Current Articles
2025, Volume 42, Issue 1
column
2025,
42(1):
1-11.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240476
Abstract:
Objective The objective is to study the community structure and dominant population dynamics of Rhododendron fortunei in the high-altitude coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in Dapanshan National Nature Reserve in Zhejiang Province, and predict its future successional trends. Method A 1 hm2 fixed monitoring plot was established in July 2018, and woody plants with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 1.0 cm were tagged, identified, and measured for DBH, and re-examined every 5 years. Based on species importance and dominance, the composition of community species and DBH structure of dominant species were analyzed. The population dynamics of R. fortunei were analyzed using age structure diagrams and population life tables. Result In 2018, a total of 4 773 woody plants were recorded, belonging to 90 species in 55 genera of 35 families. In 2023, three species disappeared from the plot, with an individual mortality rate of 1.38% and a recruitment rate of 2.38%. The forest layer structure of the plot was clear, with the sub-canopy dominated by R. fortunei species. The overall diameter class structure of all tree species in 2018 and 2023 exhibited a reversed “J” pattern, and the number of individuals with 5.0 cm ≤ DBH ≤ 20.0 cm in tree species significantly increased in 2023. The population structure of R. fortunei was pyramid-shaped, mainly concentrated in age classes Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ, with very few individuals in age classes Ⅰ, Ⅵ, and Ⅶ. The survival curve showed that most individuals within the population could survive to their physiological lifespan, exhibiting a dynamic characteristic of stable growth. Conclusion The R. fortunei community has a richness of species, with a relatively stable species composition and structure in the past 5 years, characterized by a high proportion of young individuals and good regeneration. The population of R. fortunei is growing, but there is insufficient reserve of individuals in age class Ⅰ. [Ch, 6 fig. 2 tab. 38 ref.]
2025,
42(1):
12-22.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240456
Abstract:
Objective Baishanzu National Park has a typical and complete subtropical forest ecosystem with a comprehensive vertical spectrum and extensive primary evergreen broad-leaved forest. By comparing the community structure and species diversity of the evergreen broad-leaved forest in Baishanzu National Park with those in other national nature reserves and non-protected areas in Zhejiang Province, this study aims to understand the community characteristics of the evergreen broad-leaved forest in Baishanzu National Park and provide a theoretical basis for the protection of subtropical native evergreen broad-leaved forest and the restoration strategy of degraded vegetation. Method This study selected evergreen broad-leaved forests in Baishanzu National Park (including Fengyangshan and Wulingkeng), Jiulongshan, Wuyanling, and Gutianshan National Nature Reserve, as well as a non-nature reserve area as the research sites. A total of 50 plots of 30 m×30 m were set up. By calculating the species diversity index and biomass of all woody plants, mature trees and saplings with DBH ≥1 cm in these plots, through methods including Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) based on the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index, and Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA), we compared and analyzed the species α diversity, species composition and biomass differences of all woody plants, mature trees and saplings in evergreen broad-leaved forest in different sites. Result (1) A total of 304 species belonging to 128 genera in 57 families were found in 50 plots, among which 241 species belonging to 108 genera in 52 families were found in Baishanzu National Park. Schima superba and Castanopsis eyrei were the dominant species. (2) The species α diversity of all woody plants and saplings was highest in Wulingkeng of Baishanzu National Park. Additionally, the species α diversity of all woody plants, mature trees, and saplings in national parks and nature reserves were higher than that in the non-nature reserves area. (3) Significant difference in species composition of all woody plants, mature trees and saplings were observed between Wulingkeng and Fengyangshan of Baishanzu National Park, as well as between other sites. (4) No significant difference in biomass of woody plants, mature trees, and saplings was found among Fengyangshan, Wulingkeng, Wuyanling and the non-nature reserves area. However, sapling biomass in Wulingkeng and Fengyangshan was significantly lower than that in Gutianshan. Conclusion The species diversity, species composition, and ecosystem function of the evergreen broad-leaved forest in Baishanzu National Park differ not only among different areas in the same national park but also with the other subtropical regions. This suggests that the original evergreen broad-leaved forests in Baishanzu National Park exhibit a distinct uniqueness. [Ch, 5 fig. 2 tab. 43 ref.]
2025,
42(1):
23-33.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240442
Abstract:
Objective The Wucheng Nanshan Nature Reserve in Zhejiang Province belongs to the mid-subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest zone in the vegetation zone, while the typical deciduous broad-leaved forest community is distributed in medium and high altitude area, which is the forest ecosystem under the protection of the Reserve. By analyzing the species composition and community structure characteristics of the 1 hm2 forest plot in Nanshan Nature Reserve, this study provides scientific basis for the protection and dynamic research of biodiversity and characteristic vegetation resources in the nature reserve, and also contributes foundational data for the study of deciduous broad-leaved forest communities in the subtropical areas of China. Method Based on the survey data from 1 hm2 forest plot in the Nanshan Nature Reserve, species composition, flora characteristics, the species diversity index, diameter class structure and vertical structure of the community were analyzed. Result (1) There were 97 woody species belong to 39 families, 65 genera (3 gymnosperms species belong to 3 families and 3 genera, 94 angiosperms species belong to 36 families and 62 genera), among which Rosaceae, Ericaceae and Lauraceae accounted for the largest number of species. (2) From a perspective of the flora, the temperate component was approximately 1.63 times as much as the tropical component at the generic level, and the temperate component was dominant. (3) A total of 11 019 woody individuals were found in the plot. Quercus serrata, Rhododendron simsii and Sorbus folgneri were the top three dominant species in the community. The important values of the deciduous species, evergreen species and coniferous species were 0.709, 0.180 and 0.111, respectively, indicating that the community was a typical deciduous broad-leaved forest. (4) The DBH size-class distribution followed a reverse “J” shape with an average diameter of only 3.66 cm, and the individuals at the minor diameter class accounted for 95.16% of the total population. (5) The proportion of plants in shrub layer, sub-canopy layer and canopy layer was 73.79%, 23.44% and 2.77%, respectively, indicating that shrub plants occupied a higher proportion in the vertical structure and the forest canopy layer was not obvious. Conclusion Nanshan forest plot in Zhejiang Province is a typical deciduous broad-leaved forest with rich species diversity and high plant density, but the plant diameter class in the community is generally small and the vertical structure is not obvious. This community is representative in the middle and high altitudes of the mid-subtropical regions. [Ch, 4 fig. 3 tab. 47 ref.]
2025,
42(1):
34-44.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240416
Abstract:
Objective Taking the forest communities of Yandang and Kuocang Mountains in Taizhou as the research objects, this study focuses on the differences of forest community structure and species composition of 2 mountain systems and their causes, which provides technical support for understanding the changes of evergreen broad-leaved forests in Taizhou. Method Based on the survey of 11 plots in Yandang Mountain and 15 plots in Kuocang Mountain (20 m×20 m), species composition, diameter structure and their relationships with the environmental factors were analyzed using methods such as Redundancy Analysis (RDA). Result Forest communities of Yandang Mountain recorded 67 species of trees, belonging to 31 families and 46 genera while those of Kuocang Mountain recorded 89 species of trees, belonging to 38 families and 62 genera. Species having important values ≥1% in the forest communities of Yandang and Kuocang Mountains were Schima superba, Liquidambar formosana, Cinnamomum camphora, Cunninghamia lanceolata, Loropetalum chinense, Eurya rubiginosa, Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Castanopsis sclerophylla, Adina pilulifera, Eurya muricata, Styrax faberi. The important value of Schima superba in the forest communities of Kuocang Mountain was 27.37%, which was 16.80% higher than that in Yandang Mountain. Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou evenness index of the forest communities of Yandang Mountain were significantly higher than those of Kuocang Mountain (P＜0.05). The total individual diameter distribution of species in 2 forest communities showed inverted “J” shapes. Total nitrogen, rock exposure rate, pH, soil total carbon and electrical conductivity were the main factors affecting the diversity indexes of forest communities of 2 mountains. Conclusion Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou evenness index of Yandang Mountain forest community were significantly higher than those of Kuocang Mountain forest communities. The main difference between 2 mountain forest communities is that the important value of Schima superba in Kuocang Mountain forest community is significantly higher than that in Yandang Mountain. [Ch, 3 fig. 3 tab. 42 ref.]
2025,
42(1):
45-54.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240307
Abstract:
Objective This study explore the ecological niche and interspecific association of the dominant species of woody plants in evergreen broad-leaved forest in Jinzifeng National Forest Park, Zhejiang Province, in order to provide a reference for ecological restoration and biodiversity conservation of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. Method Niche composition, niche width, niche overlap index, niche similarity coefficient, variance ratio method, \begin{document}$ {\chi}^{2} $\end{document} Result (1) There were 113 species of woody plants belonging to 31 families and 62 genera in the evergreen broad-leaved forest community in Jinzifeng National Forest Park, including Fagaceae, Rosaceae, Lauraceae, and Ericaceae. (2) The importance values and niche widths of Schima superba, Castanopsis eyrei and Pinus taiwanensis were larger. They were established species in this community, and had higher niche overlap values and niche similarity coefficients with other dominant species of woody plants. The niche overlap values and niche similarity coefficients of 21 dominant species of woody plants were mainly concentrated in the range of 0.10−0.50. (3) The dominant species of evergreen broad-leaved forest woody plants in Jinzifeng National Forest Park showed a significant positive association (P＜0.05). Among 210 species pairs, 112 species pairs showed no significant positive association, 49 species pairs showed no significant negative association, only 2 species pairs showed extremely significant positive association (P＜0.01) , 8 species pairs showed significant positive association (P＜0.05) , 39 species pairs showed no association. Spearman rank correlation test and Pearson correlation test showed no significant association. Species pairs accounted for 81.4% and 80.0%, respectively. The interspecific association was weak, with positive and negative association ratios greater than 1. (4) The regression analysis of Pearson correlation coefficient and niche overlap values of dominant tree species showed a extremely significant positive correlation (P＜0.01). Conclusion The evergreen broad-leaved forest community in Jinzifeng National Forest Park is in the middle stage of succession, and the competition among species is gradually balanced. [Ch, 3 fig. 5 fig. 34 ref.]
2025,
42(1):
55-63.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240356
Abstract:
Objective Neotrichocolea bissetii, a vulnerable liverwort by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), is endemic to East Asia. This study aims to clarify the structure traits of chloroplast genome and phylogenetic status of N. bissetii, the results can provide theoretical reference for the species identification, resource conservation and systematic evolution of N. bissetii. Method DNA was extracted, sequenced and assembled from N. bissetii samples collected in the field. The chloroplast genome structure, repeat sequences and codon bias were analyzed. The phylogenetic relationship was constructed based on the chloroplast genome sequences of 19 bryophytes. Result The whole genome sequence of the chloroplast of N. bissetii was 118 423 bp, including a pair of reverse repeat regions (IR, 9 031 bp), a large single copy region (LSC, 80 837 bp) and a small single copy region (SSC, 19 524 bp). It contained 79 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNA and 36 tRNA. In addition, a total of 56 simple sequence repeats (SSR) were detected in the whole chloroplast genome, most of which were AT/AT dinucleotide sequences. Codon preference analysis showed that the codon preferred to ends in A/U. With the exception of a few variable regions, the IR boundary regions of the chloroplast genome of the N. bissetii were very conserved. Phylogenetic tree showed that this species was most closely related to Trichocoleopsis sacculata. Conclusion The chloroplast genome of N. bissetii is a typical tetrad structure and relatively conserved. Phylogenetic tree analysis indicates that N. bissetii and T. sacculata into a branch structure. [Ch, 5 fig. 3 tab. 36 ref.]
2025,
42(1):
64-73.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240354
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to employ bioinformatics methods to perform a comprehensive genome-wide identification of the soybean IGT gene family and explore the potential functions of IGT gene family in soybean. Method Soybean cultivar Glycine max ‘Tianlong 1’ was selected and GmIGTs were identified by BLASTP search of IGT protein domain. The evolutionary relationships, gene structure, conserved motifs, cis-acting elements, and collinearity relationships were analyzed by bioinformatics methods. The expression patterns of GmIGTs in different tissue parts were analyzed. Result A total of 17 GmIGT genes were identified and classified into 4 branches based on their phylogenetic relationships: TAC, IGT-like, DRO, and LAZY. Protein conserved motif analysis revealed that all IGT proteins contained Motif2. Chromosomal localization and collinearity analysis showed that GmIGT genes were unevenly distributed on 11 chromosomes, and segmental duplication might have played a significant role in the expansion of GmIGT gene. Cis-acting element analysis indicated that GmIGT expression might be associated with light response, physiological response, plant hormone response and stress. RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that GmIGT gene had obvious tissue-specific expression characteristics. Among them, GmIGT5 exhibited relatively high expression levels in all tissues, while GmIGT4 and GmIGT10 were highly expressed in stems and petioles. Conclusion GmIGT gene may play a potential role in shaping soybean plant architecture, and GmIGT4 and GmIGT10 may be the core genes involved in this process. [Ch, 9 fig. 2 tab. 23 ref.]
2025,
42(1):
74-85.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240267
Abstract:
Objective The objective is to study the function of early flowering gene GhPRR9 in the growth and development of Gossypium hirsutum (cotton), so as to provide theoretical basis for cultivating early maturing cotton cultivars. Method Members of GhPRR subfamily were identified by genome-wide screening and the structure and expression characteristics were studied. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to analyze the expression of GhPRR9 among different varieties, tissues and within a single day. Subcellular localization was performed in Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) leaves by transient transformation method. The promoter of the gene was cloned and β-D-glucosidase (GUS) plants were constructed for staining experiment. The overexpression lines of Arabidopsis thaliana were constructed to analyze the flowering phenotype data and related gene expression. Virus induced silencing (VIGS) experiment was performed to observe the difference in flowering time. Result Bioinformatics analysis showed that most of the 14 members of the GhPRR subfamily were located in the nucleus, with a relatively conserved structure and mainly expressed in stems and leaves before flowering. RT-qPCR analysis indicated that the expression level of GhPRR9 was positively correlated with early maturity of cultivars, higher in flower organs, and exhibited a periodic change within one day. Transient transformation of tobacco revealed that GhPRR9 was distributed in the nucleus. GUS staining suggested that there might be key regulatory elements in the promoter within 500−2 000 bp upstream. Early flowering was observed in A. thaliana overexpressed strains. VIGS experiment revealed that gene silencing led to delayed flowering. Conclusion Gene GhPRR9 has a positive regulatory effect on the early flowering of upland cotton and can promote its growth and development. [Ch, 5 fig. 2 tab. 55 ref.]
2025,
42(1):
86-93.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240316
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to screen and identify ERF transcription factors of B2 subgroup involved in regulating lycopene β-cyclase OfLCYB gene of Osmanthus fragrans. Method ‘Yanhong Gui’, a cultivar of O. fragrans, was used as the material to screen OfERF genes of B2 subgroup from the O. fragrans transcriptome database. Bioinformatic analysis, real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and yeast one-hybridization were used to analyze the sequence and expression characteristics of the OfERF gene and its binding to the OfLCYB gene promoter. Result The promoter of the OfLCYB gene contained two ATCTA cis-acting elements. Four OfERF genes of B2 subgroup were screened based on the O. fragrans transcriptome database, all of which contained an AP2 conserved structural domain. The RT-qPCR results showed that the expression levels of OfERF72a and OfERF72b genes gradually decreased with the flowering process, and were significantly negatively correlated with the expression of OfLCYB gene, with P values of 0.0338 and 0.0296 , respectively. The results of yeast one-hybridization proved that there was a physical binding between OfERF72b and the OfLCYB promoter. Conclusion OfERF72b may participate in the metabolism of carotenoid in O. fragrans by regulating the transcription of OfLCYB. [Ch, 7 fig. 3 tab. 25 ref.]
2025,
42(1):
94-102.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240254
Abstract:
Objective This study is to investigate the seed traits of female Torreya grandis, analyze the genetic variation of the population based on SSR primers, and compare the differences in seed phenotype, quality, and genetic diversity between and within populations of T. grandis. Method Female T. grandis from Fuyang, Shengzhou, Lin’an, Jiande in Zhejiang Province and Mount Huangshan in Anhui Province were used as materials to compare the phenotypic traits of T. grandis leaves and seeds through variance analysis and principal component analysis. The genetic diversity of T. grandis was compared by SSR molecular markers using female T. grandis from Fuyang, Shengzhou, Lin’an, Chun’an and Mount Huangshan as raw materials. Result Analysis of seed traits revealed that there were significant individual differences (P＜0.01) in 8 indicators: leaf quality, leaf shape index, seed mass, seed shape index, seed weight, kernel shape index, seed coat thickness, and shell thickness between and within populations. The relative fat content and soluble sugar content also showed extremely significant differences among populations (P＜0.01), with fat content ranging from 29.36% to 42.35%, indicating rich variation in T. grandis seed appearance and kernel quality. SSR primer analysis showed that the mean Nei’s genetic diversity index (H) was 0.400, the mean Shannon’s information index (I) was 0.650, and the mean polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.400. Chun’an population exhibited the highest genetic diversity (H=0.410, I=0.658), while Shengzhou population showed the lowest (H=0.369, I=0.565). 92% of the total genetic variation existed within the population. Conclusion There are genetic variations in the phenotype and quality of T. grandis between and within populations. The genetic diversity of Chun’an population is the highest, and the genetic variation within the population is greater than that between populations. [Ch, 2 fig. 11 tab. 26 ref.]
2025,
42(1):
103-111.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240291
Abstract:
Objective This study, with embryogenic callus from Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’ employed as the experimental material, is aimed to investigate the growth and suspension culture dynamics of its suspension cells, explore the response of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ embryogenic callus to gibberellin treatment. Method Using the embryogenic callus of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ cultivated in laboratory as the experimental material, the suspension culture dynamics were studied by measuring cell viability and fresh cell weight, and the culture conditions were optimized before a transcriptome analysis was performed on the callus treated with exogenous GA3. Result (1) Within the culture cycle, the fresh weight growth curve of the suspension cells exhibited an “S” shaped pattern, with cell viability reaching its peak at 3 days and then gradually decreasing steadily. (2) The optimal subculture period for T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ suspension cells was determined to be 9 to 12 days, with an optimal inoculation rate of 30 g·L−1, an initial pH of 5.7 for the culture medium, and an optimal shaking speed of 110 r·min−1. (3) transcriptome analysis of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ embryogenic callus treated with exogenous GA3 revealed 428 differentially expressed genes, including 236 upregulated and 192 downregulated genes whereas GO enrichment analysis of these differentially expressed genes showed that the upregulated genes after GA3 treatment were mainly involved in catalytic activity, oxidation-reduction processes, and oxidoreductase activity, and in the KEGG metabolic pathways, the differentially expressed genes were primarily enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and suberin biosynthesis. Conclusion The kinetic analysis of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ embryogenic callus culture can identify the optimal inoculation period and optimizing the culture conditions can enhance cell growth rate and stress resistance. In embryogenic callus of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ under exogenous GA3 treatment, metabolic pathways such as phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and suberin biosynthesis are the main participating parts of differentially expressed genes. Moreover, changes in the expression levels of some key genes may play an important role in the growth and development, environmental adaptation, and stress response of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ callus. [Ch, 5 fig. 1 tab. 31 ref.]
2025,
42(1):
112-123.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240343
Abstract:
Objective This study, with an investigation into the effect of low temperature treatment of different parts on dormancy of Phyllostachys violascens shoots, is aimed to reveal the biological mechanism of shoot dormancy relief and the main parts of low temperature induction. Method With 2-year-old Ph. violascens potted plants used as the research subject, 4 treatments were set, namely, T1 (18 ℃ in above-ground parts and underground parts), T2 (18 ℃ in above-ground parts, natural low temperature in underground parts), T3 (natural low temperature in above-ground parts, 18 ℃ in underground parts) and T4 (natural low temperature in above-ground parts and underground parts) lasting from October 2021 to March 2022 and October 2022 to March 2023. Then the content of soluble sugar, starch, ablative acid, gibberellin and antioxidant enzyme activity of bamboo shoots were determined by observing the vascular bundle connection between bamboo shoots and mother bamboo, the distribution of starch and protein, and the proliferation of bamboo shoots. Result Compared with T1 treatment, T2, T3 and T4 treatments could significantly increase the content of soluble sugar (P＜0.05) and significantly decrease the content of starch (P＜0.05) in bamboo shoots during dormancy release. According to starch slice observation and content fitting, the dormancy release date of shoots treated with T4 was the earliest, followed by T2 and T3 treatments, which were 37 and 29 days earlier than T1 treatment, respectively. The decrease of abscisic acid (ABA) content in shoots treated with T2, T3 and T4 at day 120 was 1.68, 2.18 and 3.40 times of that of T1 in the same period, respectively. The content of GA3 in shoots treated with T2, T3 and T4 at day 80 was 17.55%, 3.27% and 10.91% higher than that treated with T1, respectively, and the increment of GA3/ABA in shoots treated with T2, T3 and T4 at day 120 was 1.11, 3.46 and 2.67 times that of T1, respectively and the signals of water transport recovery and cell proliferation were observed in T3 treated shoot ducts and stem tip meristem in January, while T1, T2 and T4 treated were observed in March, February and March, respectively. Conclusion Low temperature treatment, especially low temperature in the underground part, can promote the hydrolysis of starch to soluble sugar in the dormant shoots of bamboo shoots, and affect the release of dormancy of bamboo shoots by reducing ABA content, increasing GA3 content, enhancing the activities of CAT and POD antioxidant enzymes, promoting the connectivity of vascular bundle and the rapid division and proliferation of meristem cells. Also, with a comprehensive analysis, it was confirmed that the underground part of bamboo was mainly the part that senses low temperature during dormancy. [Ch, 7 fig. 41 ref.]
2025,
42(1):
124-132.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240266
Abstract:
Objective Flower fragrance is an important characteristic of ornamental plants, which is very crucial for plants reproduction. This study aims to reveal the biosynthesis and release mechanism of floral substances in Chimonanthus, and to provide a solid theoretical basis for the utilization and development of Chimonanthus resources. Method Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to identify and analyze floral substances of 3 Chimonanthus species, including C. praecox, C. salicifolius and C. nitens. Result A total of 44 floral substances were identified in 3 Chimonanthus species, among which 19, 23 and 18 substances were identified in C. praecox, C. salicifolius and C. nitens respectively. The floral substances of alcohols and esters were the highest in C. praecox, while the content of alkenes was the highest in the floral substances of C. salicifolius and C. nitens. The daytime release rhythms of floral substances in 3 Chimonanthus species were different. The floral substances of C. salicifolius and C. nitens in the morning, noon and afternoon were different, but the floral substances of C. praecox changed little. Phylogenetic analysis showed that C. salicifolius and C. nitens were more closely related than C. praecox. Conclusion The floral substances of C. salicifolius and C. nitens are similar, which caters to the phylogenetic relationship between them. In view of the special low-temperature flowering environment of C. praecox, the interaction between pollination insects and floral fragrance may be the reason for the uniqueness of floral substances. [Ch, 3 fig. 3 tab. 35 ref.]
2025,
42(1):
133-142.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240301
Abstract:
Objective The objective is to explore the effects of different concentrations of lead (Pb) stress on the root growth physiology, root exudates and rhizosphere soil nutrient environment of Hydrangea macrophylla, and analyze its adaptation mechanism, provide a scientific basis to repair lead-contaminated soil. Method The effects of Pb [0 (the control), 500, 1 500, 2 500 mg·kg−1] stress on the growth and uptake of Pb, root oxidative damage, root antioxidant system, root osmotic regulatory substances and root exudates, soil physical and chemical properties, soil enzymes and rhizosphere Pb chemical morphology were studied by a pot experiment. Result Pb stress inhibited the growth of H. macrophylla, especially under 2 500 mg·kg−1 Pb treatment, the biomass decreased significantly by 23.7% compared with the control, but H. macrophylla had a certain tolerance to high concentrations of Pb. The oxidative damage caused by Pb stress on H. macrophylla was alleviated by increasing SOD and POD activities in the root, increasing GSH content and enhancing the antioxidant capacity. H. macrophylla also increased the content of osmotic regulatory substances. The soluble sugar content reached the maximum under 2 500 mg·kg−1 Pb treatment, while the proline content was opposite. The root could secrete fatty acids and amines to maintain cell structure, eliminate reactive oxygen species, and the increase of glycolic acid secretion promoted Pb absorption. Soil microecological environment was improved under Pb stress. The activities of sucrase and catalase in rhizosphere soil reached the maximum under the treatment of 2500 mg·kg−1 Pb, which effectively improved soil nutrients. With the increase of Pb concentration, rhizosphere pH value decreased and EC value increased, and the exchangeable ionic state and carbonate binding state of soil Pb accounted for 2.03% and 8.09% respectively, which increased the available state composition of Pb and was conducive to the absorption of Pb by H. macrophylla. Conclusion H. macrophylla has good adaptability to Pb, and can grow normally in soil with high concentration of Pb and improve the physical and chemical properties of soil. [Ch, 2 fig. 4 tab. 40 ref.]
2025,
42(1):
143-152.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240244
Abstract:
Objective In order to reveal the diversity of ant species in different vertical zones in Tianshan Mountains, the ant community structure, relationship between species diversity and altitude and vegetation in the middle-western section of Tianshan Mountains were studied. Method Ant communities in four vertical zones were surveyed by plot sampling and searching methods. The sampling adequacy was tested by Estimate S 9.1.0, and the diversity indexes in different zones were calculated. The correlations between diversity indexes and altitude and vegetation characteristics were analyzed by SPSS 24.0, if the correlation between species diversity and elevation was significant, both linear and binomial models were used for fitting, the fitting was evaluated based on R2 value while the significance was tested. Result A total of 136 247 ants were collected, and 29 species belonging to 12 genera and 2 subfamilies were recognized. Tetramorium caespitum, Lasius niger and Formica fusca were the dominant species of the middle-western section of Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang. Sampling adequacy analysis showed that the most of ant species were collected. The richness of ant species of the four vertical zones as follows: Dushanzi vertical zone (18 species) ＞ Narathi vertical zone (14 species)＞ Kuqa vertical zone (13 species) ＞ Ulastai vertical zone (10 species). Diversity analysis showed that the ant species diversity of the middle-western section of Tianshan Mountains generally decreased with the altitude increasing. The species number and diversity index of the four vertical zones were significantly negatively correlated with the altitude change. On the four vertical zones, the correlation significance between evenness index and altitude was not the same, the change trends of binomial and linear models also lacked regularity. There was no significant correlation between dominance index and elevation change, but the binomial model analysis of each vertical zone showed a trend of increasing firstly and then decreasing with the elevation increasing. Community similarity analysis found that the similarity coefficient of ant community was between 0.166 7 to 0.600 0 (average 0.289 0), which was at the medium dissimilarity level, and indicating significant differentiation among ant communities. Correlation analysis showed that the species number was significantly positively correlated with tree canopy density, while the correlation between other diversity indexes and vegetation characteristics was not significant. Conclusion Altitude significantly affected ant species diversity in this region, while slope, humidity and vegetation also play an important role. In the Tianshan area of Xinjiang, under the influence of multiple factors such as vegetation types mainly being grassland and shrubland, hot and dry climate, high altitude and large temperature difference, and the ecosystem in this region is relatively fragile, so the protection of biodiversity in this region should be strengthened. [Ch, 5 fig. 5 tab. 37 ref.]
2025,
42(1):
153-162.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240383
Abstract:
Objective This study is to explore the dominant factors in stand structure and soil nutrients that affect the understory herbaceous diversity of natural secondary Betula platyphylla forest, so as to provide theoretical basis for optimizing the stand structure and improving herbaceous diversity of natural secondary B. platyphylla forest in Qinghai Province. Method Taking the natural secondary B. platyphylla forest in Baoku Forest Farm of Datong County, Qinghai Province as the research object, 20 standard plots (24 m×24 m) were selected by typical sampling method. The effects of multiple factors (stand spatial structure, stand non-spatial structure, and soil nutrient) on herbaceous diversity were investigated by correlation analysis and redundancy analysis. Result (1) A total of 47 species of herbaceous plants belonging to 41 genera and 24 families were found under the B. platyphylla forest, among which Lolium perenne, Fragaria vesca, Polygonum viviparum, Galium bungei and Geranium wilfordii were the dominant species, with mean important values of 19.52%, 18.91%, 10.53%, 6.95% and 5.27%, respectively. (2) Redundancy analysis showed that openness, mean DBH, and size ratio could explain 44.1%, 16.8% and 8.2% of the variation patterns in herbaceous diversity, respectively, and were the main stand factors affecting herbaceous diversity. Alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen and available potassium could explain 7.9% and 7.6% of herbaceous diversity pattern, respectively, and were the main soil nutrient factors. Conclusion Both stand structure and soil nutrients significantly affect understory herbaceous diversity. The overall level of understory herbaceous diversity can be improved by adjusting stand spatial structure, optimizing stand competition and improving soil fertility. [Ch, 2 fig. 4 tab. 37 ref.]
2025,
42(1):
163-174.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240359
Abstract:
Objective The objective is to analyze the dynamic variations in sap flow rate of Salix psammophila branches across various diameter classes and explore the water use control strategies of S. psammophila in response to soil water potential (Psw) and meteorological factors under the influence of rainfall during the growing season, so as to provide theoretical reference for understanding the water consumption characteristics of desert shrubs under seasonal drought. Method 12 branches from 3 sample trees (including 4 diameter levels: 6−8 mm, 8−10 mm, 10−12 mm, and greater than 12 mm) were selected from the national germplasm resource bank of S. psammophila in Hobq Desert. From May to October 2023, sap flow system for small stems or branches was used to continuously monitor changes of sap flow, Psw and meteorological factors such as precipitation, air temperature and relative humidity. Principal components analysis and stepwise linear regression were used to analyze the response of sap flow to major meteorological factors and Psw at different depths before and after rainfall. Result (1) During the growing season, the daily variation of sap flow rate at different diameter levels of S. psammophila showed a “single peak” or “double peak” curve from May to August, while a “U” shaped curve was easy to appear in September to October, and the onset time of sap flow rate was gradually delayed. (2) The sap flow rate of S. psammophila with smaller diameter was significantly positively correlated with Psw in 20 and 40 cm soil layers (P＜0.05), and was more directly influenced by Psw in 40 cm soil layer. There was a significant positive correlation between the flow rate of S. psammophila with larger diameter and Psw in 60 and 80 cm soil layer (P＜0.05), and was more directly affected by Psw in 80 cm soil layer. (3) When the precipitation exceeded 10 mm, the sap flow rate of S. psammophila at different diameter levels showed a “multi peak” curve, and the daily cumulative flow decreased. The cumulative contribution rate of soil temperature, saturated vapor pressure deficit, relative air humidity, and air temperature to changes in sap flow rate before rainfall was 71%, and the cumulative contribution rate of Psw in 10 and 20 cm soil layers to changes in sap flow rate after rainfall was 63%. Conclusion The instantaneous variation and overall level of S. psammophila sap flow rate are affected by meteorological factors and soil water supply, respectively, indicating that the short-term and long-term flow characteristics of S. psammophila under seasonal drought have different responses to environmental factors. [Ch, 7 fig. 5 tab. 30 ref.]
2025,
42(1):
175-184.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240149
Abstract:
Objective Excessive application of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer could result in severe environmental problems whereas appropriate reduction of nitrogen fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer can avoid the decrease of yield, hence an important way to support the sustainable cultivation of rice-wheat rotation system. Method This study, using conventional nitrogen application rate as the standard (180 kg·hm−2 for wheat and 210 kg·hm−2 for rice) and with the controlled-release urea as the nitrogen fertilizer, is aimed to clarify the effects of nitrogen reduction combined with organic fertilizer on crop yield, plant nitrogen and soil nutrient content in a rice-wheat rotation system. This field experiment consisted of four treatments: no nitrogen application (ck), conventional nitrogen application (N100), 15% reduction of nitrogen combined with organic fertilizer (MN85), and 30% reduction of nitrogen combined with organic fertilizer (MN70). Result Contribution of nitrogen fertilizer to yield increase was 46.0% (wheat 66.2%, rice 25.8%) and nitrogen fertilization significantly increased crop yield (P＜0.05), especially in the treatment of 15% nitrogen reduction combined with organic fertilizer. Compared with N100, MN85 treatment significantly increased the effective panicle number of rice by 16.8% while compared with MN70, the nitrogen content in wheat grains in N100 and MN85 treatments increased by 8.7% and 9.0% (P＜0.05), and the nitrogen content in straw increased by 16.6% and 16.0%, respectively (P＜0.05). Compared with N100 and MN70, the MN85 treatment exhibited a 23.5% and 19.8% increase in nitrogen content of rice grains, and a 25.5% and 26.6% increase in nitrogen content of straw, respectively (P＜0.05). Nitrogen fertilizer application resulted in the accumulation of nitrogen in soil, especially in the treatments of reducing nitrogen combined with organic fertilizer, which had more nitrogen surplus. Compared with N100, the N apparent utilization rate (RE), N agronomic efficiency (AE), and N partial production rate (PFP) of wheat decreased by 37.0%, 36.4%, and 41.5% under MN85 treatment, respectively, and decreased by 60.2%, 55.1%, and 47.5% under MN70 treatment, respectively. During the rice planting season, the nitrogen reduction combined with organic fertilizer treatments showed a 30.5% to 33.4% increase (P＜0.05) in N physiological efficiency (PE), while the AE of the MN85 treatment increased by 33.3% comparing to the N100 treatment. Compared with N100, the nitrogen reduction combined with organic fertilizer increased soil organic matter and total nitrogen content by 12.2%−13.9% and 10.4%−13.0%, respectively (P＜0.05) whereas microbial biomass nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen increased by 37.9%−42.7% and 72.5%−107.9%, respectively (P＜0.05). The soil available potassium and available phosphorus in MN85 treatment also increased by 45.9% and 152.0% (P＜0.05), while water-soluble nitrogen increased by 68.8% (P＜0.05). Conclusion A 15% reduction of controlled-release urea combined with organic fertilizer can increase soil nutrient content, promote crop nitrogen absorption, thereby improving crop yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency. This approach can serve as an effective measure to reduce nitrogen fertilizer usage while increasing its efficiency. [Ch, 1 fig. 6 tab. 40 ref.]
2025,
42(1):
185-192.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240339
Abstract:
Objective This study, with an exploration of the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis method and leaching resistance of the azoxystrobin formulation, is aimed to provide a research basis for its outdoor utilization. Method On the one hand, UV detector and C18 reversed-phase chromatographic column were used for detection before an investigation was conducted of the chromatographic conditions, such as detection wavelength, flow phase composition and ratio, column temperature and flow phase flow rate with further discussion so as to optimize the chromatographic conditions suitable for the analysis of azoxystrobin. On the other hand, the mass concentration of azoxystrobin was detected by external standard method, and the standard curve correlation coefficients, precision and accuracy were evaluated after which the leaching procedure was adopted according to the Chinese standard GB/T 29905−2013 Laboratory Method of Determining the Leachability of Wood Preservatives, and leaching rate of azoxystrobin in treated wood were tested by the established analytical method. Result The optimized chromatographic conditions for analysis of azoxystrobin were as follows: flow phase methanol-water ratio of 80∶20, flow rate of 0.8 mL·min−1, and UV detection wavelength of 220 nm. There was a good linear relationship between azoxystrobin concentration and chromatographic peak area in the range of 1−80 mg·L−1 for azoxystrobin standard solution, with a determination coefficient of 0.999 6. The coefficient variation of samples were 0.45% and 0.59%, and the recovery rates of the samples were 98.2%−100.4%. The leaching rate of azoxystrobin from Pinus massoniana, Cunninghamia lanceolata and Populus×euramericana were 8.4%−18.8%, 8.2%−21.0% and 8.8%−19.0%, respectively, with little difference in leaching rates between the three treated woods. The leaching rate of azoxystrobin in the treated Pinus massoniana, C. lanceolata and Populus×euramericana were all below 21% and the leaching resistance were excellent. All of the three tree species exhibit a pattern where the leaching rate of low concentration treated woods is greater than that of high concentration treated woods whereas the leaching rate of the treated wood with ethanol-dissolved azoxystrobin was slightly higher than that of the water-based formulations. Conclusion The HPLC method for determining azoxystrobin mass concentration showed good linear correlation of the standard curve, high precision, and recovery rate, which can be used for analysis of azoxystrobin mass concentration. The leaching resistance of the two water-based formulations of azoxystrobin was good and can be used for outdoor treatment of wood and its products. [Ch, 6 fig. 2 tab. 26 ref.]
2025,
42(1):
193-201.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240296
Abstract:
Objective Transparent bamboo with fluorescent and superhydrophobic functions were prepared, and their properties were studied and evaluated, in order to provide a reference for the functionalized application of bamboo-based materials. Method Transparent bamboo with fluorescence and superhydrophobic properties were prepared by delignification, vacuum impregnation of doped fluorescent microcapsule epoxy resin, superhydrophobic treatment and other steps, and its properties were measured. Result The prepared transparent bamboo has excellent properties including high transparency, high haze, light scattering properties, thermal insulation properties, fluorescence properties, and superhydrophobic properties. The light transmittance of superhydrophobic fluorescent transparent bamboo in the wavelength range of 400 to 800 nm is 80%, and the haze is basically maintained above 80%. Compared with transparent bamboo, the light transmittance of superhydrophobic fluorescent transparent bamboo decreases slightly, but the haze has been improved to a certain extent, and it has good light scattering. Its longitudinal tensile strength is about 123.3 MPa, and the transverse tensile strength has been significantly improved compared with the sliced bamboo veneer, reaching 3.2 MPa. It can emit blue fluorescence under 365 nm ultraviolet light. Compared with glass and fluorescent transparent bamboo, superhydrophobic fluorescent transparent bamboo has a lower thermal conductivity of 0.3023 W·m−1·K−1. The contact angle of water on its surface is 151.2° and the rolling angle is 3.5°. Conclusion The prepared superhydrophobic fluorescent transparent bamboo integrates excellent properties: high light transmittance, high haze, light scattering, good mechanical strength, excellent thermal insulation performance, fluorescence characteristics and superhydrophobicity. [Ch, 11 fig. 27 ref.]
2025,
42(1):
202-209.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240360
Abstract:
Calcium ion (Ca2+) is the important second messenger that plays a crucial role in plant growth and development and stress response. In recent years, with the continuous progress of biochemistry and molecular biology technology, the application of calcium signaling indicators in plant research has made remarkable progress. This paper reviewed the recent developments on calcium signal indicators in plant applications, including the classification of calcium indicators, the principles of calcium signal detection and their development in plant applications. The application of calcium signal indicators provide an effective means to visualize and observe the dynamic changes of calcium ion in plant cells, converting calcium concentrations in plant cells into fluorescent signals. With the development of indicators, gradual transition changing from the earliest chemical fluorescent indicators to genetically encoded calcium indicators, calcium signals can be observed more accurate, real-time and biologically friendly in plant cells, and have a more in-depth understanding of the means of stress at the molecular level when the plant responds to external stimuli, and became an important physiological indicator at the molecular level of the study of plant stress. Meanwhile, the challenges and future development directions of calcium signaling indicators in plant research were discussed, pointing out the specificity of plant calcium signaling research with the challenges of incubating calcium indicators in plant cells, with a view to providing references and insights to further promote research in this field. [Ch, 1 tab. 73 ref.]
Calcium ion (Ca2+) is the important second messenger that plays a crucial role in plant growth and development and stress response. In recent years, with the continuous progress of biochemistry and molecular biology technology, the application of calcium signaling indicators in plant research has made remarkable progress. This paper reviewed the recent developments on calcium signal indicators in plant applications, including the classification of calcium indicators, the principles of calcium signal detection and their development in plant applications. The application of calcium signal indicators provide an effective means to visualize and observe the dynamic changes of calcium ion in plant cells, converting calcium concentrations in plant cells into fluorescent signals. With the development of indicators, gradual transition changing from the earliest chemical fluorescent indicators to genetically encoded calcium indicators, calcium signals can be observed more accurate, real-time and biologically friendly in plant cells, and have a more in-depth understanding of the means of stress at the molecular level when the plant responds to external stimuli, and became an important physiological indicator at the molecular level of the study of plant stress. Meanwhile, the challenges and future development directions of calcium signaling indicators in plant research were discussed, pointing out the specificity of plant calcium signaling research with the challenges of incubating calcium indicators in plant cells, with a view to providing references and insights to further promote research in this field. [Ch, 1 tab. 73 ref.]
2025,
42(1):
210-217.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240485
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to analyze the research progress of global wheat (Triticum aestivum) bio-breeding, and reveal its research themes, core knowledge elements and cutting-edge hotspots, so as to provide reference for theoretical research and discipline development in wheat breeding. Method Literature published in the field of global wheat breeding research from the Web of Science Core Collection Database from 2013 to 2024 was retrieved. Bibliometric analysis was applied to analyze the number of publications, academic influence, and main contributors in this field. VOSviewer was used to generate national collaboration networks and keyword co-occurrence networks. The Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) machine learning algorithm was applied to analyze abstracts, establish language models, and identify research topics. Result Global research output in wheat biological breeding significantly increased since 2013, with a total of 16 151 publications. China was the country with the most publications, followed by the United States. Keyword co-occurrence analysis showed that yield, quantitative trait locus (QTL), genome-wide association studies (GWAS), drought stress, gene expression, and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) were hot topics in research, while in recent years research fields such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), genome editing, high-throughput phenotyping, drones, and machine learning emerged. LDA analysis revealed that wheat biological breeding could be roughly divided into five research areas, including genetic mapping, genome and breeding, biotic stress, abiotic stress, and yield formation. Among them, wheat rust, QTL mapping, flour quality, drought, and genome were highly concerned. Conclusion In the future, wheat biological breeding needs to fully employ modern biotechnology and information technology, including omics, automated phenotyping, artificial intelligence, gene editing, and genome breeding, to identify and utilize key genes and facilitate intelligent breeding. [Ch, 4 fig. 2 tab. 25 ref.]
