of forest communities on islands. Method A quadrat survey was conducted to investigate woody plants with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 1 cm within the sample plots (100 m×100 m). Species composition, floristic elements, DBH class distribution, species diversity, and tree species combination were analyzed. Result A total of 8 767 woody plant individuals were recorded, belonging to 29 species, 28 genera, and 18 families, with an average tree height of 4.11 m and an average DBH of 4.35 cm. Quercus acutissima, Cinnamomum camphora, and Ficus erecta were the dominant species in the community. At the family level, the flora consisted of 27.78% cosmopolitan, 50.00% tropical, and 22.22% temperate components. At the genus level, 64.29% were tropical, 28.57% temperate, and 7.14% unique to China. The DBH of tree species in the community showed an inverted “J” shape distribution, with 91.80% of plants in the small and relatively small diameter classes. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Pielou evenness index, Simpson diversity index, and Margalef richness index were 1.28, 0.38, 0.50, and 3.08, respectively. The community included tree species combinations with good resilience, such as C. camphora-Q. acutissima, Metasequoia glyptostroboides-Q. acutissima, and Q. acutissima-F. erecta. Conclusion The forest community on Daishan Island is dominated by Q. acutissima, C. camphora, F. erecta, Eurya nitida, and Ilex cornuta. The DBH structure displays an inverted “J” shape pattern, and the plant community in this area is dominated by tropical species. The overall distribution of tree species in the community is uneven, resulting in different combinations of tree species. [Ch, 4 fig. 4 tab. 30 ref.]
2026, 43(2): 426-434.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250346
Abstract:
Objective Forest carbon storage plays a vital role in the global climate system and provides an important reference for achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals. Model-based methods are effective for estimating forest carbon storage, while improving prediction accuracy remains a key challenge. Method Using national forest resource inventory data and Landsat 7 and 8 imagery, 5 modeling approaches including geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR), random forest (RF), gradient boosting regression tree (GBRT), GTWR-RF, and GTWR-GBRT were applied to estimate forest carbon storage in “Three Parallel Rivers” region from 2012 to 2021, and the optimal model was selected for final estimation. Result (1) GTWR model accounted for both spatial and temporal dimensions, while GBRT model showed clear limitations in explaining spatial heterogeneity. When used individually, all models exhibited limited explanatory power. In contrast, the two-stage hybrid model performed better than the single models, effectively addressing spatial heterogeneity and the nonlinear relationships between carbon storage and environmental variables. (2) GTWR-GBRT model achieved the best fitting performance, with the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.98, the prediction accuracy of 0.90, and the relative root mean square error (rRMSE) of 5.91, outperforming the other 4 models, indicating that incorporating both spatiotemporal heterogeneity and nonlinearity were essential for accurate forest carbon estimation. (3) Forest carbon storage in the study area exhibited significant positive spatial autocorrelation. Estimates generated by GTWR-GBRT model revealed that forest carbon storage from 2012 to 2021 was unevenly distributed, mainly concentrated in high-altitude regions, showing a general pattern of higher values in the west and lower values in the east, along with some localized high-carbon areas. Conclusion Compared with various single models and other combined models, the GTWR-GBRT hybrid model demonstrates superior fitting and predictive performance, suggesting that integrating spatiotemporal and nonlinear characteristics within a two-stage hybrid framework can yield more accurate estimations of forest carbon storage. [Ch, 3 fig. 6 tab. 30 ref.]
2026, 43(2): 435-444.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250549
Abstract:
Regenerated rice cultivation, characterized by “one-crop-two-harvests”, offers significant advantages such as labor-saving efficiency and environmental friendliness, making it vital for ensuring food security. However, mechanical harvesting damage in the first season remains a core issue limiting the yield of the regenerated season and the wider adoption of this cultivation system. This paper systematically reviews the research progress in loss reduction during mechanical harvesting and high-yielding agronomic practices for mechanically harvested regenerated rice. The review focuses on 2 key aspects: first, technologies and equipment innovations for reducing harvest losses, including optimization of specialized harvesters for regenerated rice (wheeled and tracked chassis), lightweight design, stubble righting devices, intelligent path planning, and matching cultivation techniques such as “wide-narrow row” spacing, aiming to minimize crushing damage through improved machinery and operational adjustments; second, high-yield and stable-yield agronomic strategies, including selection of strongly regenerative and crush-tolerant varieties, early sowing and transplanting aligned with light and heat resources, timely harvesting, and dynamic water-fertilizer management based on stubble height, which collectively establish a robust system for high and stable yields. In summary, against the backdrop of replacing manual labor with machinery, achieving “high yields in both seasons” for regenerated rice fundamentally relies on deep integration and systematic optimization of “variety, agronomy, and machinery”. This involves establishing an integrated technical system spanning pre-production, in-season, and post-production stages, thereby effectively mitigating harvest losses, fully realizing the yield potential and overall benefits of regenerated rice, and providing theoretical and technical support for sustainable rice production. [Ch, 74 ref.]
Regenerated rice cultivation, characterized by “one-crop-two-harvests”, offers significant advantages such as labor-saving efficiency and environmental friendliness, making it vital for ensuring food security. However, mechanical harvesting damage in the first season remains a core issue limiting the yield of the regenerated season and the wider adoption of this cultivation system. This paper systematically reviews the research progress in loss reduction during mechanical harvesting and high-yielding agronomic practices for mechanically harvested regenerated rice. The review focuses on 2 key aspects: first, technologies and equipment innovations for reducing harvest losses, including optimization of specialized harvesters for regenerated rice (wheeled and tracked chassis), lightweight design, stubble righting devices, intelligent path planning, and matching cultivation techniques such as “wide-narrow row” spacing, aiming to minimize crushing damage through improved machinery and operational adjustments; second, high-yield and stable-yield agronomic strategies, including selection of strongly regenerative and crush-tolerant varieties, early sowing and transplanting aligned with light and heat resources, timely harvesting, and dynamic water-fertilizer management based on stubble height, which collectively establish a robust system for high and stable yields. In summary, against the backdrop of replacing manual labor with machinery, achieving “high yields in both seasons” for regenerated rice fundamentally relies on deep integration and systematic optimization of “variety, agronomy, and machinery”. This involves establishing an integrated technical system spanning pre-production, in-season, and post-production stages, thereby effectively mitigating harvest losses, fully realizing the yield potential and overall benefits of regenerated rice, and providing theoretical and technical support for sustainable rice production. [Ch, 74 ref.]
2026, 43(2): 445-456.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250173
Abstract:
Polygonati rhizoma, a substance that serves both as food and medicine, is rich in nutritional and functional components such as polysaccharides, saponins, and flavonoids. It has the effects of enhancing immune function, anti-fatigue, regulating blood sugar and regulating gut microbiota. With the increasing demand for healthy products, polygonati rhizoma extracts are commonly used in the combination of traditional Chinese patent medicines and health foods. The extraction process of active components from polygonati rhizoma is discussed, and a summary and outlook are provided from both the perspective of production practice and scientific research. The summary of extraction methods reveals that for the extraction of the main active components of polygonati rhizoma, the traditional reflux extraction method is still widely used in the industrial production process, which has high loss and low efficiency in spite of its low cost. This paper highlights the advantages of new methods such as ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction in the extraction of polysaccharides and saponins. The yield of the new methods can be 1.5 to 3.3 times that of the traditional methods. It points out the shortcomings of the existing extraction methods for the unique small polar high isoflavones in polygonati rhizoma and suggests that targeted extraction techniques should be developed based on the properties of the target substances. The improved extraction process can increase the yield of active component. [Ch, 96 ref.]
Polygonati rhizoma, a substance that serves both as food and medicine, is rich in nutritional and functional components such as polysaccharides, saponins, and flavonoids. It has the effects of enhancing immune function, anti-fatigue, regulating blood sugar and regulating gut microbiota. With the increasing demand for healthy products, polygonati rhizoma extracts are commonly used in the combination of traditional Chinese patent medicines and health foods. The extraction process of active components from polygonati rhizoma is discussed, and a summary and outlook are provided from both the perspective of production practice and scientific research. The summary of extraction methods reveals that for the extraction of the main active components of polygonati rhizoma, the traditional reflux extraction method is still widely used in the industrial production process, which has high loss and low efficiency in spite of its low cost. This paper highlights the advantages of new methods such as ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction in the extraction of polysaccharides and saponins. The yield of the new methods can be 1.5 to 3.3 times that of the traditional methods. It points out the shortcomings of the existing extraction methods for the unique small polar high isoflavones in polygonati rhizoma and suggests that targeted extraction techniques should be developed based on the properties of the target substances. The improved extraction process can increase the yield of active component. [Ch, 96 ref.]
Bimonthly, Start in 1984
Supervisor：Department of Education of Zhejiang Province
Sponsor：Zhejiang A&F University
Editor-in-Chief：WU Jiasheng
Editor：Editorial Department of Journal of Zhejiang A&F University
Tel：0571-63732749
E-mail：zlxb@zafu.edu.cn
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