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Articles in press have been peer-reviewed and accepted, which are not yet assigned to volumes/issues, but are citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI).
, Available online doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250354
Abstract:
Objective This study investigates the responses of microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus (MBC, MBN, MBP), hydrolytic enzyme activities and their stoichiometric characteristics in soil aggregates of Chinese fir plantations to long-term nitrogen (N) addition, thereby providing a basis for assessing the impacts of nitrogen deposition on micro-scale processes in subtropical forest soils. Method Based on a long-term N addition experiment established in 2004 (with four N addition gradients: 0, 60, 120, and 240 kg N·hm−2·a−1), soil aggregates (0–10 cm depth) were collected in 2024. These aggregates were separated into three size fractions: coarse macroaggregates (＞2.00 mm), fine macroaggregates (0.25–2.00 mm), and micro-aggregates (＜0.25 mm). Analyses were conducted on the contents of MBC, MBN, MBP, hydrolytic enzyme activities, and their stoichiometric within these aggregates. Result Compared to microaggregates, fine and coarse macroaggregates exhibited 23.61% and 32.65% lower MBN content, but 16.74% and 27.27% higher MBP content, respectively. Their MBC/MBN ratios ewere 13.87% and 22.84% higer, respectively. Under the N1 treatment, the MBC/MBP and MBN/MBP ratios in microaggregates were 97.57% and 85.51% higher than those under N0. Furthermore, the MBC/MBP ratios in fine and coarse macroaggregates were 53.72% and 64.43% lower than those in microaggregates, while their MBN/MBP ratios were 60.25% and 72.89% lower, respectively. Long-term N addition decreased acid phosphatase (AP) activity in microaggregates by 44.14%–56.67%. Under the N0 treatment, fine and coarse macroaggregates showed 54.84% and 53.92% lower AP activity compared to microaggregates. No significant changes were observed in other enzyme activities. The aggregate enzyme C/P and N/P ratios were lower than global averages and unaffected by N addition. A negative correlation was found between the MBC/MBN ratio and AP activity. Conclusion Under long-term N addition, microaggregates demonstrated the strongest response. N input drives a shift in microbial nutrient allocation strategies by restructuring aggregate composition, manifesting as enhanced phosphorus (P) capture coupled with reduced N storage in macroaggregates, while microaggregates maintaine a strategy of high P retention. Concurrently, microorganisms respond to P limitation in this subtropical Chinese fir forest ecosystems by reducing microbial biomass accumulation and regulating phosphatase synthesis. [Ch, 5 fig. 42 ref.]
, Available online doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250216
Abstract:
Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of serine (Ser) and alanine (Ala) on strain degeneration and rejuvenation in Pleurotus pulmonarius, providing theoretical insights for mitigating the industrial bottleneck of strain stability and degeneration. Method Using the P. pulmonarius strain JX-2, a degeneration model was established through ten successive subcultures on potato dextrose agar(PDA) medium. Comparative cultivation experiments were performed with Ser- or Ala-supplemented media. Mycelial growth rate, biomass, and biochemical parameters (crude polysaccharides, total protein content) were systematically quantified. Changes in superoxide anion production rate, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, and antioxidant enzyme activities were analyzed. The rejuvenation efficacy of hyphal tip purification was evaluated across different media (PDA, Ser-PDA, Ala-PDA). Result Continuous subculturing induced strain degeneration. The 10th-generation strain exhibited a 15.45% reduction in growth rate and 28.67% biomass decrease compared to initial generations. Ser or Ala supplementation effectively delayed degeneration and maintained mycelial vitality. Hyphal tip purification significantly reversed degenerative traits. In PDA medium, this method increased biomass by 17.17%, elevated crude polysaccharides and total protein content by 30.66% and 30.50%, respectively, and enhanced antioxidant capacity [peroxidase (POD) activity +84.20%; superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity +20.07%]. Ser-PDA medium demonstrated superior rejuvenation effects, achieving 57.77% biomass increase and 63.70% SOD activity enhancement. Ala-PDA medium specifically boosted total protein content by 32.01%. Conclusion Subculturing frequency critically drives P. pulmonarius strain degeneration. Media supplementation with 2 g·L−1 Ser or Ala substantially mitigates this process. Hyphal tip purification synergized with amino acid-enriched media achieves targeted rejuvenation efficiency: Ser-PDA preferentially enhances antioxidant defenses, while Ala-PDA specifically promotes protein biosynthesis. [Ch, 5 fig. 33 ref.]
, Available online doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250448
Abstract:
Objective The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the composition of high molecular weight gluten subunits (HMW-GS) in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and wheat quality traits. Method Using 106 high-generation wheat lines as materials, the potential quality of each line was predicted by identifying the HMW-GS subunit type. Using SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and molecular marker techniques, HMW-GS identification and quality assessment were performed by near-infrared grain analyzer, flour texture analyzer, and gluten tester. Result A total of 8 types of HMW-GS subunits and 7 HMW-GS subunit combinations were identified in 106 wheat lines. There were 3 subunits at the Glu-A1 locus, namely x1 (24.53%), x-null (57.55%), and x2* (17.92%). At the Glu-B1 locus, there were 2 types: x7+y8 (64.15%) and x7+y9 (34.91%). At the Glu-D1 locus, there were 3 types: x2+y12 (43.4%), x5+y10 (42.45%), and x5+y12 (15.09%). There were 7 types of subunit combinations, with quality scores ranging from 5 to 10 points. Among them, the 2*/7+9/5+10 and 1/7+8/5+10 combinations had the highest scores of 10 points each. The specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) molecular markers were used to identify the Ax1, Ax-null, Dx2, Dx5, Dy10, Dy12, Bx7, and By8 subunits within the HMW-GS subunits. The results were compared with those obtained by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, and the agreement rates were 100%, 100%, 91.83%, 96.69%, 97.78%, 100%, 100%, and 76.92%, respectively. Correlation analysis between HMW-GS subunit positions and quality traits revealed that the 2*, 7+9, and 5+10 subunits exhibited higher protein content, flour sedimentation value, and water absorption capacity compared to other subunits (P＜0.05). The 1, 7+8, and 5+10 subunits had significantly higher flour sedimentation value, dough formation time, and dough stability time than other subunits (P＜0.05). Among them, the 7+9 subunit exceeded the 7+8 subunit in protein content, dry gluten content, wet gluten content, and flour sedimentation value (P＜0.05). Correlation analysis and principal component analysis of HMW-GS subunit combinations and quality traits revealed that the 1/7+8/5+10 and 2*/7+9/5+10 combinations exhibited superior comprehensive quality characteristics and contributed significantly to quality traits, while Null/7+8/2+12 and the Null/7+9/2+12 combinations performed poorly. Meanwhile, heat map analysis and cluster analysis of high-generation lines found that there were extremely significant differences among various quality traits (P＜0.01), which could be clustered into 5 distinct groups. Conclusion The impact of subunits at each position on the quality traits varies, with significant effects on sedimentation value, dough formation time, dough stability time, and wet gluten mass fraction. [Ch, 6 fig. 5 tab. 39 ref.]
, Available online doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250612
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to investigate the effects of biochar application on the carbon sequestration capacity of Populus (poplar) plantation ecosystems and the main underlying regulatory mechanisms, in order to provide theoretical and technical support for forest management practice of balancing timber production and carbon sequestration capacity in artificial forests in China. Method From 2023 to 2025, a one-year old poplar artificial forest was selected as the research object in Malanghu Forest Farm, Sihong County, Jiangsu Province. Three treatments were set up: a control without biochar application (ck), low biochar application rate (B1, 30 t·hm−2), and high biochar application rate (B2, 60 t·hm−2). The short-term effects of different biochar application rates on the carbon sequestration capacity of each carbon layer in the poplar plantation were explored. Result (1) Compared with ck, B1 and B2 treatments significantly promoted the growth of the diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height of poplar trees for two consecutive years, among which B2 treatment had the most significant promoting effect (P＜0.05). (2) One year after biochar application, both B1 and B2 treatments significantly promoted the net increment of carbon storage in the arbor layer, herb layer, litter layer, and soil layer compared with ck (P＜0.05). However, in the second year, there was no significant difference in the net increment of carbon storage in each layer compared with ck, indicating that a single application of biochar was not sufficient to maintain the long-term growth of poplar trees. Instead, biochar exerted a continuous effect through more stable improvement of soil properties. (3) One year after biochar application, all treatments significantly increased the soil carbon storage in the 0−40 cm soil layer (P＜0.05), but had no significant effect on the 40−100 cm soil layer, indicating that the increase in soil carbon storage mainly originated from the one-time application of biochar in the 0−40 cm soil layer. (4) Correlation analysis showed that the carbon storage in each carbon layer was significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with soil total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), ammonium nitrogen (\begin{document}${\mathrm{NH}}_4^+ $\end{document} \begin{document}${\mathrm{NO}}_3^- $\end{document} Conclusion Biochar application can significantly promote the carbon sequestration capacity of the arbor layer, herb layer, litter layer, and soil layer in young poplar plantations, and is conducive to sustained and stable promotion of the rapid growth of DBH and tree height of poplar trees, thereby improving comprehensive carbon sequestration and sink increment capacity of young poplar plantations. Among them, a high biochar application dose of 60 t·hm−2 (B2) can achieve short-term rapid and stable carbon sequestration, exhibiting a better promoting effect. [Ch, 5 fig. 1 tab. 36 ref.]
, Available online doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250322
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Objective It is of great significance to explore the rational layout of ecological-living-production space in karst scenic byway to promote the high-quality development of scenic byway in ecologically fragile areas and optimize the national space. Method This study focused on the karst mountainous area of the Huajiang section of the Beipan river, and constructed a spatial suitability evaluation framework for the karst scenic byway that encompassed ecological, living, and production spaces. After identifying and categorizing the spatial elements of the karst scenic byway, the criteria for spatial suitability evaluation were established. Using GIS spatial overlay analysis technology, the study evaluated the spatial development and construction suitability of the karst scenic byway and proposed targeted landscape planning strategies accordingly. Result (1) The most suitable and highly suitable areas for the development of the karst scenic byway account for a small proportion, while the moderately suitable, low suitable and unsuitable areas account for a large proportion. (2) It is suggested that the development of unsuitable and low suitable areas should be strictly restricted, and ecological conservation corridors should be established, and priority should be given to the restoration of ecologically fragile areas. (3) It is planned to build karst ecological display corridor in the area with high ecological function, recreational and sightseeing corridor in the area with living-function suitability, and develop karst ecological agriculture in the area with production potential. (4) The theme segmentation design divided the Huajiang karst scenic byway into 5 sections: pastoral cottages, peak cluster and fields, mountain and valley, mountain range, and rural river valleys. On this basis, the route of road culture event was planned reasonably, and 14 station nodes are set up in suitable areas. Conclusion This study reveals the suitability of spatial development and construction along the Huajiang karst scenic byway, along with its spatial distribution characteristics. It also proposes landscape planning strategies aimed at promoting the coordinated development of ecological protection, recreational activities, and agricultural production. The planning method for karst scenic byway, based on the suitability evaluation of production-living-ecological spaces, can effectively guide the rational layout and protective development of functional spaces in ecologically fragile areas. [Ch, 6 fig. 4 tab. 25 ref.]
, Available online doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20260156
Abstract:
Objective In situ hybridization(ISH)technology is widely used for studying the spatiotemporal expression patterns and functions in different tissues. This study utilizes materials from different cultivars, tissues, and developmental stages of Osmanthus fragrans to establish an efficient and stable in situ hybridization system for this flower species, providing a technical method for the spatiotemporal expression localization of functional genes in O. fragrans. Method Using the auxin response factor OfIAA14 as the detection gene, based on the conventional ISH process, key parameters such as sample vacuumization time, protease K digestion time, whether to perform pre-hybridization, and hybridization temperature and time were systematically optimized and compared. Meanwhile, the functional verification of related genes was conducted across different varieties, tissues, and developmental stages. Result The results showed that the optimal hybridization signal could be obtained under the conditions of vacuumization for 30 min at 0.08 MPa (2 times), proteinase K digestion for 20−25 min, no pre-hybridization, hybridization temperature at 50 ℃, and hybridization time of 20 h. Furthermore, genes such as OfPIF4, OfPIF5, OfUFO , OfYAB2 and OfAUX5 were selected to verifty the applicability of the optimized system in different O. fragrans cultivars, tissues and developmental stages. Good tissue structure preservation and clear and stable signal expression were obtained, indicating that the method has good reliability and certain universality. Conclusion This study established an optimized ISH technology system suitable for O. fragrans tissues, providing reliable technical support for in-depth analysis of the spatiotemporal expression characteristics and molecular regulation mechanisms of genes related to flower development in O. fragrans. [Ch, 9 fig. 1 tab. 25 ref.]
, Available online doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250540
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Objective The objective is to identify tissue-specific modules related to gland development in Vernicia fordii and to screen core regulatory genes, so as to lay a foundation for further in-depth analysis of gland ontogenesis and provide theoretical support for the study of the developmental mechanisms of plant secretory tissues such as secretory cavities and glandular trichomes. Method Based on transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) data of 12 tissue parts and developmental stage combination samples of V. fordii, combined with weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), the tissue-specific modules related to glands were identified. Core genes were screened through functional enrichment analysis of hub genes within the module, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction, and gene interaction network clustering analysis. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) was subsequently applied to verify the expression patterns of candidate genes in different parts of the tree. Result WGCNA clustered the 12 943 filtered genes into 27 co-expression modules, and identified the greenyellow module that was highly related to the gland development. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed that hub genes within this module were mainly involved in biological processes such as growth, anatomical structure development, cell differentiation, protein metabolism, light signal perception response, and biotic stress response, and were enriched in related pathways such as transporters, the ubiquitin system, signal transduction, and environmental information processing. Based on the interaction network of genes within the module and gene functional annotations, several genes such as LSH4, RAD4, HDG5, GHI, LOB, and SWEET10 were identified as potential key regulators in gland development. RT-qPCR verification results showed that the expression of each candidate gene in different parts of V. fordii exhibited significant tissue specificity, and its expression trend was highly consistent with the RNA-Seq data. Conclusion One tissue-specific module related to gland is identified, and core genes (RAD4, GHI, SWEET10), which are closely related to gland formation and development, are screened. [Ch, 8 fig. 3 tab. 44 ref.]
, Available online doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250505
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Objective The objective is to analyze the nutrient stoichiometric patterns among organs of the widespread species Setaria viridis and the driving factors, so as to reveal its resource acquisition strategies and growth adaptability on a large regional scale. Method 10 sampling sites were selected along a precipitation gradient from the humid southeast region to the arid northwest region of China, with the widespread species S. viridis as the target plant. The carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) stoichiometric indices in its roots, stems and leaves were measured. Using one-way ANOVA and principal component analysis, the variation patterns of stoichiometry along the precipitation gradient were investigated. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and hierarchical partitioning were further employed to identify the key environmental factors driving stoichiometric variation. Result (1) The coefficient of variation of total carbon mass fraction in all organs of S. viridis was the lowest (9.13% for roots and 11.70% for leaves), while the variations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were relatively large, reflecting the sensitive response of limiting elements to environmental changes. (2) Geographical factors such as latitude and elevation had no significant direct effect on the stoichiometric traits. Their influence was achieved indirectly by regulating climatic and soil conditions. (3) The differences in environmental driving factors among organs lied in that the variation in root stoichiometry was primarily explained by soil factors while stem stoichiometry was predominantly driven by climatic factors. Consequently, leaf stoichiometric characteristics were positively and significantly correlated with mean annual precipitation, photosynthetically active radiation, and soil total phosphorus. Conclusion The stoichiometric traits of S. viridis organs exhibit significant differences across different sampling sites, primarily driven by environmental factors (climate and soil). The chemical diversity of plants is determined jointly by the basic resource utilization strategies (the first principal component) selected by large-scale climatic conditions and the specific adaptive characteristics (the second principal component) refined by local soil heterogeneity (especially phosphorus), through hierarchical regulation. These findings highlight the importance of understanding plant adaptive differentiation at the organ scale, providing a novel perspective for more accurate prediction of plant response and adaptation trajectories under future climate change. [Ch, 7 fig. 2 tab. 26 ref.]
, Available online doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250305
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Objective This study aims to explore soil microbial diversity in artificial ecological pubic welfare forests of Pinus massoniana and Eucalyptus urophylla by comparing them with zonal natural public welfare forests. Method Soil bacterial and fungal communities were investigated in the two artificial public welfare forests, two natural pubic welfare forests (karst, and non-karst natural forests) in Yachang Orchid Natural Reserve, Guangxi. The influence mechanism of plant communities and soil factors on the composition and diversity of soil microbial communities across different forest types were analyzed. Result The contents of total carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available potassium, and available calcium in the soil of artificial forests were significantly lower than those in zonal natural forests (P＜0.05), while there was no significant difference in available magnesium. The available phosphorus in artificial forests was significantly lower than that in non-karst natural forests and higher than that in karst forests (P＜0.05). The Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, and evenness indices of bacteria in P. massoniana forests were significantly higher than those in karst forests (P＜0.05), but there was no significant difference in non-karst natural forests. There was no significant difference in species richness index between P. massoniana forests and zonal natural forests. The species richness, Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, and evenness indices of bacteria in E. urophylla forests were not significantly different from those in zonal natural forests. The species richness index of fungi in artificial forests was significantly lower than that in zonal natural forests (P＜0.05), while no significant differences were found in the Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, and evenness indices. There were significant differences in the composition of bacterial and fungal communities among different forest types (P＜0.001), and the main influencing factors were plant community composition (explaining 33.4% and 21.2% of the variation, respectively) and soil total nitrogen content (explaining 24.8% and 7.8% of the variation, respectively). The difference in bacterial community composition was also influenced by soil pH (explaining 20.9% of the variation), while the fungal community composition was influenced by soil temperature (explaining 7.2% of the variation). This resulted in a significant decline in the relative abundance of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (such as Xanthobacteraceae) and copiotrophic and alkaliphilic bacteria (such as Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes) in artificial forests, while the relative abundance of oligotrophic and acidophilic bacteria (such as Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi) increased. There was a significant increase in pine-associated symbiotic fungi (such as Mortierellaceae and Sebacinaceae) in P. massoniana forests, and eucalyptus-associated symbiotic fungi (such as Gloniaceae) in E. urophylla forests. In contrast, the symbiotic fungi (such as Russulaceae) of oak trees (the dominant species in natural forests) and copiotrophic, cold-adapted fungi (such as Hymenogastraceae) decreased in both artificial forests. There was no significant difference in bacterial functional groups among different forest types, while there were significant differences in fungal functional groups. Conclusion The artificial public welfare forests of P. massoniana and E. urophylla still face the problems of a monotonous plant community and declining soil nutrients, resulting in a significant reduction in fungal diversity and significant changes in functional groups, but bacterial diversity and functional groups have not been significantly affected. [Ch, 2 fig. 4 tab. 41 ref.]
, Available online doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250437
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Objective The aim is to deeply explore the spatiotemporal distribution patterns and driving mechanism of land desertification in Beijing, which is essential for formulating effective policies for preventing and controlling desertification and promoting ecological sustainability. Method Based on 7 phases of Landsat images from 1990 to 2020, a feature space was constructed using surface albedo (Albedo) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Combined with desertification difference index and geographic detector model, the spatial distribution characteristics and key driving factors of land desertification in Beijing were revealed. Result From 1990 to 2020, the desertified land in Beijing was primarily distributed in plains and riparian areas, and decreased significantly by approximately 33000 hm2. Among different land use types, the degree of desertification in forest land was severe. The geographic detector analysis showed that land desertification was driven by both natural and anthropogenic factors, with population density being a key driving factor. Conclusion Land desertification situation in Beijing has significantly improved in 1990−2020, but there are still some desertified areas that require further restoration. Future management strategies should include rational regulation of population density, the focus on vegetation construction along rivers, and protection of cultivated land. Various measures such as soil and water conservation and afforestation should be taken comprehensively to further curb the expansion of land desertification. [Ch, 4 fig. 7 tab. 35 ref.]
, Available online doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250364
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Objective Cereal cyst nematode (CCN) is a widespread and severe soil-borne disease in wheat, seriously threat to the food security in China. The application of phosphate fertilizer can effectively reduce the number of cysts in wheat field. Aim to reveal the role of root exudates in the regulation of CCN occurrence by phosphate fertilizer. Method A wheat pot experiment was conducted with applying different phosphorus levels (P1: 0 kg·hm−2 P2O5; P2: 72 kg·hm−2 P2O5; P3: 144 kg·hm−2 P2O5; P4: 216 kg·hm−2 P2O5). By analyzing the occurrence of CCN, as well as the composition differences of wheat root exudates which were determined by LC-MS metabolomics under different treatments. Result Under P3 treatment, the phosphorus concentration in shoot was significantly improved, and the number of cysts was the lowest, which was 55% lower than that of P1. As increased phosphorus supplying, the number of cysts under P4 treatment was significantly higher than that of P3, suggesting that excessive application of phosphorus might aggravate CCN diseases. The PCA analysis indicated that the composition of root exudates under P3 treatment was significantly different from that of P1. Compared with P1 treatment, there were 682 dissimilar root exudates under P3 treatment, among which 434 were significantly enriched and 248 were significantly reduced. These significant different root exudates are involved in glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and the biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. Correlation analysis with cysts revealed that there were 16 significantly negatively correlated root exudates under P3 treatment, including organic oxides, organic acids, organic heterocyclic compounds, lipids, benzene ring compounds, and polyketides, and it has been reported that some of these substances have inhibitory effects on plant diseases. Conclusion Resistance of CCN can be enhanced by optimizing phosphate fertilizer application, which stimulates the root secretion of disease-suppressive compounds. These findings initially reveal the regulatory mechanism of phosphate fertilizer in inhibiting the occurrence of CCN, providing a theoretical basis for the green control technology system of plant parasitic nematodes through reduction of fertilizers and pesticides. [Ch, 6 fig. 2 tab. 43 ref.]
, Available online doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250400
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Objective Urea-formaldehyde resin (UF) is widely used in decorative materials such as plywood and decorative paper due to its excellent performance and cost advantages. However, because of the high brittleness and fire safety properties of UF in applications, it is imperative to conduct toughening and flame-retardant modification on such resin to broaden its application scope. Method Amino-grafted polyborosiloxane (N-PBS) was used as a monomer to prepare a N-PBS-modified flame-retardant and toughened UF resin (PUF) via in-situ polymerization. An impregnation adhesive system integrating adhesion, toughness, and flame retardancy was constructed to improve the mechanical properties and flame retardancy of UF. Result Owing to the modification of the UF main chain by the flexible N-PBS segments, PUF-coated decorative panels with 10%N-PBS (10%PUF) exhibited superior mechanical and flame retardant properties compared to pure UF-coated panels. (1) After 30 seconds of flame combustion, the backside temperature of the decorative panel decreased by 78.2 ℃, the burn-through time was delayed by 60 seconds, and the flame self-extinguished upon removal from the fire. (2) The dry bonding strength increased by 27%, and the wet bonding strength met the standards for Type Ⅱ plywood as specified in GB/T 9846 −2015. (3) The toughness was improved, as evidenced by a reduction of 0.9 mm in curling radius in a relevant test. Conclusion By introducing N-PBS into the UF structure via in-situ polymerization, the chemical cross-linking is achieved, which significantly enhances the flame retardancy, bonding properties and toughness of UF, thereby providing technical support for enhancing the high value-added applications and expanding the application scope of UF. [Ch, 10 fig. 36 ref.]
, Available online doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250440
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Objective This study aims to explore the reasons for dormancy of Clematis dilatata seeds and find effective methods to break dormancy, providing a basis for the protection, development and utilization of this plant. Methods Using seeds of C. dilatata as experimental material, the morphological traits, seed coat permeability, and endogenous inhibitors (using seeds of Brassica rapa var. glabra as the receptor) were observed. Furthermore, treatments with different gibberellin (GA3) concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg·L−1) were applied, varying durations of cold stratification (0~98 d), and treatments of different temperature (constant and alternating) and photoperiod (alternating light/dark and complete darkness) were combined to screen for the most effective dormancy-breaking method. Result At maturity, seeds of C. dilatata had differentiated but underdeveloped embryos. The seed coat showed good water permeability, posing no barrier to water uptake by the embryo. Aqueous extracts from the seed coat and endosperm had no significant effect on the germination of B. rapa var. glabra seeds. Compared to the constant temperature (25 ℃) or complete darkness, alternatingtemperature (25 ℃ 16 h/15 ℃ 8 h) and a light/dark cycle (light 16 h/dark 8 h) were more conducive to seed germination. Cold stratification significantly reduced the mean time to radicle emergence (21~45 d) compared to the control (75 d). When stratification duration increased, germination rate firstly increased and then decreased, while germination potential firstly increased and then stabilized, and the mean time to radicle emergence decreased progressively until stabilizing. After 70 d of cold stratification, germination rate peaked at (64.33±5.51)%, with a germination potential of (7.33±1.15)% and a mean radicle emergence time of 25 d. Treatment with 50 mg·L−1 GA3 resulted in a high germination rate of (68.33±3.51)%, a germination potential of (8.00±1.00)%, and a mean radicle emergence time of 23 d. However, higher GA3 concentration reduced both germination rate and potential, and prolonged the mean time to radicle emergence. Conclusion Seeds of C. dilatata belong to non-deep simple morphophysiological dormancy. Under alternating temperature and light/dark conditions, treatment with 50 mg·L−1 GA3 or cold stratification for 70 d can effectively seed dormancy. [Ch. 2 fig. 4 tab. 31 ref.]
, Available online doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250349
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Objective This study aims to develop a cultivable foam made from renewable raw materials for use in soilless cultivation, thereby reducing reliance on conventional molding substrates such as rock wool and polyurethane. Method The soilless culture matrix foam material was prepared by mechanical foaming of wood residue fibers and chitosan gel. The effects of freeze-thaw treatment and Triton X-100 on the macroscopic morphological characteristics and foam volume were investigated. The structure of foam was characterized by microscopic morphology and infrared spectrum, and the effects of of citric acid as a cross-linking agent on the fundamental properties and cultivation performance of foam was evaluated through water retention performance, absorption tests, and cultivation experiments as well. Result The freeze-thaw treatment significantly improved the pore structure of the wood fiber-chitosan foam, with 1 g of triton X-100 (TX-100) as the optimal dosage. The addition of citric acid induced a cross-linked network within the chitosan, which could effectively enhance the pore structure and water retention capacity of the foam. Under the condition of 40 ℃ for 12 hours, the wood fiber-chitosan foam had a water loss rate of only 69.21% and its water absorption capacity reached 68.15%, a significant improvement compared to the foam without citric acid. In the cultivation experiment, the growth performance of Raphanus sativus was second only to that grown in polyurethane foam cultivation substrates. Conclusion The combination of a freeze-thaw process and the use of Triton X-100 can create a uniform pore structure in the foam. The wood fiber-chitosan foam prepared with citric acid as the cross-linking agent can meet the basic requirements for plant growth, demonstrating good application potential in practical cultivation experiments. [Ch, 7 fig. 1 tab. 25 ref.]
, Available online doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250398
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Objective In regions with poor drainage during the rainy season, frequent waterlogging severely constrains the increase in yield and quality of Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’. This study aims to systematically investigate the physiological response and waterlogging tolerance of rootstocks of different T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ cultivars under waterlogging stress, which not only helps facilitate screening and cultivating waterlogging-tolerant varieties, but also provides a theoretical basis for elucidating the waterlogging-tolerant mechanism of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’. Method Rootstocks of 9 T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ cultivars, namely ‘Zhenzhufei’ ‘Zaoyuanfei’ ‘Yushanyufei’ ‘Jinyehongxiangyafei’ ‘Qiefei’ ‘Changyefei’ ‘Xiaozixiangyafei’ ‘Longfengxifei’ and ‘Zhimafei’ were used as test materials. 2 treatments were set up: normal moisture (control) and waterlogging. The tolerance of each cultivar to waterlogging was comprehensively evaluated by measuring 10 physiological indices in T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ leaves, including chlorophyll a and b contents, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, electrolyte leakage rate, proline (Pro) content, and the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD). Then, the waterlogging tolerance index of each variety was assessed based on principal component analysis and membership function analysis to comprehensively evaluate waterlogging tolerance capacity of each variety. Result Under waterlogging treatment, the contents of chlorophyll a and b of rootstocks of different cultivars decreased to varying degrees compared to the control. In contrast, the physiological indicators related to oxidative stress, such as H2O2 content, MDA content, electrolyte leakage rate, SOD activity, and POD activity, all increased to varying degrees. Pro content, APX activity, and CAT activity showed an increasing or decreasing trend in different cultivars. Based on principal component analysis and membership function analysis, a comprehensive evaluation of different physiological indicators was conducted to obtain the comprehensive evaluation values of waterlogging tolerance for the 9 cultivars. Conclusion Rootstocks of different T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ cultivars exhibit different changes in osmotic substances and antioxidant protection ability under waterlogging stress. ‘Changyefei’ ‘Jinyehongxiangyafei’ and ‘Yushanyufei’demonstrate high waterlogging resistance, while ‘Xiaozixiangyafei’ ‘Longfengxifei’ and ‘Zaoyuanfei’ show moderate tolerance. ‘Zhenzhufei’ ‘Qiefei’ and ‘Zhimafei’ have the least capacity of waterlogging tolerance. [Ch, 1 fig. 3 tab. 29 ref.]
, Available online doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250375
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to prepare a fully biobased composite film with flexible iridescent cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)/phosphorylated cellulose nanofibers (PCNF)/lignin nanoparticles (LNPs), and systematically examine the influence of LNPs mass fraction on the optical properties, morphology, mechanical properties, humidity sensitivity, thermal stability, hydrophobicity, and ultraviolet shielding properties of the composite film. Method Taking CNC as the structural matrix, PCNF as the reinforcing phase, and LNPs as the functional component, a two-step method was employed to prepare a fully biobased, flexible, and iridescent CNC/PCNF/LNPs composite film. Result The structural color and the maximum reflection wavelength (λmax) of the film exhibited a significant redshift with increasing LNPs mass fraction. Hydrophobicity was enhanced, and the water contact angle increased from 39.0° to 76.1°, while humidity sensitivity decreased slightly. Thermal stability improved, with the maximum thermal decomposition temperature rising from 240 ℃ to 261 ℃. Ultraviolet shielding performance was enhanced, and the CNC/P20/L2.0 film (where P20 represented the mass fraction of PCNF relative to CNC as 20.0%, and L2.0 represented the mass fraction of LNPs relative to CNC as 2.0%) achieved UV absorption rates of 95.8% in the ultraviolet region (UV, 200−400 nm) and 99.2% in the mid wave UV region (UVB, 280−320 nm). Conclusion The mass fraction of LNPs can affect the optical properties, morphology, humidity sensitivity, thermal stability, hydrophobicity, and ultraviolet shielding properties of the composite film, but it has little effect on the mechanical properties. [Ch, 7 fig. 26 ref.]
, Available online doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250389
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to examine the influence of circular holes of different positions and sizes on the load-bearing capacity of wooden beams, explore the mechanical mechanism by which wooden beams have a certain tolerance for hole damage, and inspire the design of materials with high hole tolerance or lightweight structures. Method The mechanical concept of hole compatibility was proposed, and the calculation formula for hole compatibility coefficient was provided. By conducting bending and fracture experiments on wooden beams, the fracture bending moment values of wooden beams with holes of different positions and diameters were measured, corresponding relationship curves were drawn, and the hole compatibility coefficient of wooden beams was calculated. By conducting simulation analysis and fracture morphology analysis on representative wooden beams, the mechanism of their hole compatibility mechanical properties was clarified. Result The impact of holes below the neutral layer on the load-bearing capacity of wooden beams was greater than that of holes located above the neutral layer. When the diameter of the hole was less than 1/5 of the beam height, the bearing capacity of the wooden beam did not exceed 10%. Except for wooden beams with extremely high and low densities, the compatibility coefficient of most wooden beams was close to 1.0, which was higher than that of plastic metal aluminum beams and brittle acrylic beams. Finite element analysis showed that the stress distribution below the hole was more uniform than that above the hole, and the fracture morphology analysis revealed that the fracture surface below the hole was smoother. Conclusion When the diameter of the hole is smaller than the critical value, the overall bearing capacity of the wooden beam decreases slightly. When such holes are located in the stretching area of the wooden beam, the bearing capacity of the wood fibers in the lower area of the hole is more evenly exerted, and the wooden beam exhibits a mechanical phenomenon of hole compatibility as a whole. Wooden beams have better hole compatibility mechanical properties than plastic metal aluminum beams and brittle acrylic beams. The mechanical mechanism of hole compatibility can inspire the design of new fiber-reinforced composite materials, lightweight load-bearing structures with holes, and micro porous structural materials. [Ch, 6 fig. 6 tab. 25 ref.]
, Available online doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250331
Abstract:
Objective The objective of this study is to explore the mechanism of rutin against myocardial fibrosis (MF) based on network pharmacology, molecular docking, and cellular experiments. Method Based on drug and disease databases, disease-associated gene targets related to rutin and MF were identified. A multidimensional “drug-target-disease” interaction network model was constructed using Cytoscape, and the core targets were subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis using R software. The interaction between rutin and the core target protein was simulated through molecular docking technology. The effect of rutin on the proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) was detected by the CCK-8 method. Result Network pharmacology analysis revealed that rutin acted on 91 MF-related targets, among which IL-6, TNF, TP53, and SRC were the core targets, and they were enriched in signaling pathways such as PI3K-Akt, MAPK, and IL-17. Molecular docking demonstrated that rutin had a good binding activity with the core target protein. Molecular biology experiments showed that rutin could reverse the expression of fibrotic biomarkers in TGF-β1-induced CFs and significantly downregulate the expression of key proteins associated with the MAPK-JNK/ERK signaling pathway (P＜0.05). Conclusion Rutin may alleviate TGF-β1-induced fibrosis in CFs by inhibiting the activation of the MAPK-JNK/ERK signaling pathway. [Ch, 7 fig. 2 tab. 31 ref.]
, Available online doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250370
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to investigate the structural and performance differences of sliced bamboo veneers from different radial positions under various treatments, so as to provide fundamental data for achieving “bamboo as a substitute for plastic” and diversified utilization of veneers. Method A comparative study was conducted on the transverse and longitudinal planning methods, as well as water-boiling pretreatment process. Surface quality, flexibility, tensile properties, and chemical composition were taken as evaluation indices to quantify the effects of different processing techniques on the physical and chemical properties of sliced bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) veneers from different radial positions. Result Transverse planing yielded higher surface quality and stability than longitudinal planing. The flexibility gradually decreased from the inner bark to the outer bark of the bamboo. Compared with transverse-planed unboiled veneers at the same gradient positions, the flexibility of transverse-planed boiled veneers and longitudinal-planed veneers decreased by approximately 11.47% and 34.22%, respectively. Conversely, the tensile strength of the sliced veneer increased from the inner bark to the outer bark of the bamboo. At the same gradient position, the transverse-planed boiled and unboiled veneers showed reductions of 11.78% and 21.68%, respectively. Chemical compositions showed no significant variations across radial positions due to gradient-dependent softening effects, while the crystallinity basically showed an upward trend from the inner to the outer layers of the bamboo. Conclusion The mechanical properties of bamboo veneers vary with radial position and planing direction. Directional planing and gradient processing can effectively coordinate mechanical properties of veneers. [Ch, 7 fig. 3 tab. 28 ref.]
, Available online doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250249
Abstract:
Soil inorganic carbon (SIC) is a key component of the soil carbon pool, and its sequestration and loss have profound impacts on the global carbon cycling and climate change. With accelerating urbanization in China, urban ecosystems have become a focal point of ecological research. Urban green spaces, as integral components of urban ecosystems, are closely linked to soil carbon dynamics, climate regulation, and ecosystem services, and their response and feedback to urbanization will inevitably be the focus and priority of study. However, the understanding of SIC cycling in urban green spaces remains limited. This paper examined the potential impacts of human activities such as land management and construction on SIC in urban ecosystems. It systematically overviewed the following aspects: (1) sequestration, loss and influencing factors of SIC in urban green spaces under urbanization; (2) the driving effects of changes in soil physical properties, nitrogen inputs, pH, and salinity on the carbonate dissolution–precipitation balance of SIC in urban green spaces; (3) the impact of soil fauna and microbial communities on SIC formation process. Future research should focus on the driving mechanism of SIC dynamics under urbanization, so as to make up for the research deficiencies in inorganic carbon in urban green spaces and provide theoretical support for improving carbon cycling theory and optimizing ecosystem functions in urban ecosystems. [Ch, 1 tab. 83 ref.]
Soil inorganic carbon (SIC) is a key component of the soil carbon pool, and its sequestration and loss have profound impacts on the global carbon cycling and climate change. With accelerating urbanization in China, urban ecosystems have become a focal point of ecological research. Urban green spaces, as integral components of urban ecosystems, are closely linked to soil carbon dynamics, climate regulation, and ecosystem services, and their response and feedback to urbanization will inevitably be the focus and priority of study. However, the understanding of SIC cycling in urban green spaces remains limited. This paper examined the potential impacts of human activities such as land management and construction on SIC in urban ecosystems. It systematically overviewed the following aspects: (1) sequestration, loss and influencing factors of SIC in urban green spaces under urbanization; (2) the driving effects of changes in soil physical properties, nitrogen inputs, pH, and salinity on the carbonate dissolution–precipitation balance of SIC in urban green spaces; (3) the impact of soil fauna and microbial communities on SIC formation process. Future research should focus on the driving mechanism of SIC dynamics under urbanization, so as to make up for the research deficiencies in inorganic carbon in urban green spaces and provide theoretical support for improving carbon cycling theory and optimizing ecosystem functions in urban ecosystems. [Ch, 1 tab. 83 ref.]
, Available online doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250455
Abstract:
However, the current organogenic regeneration system generally has technical bottlenecks such as rooting difficulties, severe browning and strong genotype dependence in adult materials, which seriously restricts the relevant breeding and breeding process. The key external factors affecting regeneration efficiency, including explant selection, media optimization, and the ratio and treatment timing of plant growth regulators (PGRs) are systematically sorted out. At the molecular mechanism level, the cellular and molecular regulatory mechanisms from callus induction to adventitious root/adventitious bud formation were expounded, and the core mechanisms of auxin signaling (ARF-WOX-LBD pathway) regulating adventitious root genesis and cytokinin signaling (ARR-WUS-CLV3 loop) regulating adventitious bud formation were revealed. In view of the technical bottlenecks such as the difficulty of rooting of adult materials and the serious browning of high-phenolic varieties, a comprehensive countermeasure combining physiological and epigenetic regulation was further proposed. This paper analyzes that the organogenesis of woody plants is jointly regulated by external culture conditions, internal hormone pathways and epigenetic status, and the essence of adult material regeneration disorder is that regeneration-related genes are systematically inhibited at the epigenetic level. In the future, through deepening mechanism analysis and technological innovation, it is expected to systematically break through the regrowth obstacles of woody plants and provide systematic support for precision breeding and gene function research of forest trees. [Ch, 1 fig. 2 tab. 82 ref.]
However, the current organogenic regeneration system generally has technical bottlenecks such as rooting difficulties, severe browning and strong genotype dependence in adult materials, which seriously restricts the relevant breeding and breeding process. The key external factors affecting regeneration efficiency, including explant selection, media optimization, and the ratio and treatment timing of plant growth regulators (PGRs) are systematically sorted out. At the molecular mechanism level, the cellular and molecular regulatory mechanisms from callus induction to adventitious root/adventitious bud formation were expounded, and the core mechanisms of auxin signaling (ARF-WOX-LBD pathway) regulating adventitious root genesis and cytokinin signaling (ARR-WUS-CLV3 loop) regulating adventitious bud formation were revealed. In view of the technical bottlenecks such as the difficulty of rooting of adult materials and the serious browning of high-phenolic varieties, a comprehensive countermeasure combining physiological and epigenetic regulation was further proposed. This paper analyzes that the organogenesis of woody plants is jointly regulated by external culture conditions, internal hormone pathways and epigenetic status, and the essence of adult material regeneration disorder is that regeneration-related genes are systematically inhibited at the epigenetic level. In the future, through deepening mechanism analysis and technological innovation, it is expected to systematically break through the regrowth obstacles of woody plants and provide systematic support for precision breeding and gene function research of forest trees. [Ch, 1 fig. 2 tab. 82 ref.]
, Available online doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250275
Abstract:
Objective The aim is to explore the difference in water conservation function of Robinia pseudoacacia plantations at different growth stages in loess areas of western Shanxi, and provide scientific basis for improving water conservation capacity and management of forest stands. Method Taking R. pseudoacacia plantations of 5 age groups (with forest ages of 15, 23, 27, 34, and 41 years respectively ) in Caijiachuan watershed, Linfen City of Shanxi Province as the research objects, water conservation indicators in vertical layers (canopy, litter, and soil) were measured, including canopy interception rate, litter water-holding capacity, soil physical properties, and water holding characteristics. Comprehensive evaluation of the water conservation function was conducted based on Entropy Weight-Approximate Ideal Solution Ranking (TOPSIS). Result (1) The leaf area index and interception rate of the canopy layer showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing as the age increased, with the highest values observed in middle-aged forests (23 years), and remained stable after maturity. (2) The litter layer in middle-aged forests exhibited the highest accumulation and maximum water holding capacity, while the effective retention capacity was superior in mature stands. (3) Young stands (15 years) had the highest non-capillary and saturated water-holding capacities, while middle-aged stands excelled in capillary water retention. (4) Soil layers contributed the most to water conservation. Water retention capacity first increased and then declined with age, reaching peak in middle-aged stands. Conclusion The water conservation function of the middle-aged R. pseudoacacia plantation is the best. To enhance the water conservation function, inefficient and degraded stands should be selectively harvested and replanted, which is in line with regional project for low efficiency forest transformation and functional improvement. [Ch, 2 fig. 5 tab. 34 ref.]
, Available online doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250203
Abstract:
Objective The objective is to investigate the changes in soil physicochemical properties, aggregates and microbial communities in the wine vineyards at the eastern foot of Helan Mountains in Ningxia under conservation tillage measures, and to elucidate the correlation between soil physicochemical properties and microbial communities. Method Taking the wine grape variety Vitis vinifera ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ as the experimental material, natural grass (NT), branch mulching (CTS), and natural grass + branch mulching (NTS) were set up as treatments and clean tillage (ck) was used as the control. The indicators such as soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), aggregate stability, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, organic matter contents, and relative abundance and diversity of bacteria and fungi were measured and analyzed in the wine vineyards during the flowering period (May), fruit swelling period (July), and fruit ripening period (September). Result (1) Compared with ck, NT, CTS, and NTS treatments significantly increased soil pH and total phosphorus, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and organic matter contents at different growth stages of the grapes (P＜0.05). In September, the soil organic matter content in NT, CTS, and NTS treatments increased by 34.71%, 93.33%, and 68.73%, respectively. (2) Compared with ck, the stability of soil aggregates under NT, CTS, and NTS treatments was significantly improved (P＜0.05). Particularly in September, NTS significantly increased the mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates by 26.23%, the mean geometric diameter (MGD) of aggregates by 67.65%, and the percentage of aggregates larger than 0.250 mm (R0.25) by 31.33%, resulting in an improvement in soil structure. (3) NT, CTS, and NTS treatments significantly increased the relative abundance and diversity of bacteria and fungi in the soil (P＜ 0.05), and altered the microbial community structure. Conclusion NT, CTS, and NTS treatments can significantly improve soil physical-chemical and microbial properties in the ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ vineyard. [Ch, 4 fig. 3 tab. 54 ref.]
