Current Articles
2026, Volume 43, Issue 4
2026,
43(4):
681-694.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20260125
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to explore the effects of different types of plantations on the active components of soil organic carbon and carbon pool management index, so as to provide a scientific basis for improving the quality of soil carbon pools and enhancing overall benefits. Method The 4 types of plantations on Leizhou Peninsula were taken as research objects, including Eucalyptus urophylla, E. urophylla-Manglietia glauca, E. urophylla-Castanopsis hystrix and Pinus elliottii-C. hystrix. The distribution of soil organic carbon storage and organic carbon (SOC) active components, namely easily oxidizable organic carbon (EOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), light fraction organic carbon (LFOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in the 0−20 cm soil layer under different planting patterns was analyzed. The relationship between the active components of soil organic carbon and soil physicochemical properties was clarified. The carbon pool activity index (LI), carbon pool index (CPI), carbon pool management index (CPMI), and oxidation stability coefficient (Kos) were calculated to elucidate the carbon pool changes under different planting patterns. Result (1) The mass fractions of soil organic carbon storage, organic carbon, and its active carbon components all decreased as the soil layer deepened. Compared to the other three planting patterns, the mixed plantation of E. urophylla and C. hystrix could significantly enhance soil organic carbon storage. The E. urophylla pure plantation showed higher accumulation in POC and LFOC. The mixed plantation of E. urophylla and C. hystrix showed higher accumulation in SOC, EOC, and DOC. The E. urophylla pure plantation and the P. elliottii-C. hystrix mixed plantation showed higher accumulation in MBC (P＜ 0.05). (2) The ratios of POC/SOC and LFOC/SOC in the E. urophylla pure plantation were significantly higher than those in other stands (P＜0.05). (3) In different soil layers, the soil carbon pool index of the E. urophylla-C. hystrix mixed plantation was significantly higher than that of the E. urophylla pure plantation. The Kos of the P. elliottii-C. hystrix mixed plantation was lower in different stands (P＜ 0.05). (4) Redundancy analysis showed that total nitrogen content was the main factor affecting soil organic carbon fractions under different planting patterns and soil depths. Conclusion Different planting patterns significantly alter the surface soil organic carbon storage and the distribution of active organic carbon. The stability of the soil organic carbon pool is relatively low in the E. urophylla pure plantation and the P. elliottii-C. hystrix mixed plantation. The E. urophylla-C. hystrix mixed plantation could substantially increase soil organic carbon storage while enhancing soil carbon pool stability. For plantation construction in the region, appropriate management measures should be taken based on soil properties, basic carbon pool conditions, and the effectiveness of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus to enhance carbon sequestration efficiency and carbon sink level. [Ch, 4 fig. 5 tab. 63 ref.]
2026,
43(4):
695-703.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250339
Abstract:
Objective The carbon components and ecological stoichiometric characteristics of soil profiles can reflect the input processes from forest litter to carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in soil. Ecological stoichiometric analysis of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil profile development process of Quercus acutissima plantations can provide a theoretical basis for the assessment of soil ecological functions and the maintenance of long-term productivity in Q. acutissima plantations. Method The soil profile of Q. acutissima plantations in the warm-temperate zone of state-owned Yaoxiang Forest Farm of Ji’nan City, Shandong Province was selected as the research subject. The soil profile was divided into humus layer, eluvial layer and illuvial layer, and soil samples were collected from each layer. The differences in the total soil organic carbon and its components, as well as the contents of soil nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the different layers were analyzed. Result (1) The contents of total organic carbon and its components, as well as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil profile of the Q. acutissima plantations were all shown as humus layer＞eluvial layer＞illuvial layer, and the content of humus layer was significantly higher than that of eluvial layer and illuvial layer (P＜ 0.05). (2) There was a strong coupling between nutrients and carbon components in Q. acutissima plantations. The soil was mainly affected by the synergistic effects of carbon and nitrogen, and the influence of carbon was even higher. (3) The carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N) increased with the increase of soil depth, while both the carbon-to-phosphorus ratio (C/P) and the nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio (N/P) decreased with the increase of soil depth. Conclusion There were significant differences in carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus among the layers of the soil profile of Q. acutissima plantations, and the strong coupling between carbon and nutrients indicated that the soil nutrient utilization efficiency in the study area was relatively high and the forest soil nutrient cycle was in a healthy state. Therefore, in forest management and operation, attention should be paid to the differences among soil layers, maintaining the litter layer under the forest, and ensuring the sustainable return of nutrients from forest litter. [Ch, 4 fig. 1 tab. 41 ref.]
2026,
43(4):
704-713.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250354
Abstract:
Objective This study investigates the responses of microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus (MBC, MBN, MBP), hydrolytic enzyme activities and their stoichiometric characteristics in soil aggregates of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantations to long-term nitrogen (N) addition, thereby providing a basis for assessing the impacts of nitrogen deposition on micro-scale processes in subtropical forest soils. Method Based on a long-term N addition experiment established in 2004 (with 4 N addition gradients: 0, 60, 120, and 240 kg·hm−2·a−1), soil aggregates (0–10 cm depth) were collected in 2024. These aggregates were separated into 3 size fractions: coarse macroaggregates (＞2.00 mm), fine macroaggregates (0.25–2.00 mm), and micro-aggregates (＜0.25 mm). Analyses were conducted on the contents of MBC, MBN, MBP, hydrolytic enzyme activities, and their stoichiometric characteristics within these aggregates. Result Compared to microaggregates, fine and coarse macroaggregates exhibited 23.61% and 32.65% lower MBN content, but 35.31% and 28.15% higher MBP content, respectively. Their MBC/MBN ratios were 13.87% and 22.84% higher, respectively. Under the N1 treatment, the MBC/MBP and MBN/MBP ratios in microaggregates were 97.57% and 85.51% higher than those under N0. Furthermore, the MBC/MBP ratios in fine and coarse macroaggregates were 53.72% and 64.43% lower than those in microaggregates, while their MBN/MBP ratios were 60.25% and 72.89% lower, respectively. Long-term N addition decreased acid phosphatase (AP) activity in microaggregates by 44.14%–56.77%. Under the N0 treatment, fine and coarse macroaggregates showed 54.84% and 53.92% lower AP activity compared to microaggregates. No significant changes were observed in other enzyme activities. The aggregate enzyme C/P and N/P ratios were lower than global averages and unaffected by N addition. A negative correlation was found between the MBC/MBN ratio and AP activity. Conclusion Under long-term N addition, microaggregates demonstrated the strongest response. N input drives a shift in microbial nutrient allocation strategies by restructuring aggregate composition, manifesting as enhanced phosphorus (P) capture coupled with reduced N storage in macroaggregates, while microaggregates maintained a strategy of high P retention. Concurrently, microorganisms respond to P limitation in this subtropical Chinese fir forest ecosystem by reducing microbial biomass accumulation and regulating phosphatase synthesis. [Ch, 5 fig. 42 ref.]
2026,
43(4):
714-722.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250511
Abstract:
Objective The excessive application of nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture exacerbates the emission of greenhouse gas nitrous oxide in soil, becoming an important driving factor for global climate change. This study aims to investigate the effects and mechanisms of silicon-nitrogen coupling on nitrous oxide emissions from the soil in Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) plantations, providing scientific evidence for reducing soil nitrous oxide emissions. Method This study focused on the soil of bamboo forest and conducted indoor cultivation experiments at 3 nitrogen levels and 2 silicon levels. During the incubation period (0, 1, 3, 7, 15, and 30 d), nitrous oxide emission flux, soil ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and pH levels were measured. Additionally, at key time points (0, 7, and 30 d), the activities of urease, nitrate reductase, and nitrite reductase were assessed. Result Silicon addition significantly reduced the emission flux and cumulative emission of nitrous oxide (P＜0.05). Silicon-nitrogen coupling exhibited antagonistic effects on cumulative nitrous oxide emissions (P＜0.05), and these effects became stronger as the nitrogen addition level increased. Under nitrogen-free, medium nitrogen, and high nitrogen levels, silicon addition reduced cumulative nitrous oxide emissions by 0.1%, 6.6%, and 11.9%, respectively. Silicon improved initial soil pH, lowered ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen concentrations, and significantly inhibited the activities of urease (21.0%), nitrate reductase (49.0%), and nitrite reductase (41.0%), thereby altering the nitrogen transformation process. Moreover, silicon addition delayed the peak emission time of nitrous oxide from 7 to 15 d. Conclusion Silicon regulates soil pH and key enzyme activities, thereby controlling the nitrogen transformation process and reducing nitrous oxide emissions. [Ch, 5 fig. 1 tab. 43 ref.]
2026,
43(4):
723-732.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250612
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to investigate the effects of biochar application on the carbon sequestration capacity of poplar plantation ecosystems and the main underlying regulatory mechanisms, in order to provide theoretical and technical support for forest management practice of balancing timber production and carbon sequestration capacity in artificial forests in China. Method From 2023 to 2025, a one-year-old poplar (Populus deltoides ‘Nanlin 3804’) plantation was selected as the research object in Malanghu Forest Farm, Sihong County, Jiangsu Province. The 3 treatments were set up: a control without biochar application (ck), low biochar application rate (B1, 30 t·hm−2), and high biochar application rate (B2, 60 t·hm−2). The short-term effects of different biochar application rates on the carbon sequestration capacity of each carbon layer in the poplar plantation were explored. Result (1) Compared with ck, B1 and B2 treatments significantly promoted the growth of the diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height of poplar trees for two consecutive years, among which B2 treatment had the most significant promoting effect (P＜0.05). (2) One year after biochar application, both B1 and B2 treatments significantly promoted the net increment of carbon storage in the arbor layer, herb layer, litter layer, and soil layer compared with ck (P＜0.05). However, in the second year, there was no significant difference in the net increment of carbon storage in each layer compared with ck, indicating that a single application of biochar was not sufficient to maintain the long-term growth of poplar trees. Instead, biochar exerted a continuous effect through more stable improvement of soil properties. (3) One year after biochar application, all treatments significantly increased the soil carbon storage in the 0−40 cm soil layer (P＜0.05), but had no significant effect on the 40−100 cm soil layer, indicating that the increase in soil carbon storage mainly originated from the one-time application of biochar in the 0−40 cm soil layer. (4) Correlation analysis showed that the carbon storage in each carbon layer was significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with soil total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), ammonium nitrogen (\begin{document}${\mathrm{NH}}_4^+ $\end{document} \begin{document}${\mathrm{NO}}_3^- $\end{document} Conclusion Biochar application can significantly promote the carbon sequestration capacity of the arbor layer, herb layer, litter layer, and soil layer in young poplar plantations, and is conducive to sustained and stable promotion of the rapid growth of DBH and tree height of poplar trees, thereby improving comprehensive carbon sequestration and sink increment capacity of young poplar plantations. Among them, a high biochar application dose of 60 t·hm−2 can achieve short-term rapid and stable carbon sequestration, exhibiting a better promoting effect. [Ch, 5 fig. 1 tab. 36 ref.]
2026,
43(4):
733-743.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20260147
Abstract:
Objective Metal tolerance protein (MTP) is involved in heavy metal tolerance and transport in plants. As a cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator, Sedum plumbizincicola has poorly characterized MTP family features and Cd response mechanisms. This study identified SpMTP family members, and analyzed their structure, evolution and expression profiles under Cd stress, to provide theoretical support for exploring the molecular mechanisms of Cd hyperaccumulation in S. plumbizincicola. Method Bioinformatics methods were used to identify SpMTP genes based on the conserved domain (PF01545) of the cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) family. Phylogenetic analysis, conserved motif identification, gene structure analysis, and synteny analysis were performed using MEGA, MEME, and TBtools software. Cis-acting elements in the promoter regions were predicted by PlantCARE. RNA-seq technology was used to analyze the expression profiles of 14 SpMTP genes in roots, stems, and leaves of S. plumbizincicola under Cd stress (400 μmol·L−1) at different time points (0, 1, and 4 d), and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to verify the expression reliability of selected genes. Result A total of 14 SpMTP genes were identified in S. plumbizincicola. The encoded proteins contained 4 to 16 transmembrane domains (TMDs) and were mostly localized to the vacuolar membrane or cell membrane. Phylogenetic analysis classified these SpMTP proteins into 7 distinct subfamilies, with the closest evolutionary relationship to orthologs in S. alfredii. Synteny analysis indicated that segmental duplication events were the main driver of SpMTP family expansion. Promoter analysis revealed a variety of cis-acting elements related to stress response, hormone signaling, and tissue-specific expression. Expression profiling showed that SpMTP genes exhibited distinct spatiotemporal expression patterns under Cd stress: SpMTP9 was consistently highly expressed in roots, SpMTP8.2 was rapidly induced in roots at the early stage of stress, and SpMTP3 was consistently highly expressed in leaves, suggesting their specialized roles in Cd uptake, translocation, and vacuolar sequestration, respectively. The RT-qPCR results confirmed the reliability of RNA-seq data. Conclusion SpMTP gene family in S. plumbizincicola has formed a coordinated Cd stress response network in roots, stems, and leaves through evolutionary expansion and functional differentiation, and its tissue-specific expression pattern serves as an important molecular basis for the Cd hyperaccumulation capacity of S. plumbizincicola. [Ch, 6 fig. 1 tab. 30 ref.]
2026,
43(4):
744-755.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250540
Abstract:
Objective The objective is to identify tissue-specific modules related to gland development in Vernicia fordii and to screen core regulatory genes, so as to lay a foundation for further in-depth analysis of gland ontogenesis and provide theoretical support for the study of the developmental mechanisms of plant secretory tissues such as secretory cavities and glandular trichomes. Method Based on transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) data of 12 tissue parts and developmental stage combination samples of V. fordii, combined with weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), the tissue-specific modules related to glands were identified. Core genes were screened through functional enrichment analysis of hub genes within the module, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction, and gene interaction network clustering analysis. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) was subsequently applied to verify the expression patterns of candidate genes in different parts of the tree. Result WGCNA clustered the 12 943 filtered genes into 27 co-expression modules, and identified the greenyellow module that was highly related to the gland development. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed that hub genes within this module were mainly involved in biological processes such as growth, anatomical structure development, cell differentiation, protein metabolism, light signal perception response, and biotic stress response, and were enriched in related pathways such as transporters, the ubiquitin system, signal transduction, and environmental information processing. Based on the interaction network of genes within the module and gene functional annotations, several genes such as LSH4, RAD4, HDG5, GHI, LOB, and SWEET10 were identified as potential key regulators in gland development. RT-qPCR verification results showed that the expression of each candidate gene in different parts of V. fordii exhibited significant tissue specificity, and its expression trend was highly consistent with the RNA-Seq data. Conclusion One tissue-specific module related to gland is identified, and core genes (RAD4, GHI, SWEET10), which are closely related to gland formation and development, are screened. [Ch, 8 fig. 3 tab. 44 ref.]
2026,
43(4):
756-766.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250514
Abstract:
Objective Quercus liaotungensis is the preferred mixed tree species for Pinus tabulaeformis plantation reconstruction in North China. This study aims to clarify the effects of afforestation measures on growth of Q. liaotungensis seedlings under P. tabulaeformis plantation, so as to provide the basis for transformation of low-efficiency P. tabulaeformis forest and construction of pine-oak mixed forest. Method Taking P. tabulaeformis plantation in Caijiachuan watershed of Jixian County, Shanxi Province as the research object, sample plots were set up outside the forest, at the edge of forest, and inside the forest to conduct planting experiments of Q. liaotungensis. A total of 15 treatment methods were set up in the experiment, including no treatment (ck), watering treatments (500, 1 000, 1 500, 2 000 mL·plant−1), covering treatments (covering with plastic film, covering with litter of 45, 90, 135, 180 g·plant−1), and water retaining agent treatments (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 g·plant−1). Regularly monitored growth indexes such as survival rate, seedling height, ground diameter, crown width, leaf quantity and leaf area to explore the effectiveness of different afforestation measures. Result (1) The optimal amount of water needed outside the forest, at the edge of forest and inside the forest decreased in turn, which were 2 000, 1 500 and 1 000 mL·plant−1, respectively. (2) The optimal coverage required outside the forest, at the edge of forest and inside the forest decreased gradually, which were 135, 90 and 45 g·plant−1, respectively. (3) When Q. liaotungensis was planted outside the forest, at the edge of forest, and in the forest, the optimal amount of water retaining agent gradually decreased, which were 40, 20 and 10 g·plant−1, respectively. (4) Survival rate and growth status of Q. liaotungensis planted at the edge of forest were the best, followed by that inside the forest, and the worst outside the forest. (5) The comprehensive evaluation of entropy weight TOPSIS method showed that 40 g·plant−1 of water retaining agent was used outside the forest, 20 g·plant−1 of water retaining agent was used at the edge of forest, and 45 g·plant−1 of litter was covered inside the forest, which had the best promoting effect on growth of Q. liaotungensis seedlings. Conclusion When using Q. liaotungensis to renew and transform P. tabulaeformis plantations, adaptive measures should be selected according to the characteristics of habitat. When creating block mixed forests, water retaining agents should be prioritized, and when intercropping between plants or rows, it is advisable to strengthen the coverage of planting holes to improve the survival rate and growth quality of seedlings. [Ch, 3 fig. 8 tab. 38 ref.]
2026,
43(4):
767-774.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250398
Abstract:
Objective In regions with poor drainage during the rainy season, frequent waterlogging severely constrains the increase in yield and quality of Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’. This study aims to systematically investigate the physiological response and waterlogging tolerance of rootstocks of different T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ cultivars under waterlogging stress, which not only helps facilitate screening and cultivating waterlogging-tolerant cultivars, but also provides a theoretical basis for elucidating the waterlogging-tolerant mechanism of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’. Method Rootstocks of 9 T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ cultivars, namely ‘Zhenzhufei’ ‘Zaoyuanfei’ ‘Yushanyufei’ ‘Jinyehongxiangyafei’ ‘Qiefei’ ‘Changyefei’ ‘Xiaozixiangyafei’ ‘Longfengxifei’ and ‘Zhimafei’ were used as test materials. 2 treatments were set up: normal moisture (control) and waterlogging. The tolerance of each cultivar to waterlogging was comprehensively evaluated by measuring 10 physiological indices in T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ leaves, including chlorophyll a and b contents, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, electrolyte leakage rate, proline (Pro) content, and the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD). Then, the waterlogging tolerance index of each variety was assessed based on principal component analysis and membership function analysis to comprehensively evaluate waterlogging tolerance capacity of each cultivar. Result Under waterlogging treatment, the contents of chlorophyll a and b of rootstocks of different cultivars decreased to varying degrees compared to the control. In contrast, the physiological indicators related to oxidative stress, such as H2O2 content, MDA content, electrolyte leakage rate, SOD activity, and POD activity, all increased to varying degrees. Pro content, APX activity, and CAT activity showed an increasing or decreasing trend in different cultivars. Based on principal component analysis and membership function analysis, a comprehensive evaluation of different physiological indicators was conducted to obtain the comprehensive evaluation values of waterlogging tolerance for the 9 cultivars. Conclusion Rootstocks of different T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ cultivars exhibit different changes in osmotic substances and antioxidant protection ability under waterlogging stress. ‘Changyefei’ ‘Jinyehongxiangyafei’ and ‘Yushanyufei’ demonstrate high waterlogging resistance, while ‘Xiaozixiangyafei’ ‘Longfengxifei’ and ‘Zaoyuanfei’ show moderate tolerance. ‘Zhenzhufei’ ‘Qiefei’ and ‘Zhimafei’ have the least capacity of waterlogging tolerance. [Ch, 1 fig. 3 tab. 29 ref.]
2026,
43(4):
775-783.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250294
Abstract:
Objective Temperature has a significant impact on the color changes of plant leaves. Pseudosasa japonica f. akebonosuji has high ornamental value, but its leaf color changes significantly. Exploring the physiological effects of temperature on greening of white leaves in P. japonica f. akebonosuji can provide a reference for the research on mechanism of leaf color variation in bamboo. Method P. japonica f. akebonosuji plants with variegated leaves were placed in constant temperature environments of 15, 25 and 35 ℃ for 30 days, with natural temperature as the control (ck). The effects of temperature on color of white leaves, content of photosynthetic pigments, content of chlorophyll precursor substances, ultrastructure of chloroplasts, and performance of photosystems were analyzed. Result Under 25 ℃ treatment, all the white leaves turned green again, and the content of photosynthetic pigments was significantly higher than the other treatments (P＜0.05). Among chlorophyll synthesis precursor substances, the relative content of coproporphyrinogen Ⅲ to protoporphyrin Ⅸ in white leaves under 25 ℃ treatment increased rapidly, with a significantly higher increase than ck (P＜0.05), and the quality scores were ranked from highest to lowest as follows: 25, 35, 15 ℃ treatments. Under 25 ℃ treatment, the grana and lamellar thylakoids of chloroplasts in white leaves were clear, while no normal grana thylakoids were formed under ck and 15 ℃ treatment, and the thylakoids in 35 ℃ treatment were degraded with many impurities. After light induction, the white leaves under 25 ℃ treatment showed O, J, I, and P phases. Density of reaction centers per unit area (RC/CSO), quantum yield (φPO, φEO), and performance index (PIABS) were significantly higher than ck (P＜0.05), from highest to lowest: 25, 15, 35 ℃ treatments. Fluorescence intensity change at point K (Wk) and variable fluorescence at point J (Vj) in photosystem (PS)Ⅱ both decreased, indicating an overall improvement in the performance of PSⅡ under 25 ℃ treatment with white leaves. At the same time, ΔI/IO and ΦPSⅠ/PSⅡ values of white leaves under 25 ℃ treatment were higher than those under 15 and 35 ℃, and activity of PSⅠ increased. Conclusion Temperature affects the content of chlorophyll precursor substances in leaves of P. japonica f. akebonosuji, leading to differences in accumulation level of photosynthetic pigments, which in turn causes changes in performance of PSⅠ and PSⅡ, and affects the assembly of grana thylakoids in chloroplasts. The overall effect is that 25 ℃ treatment promotes the greening of white leaves, while 35 ℃ treatment inhibits it. [Ch, 6 fig. 3 tab. 29 ref.]
2026,
43(4):
784-793.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250414
Abstract:
Objective Abies beshanzuensis is a critically endangered conifer species endemic to China. This study compares the difference in the growth status between the original mother trees and the grafted trees (grafted in 1982), in order to precisely protect the original mother trees. Method The study was conducted from April to September of 2023. Current-year branches and leaves were collected from the surviving original mother trees (located at 1 750 m altitude) and grafted trees (located at 1 550 m altitude) within Qianjiangyuan-Baishanzu National Park. In August, key growth indices were measured, including branch length, branch diameter, branch fresh weight, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, and leaf fresh weight. From April to September, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, including actual photochemical efficiency (Y), electron transport rate (RET), photochemical quenching (CPQ), non-photochemical quenching (CNPQ), and the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm), were monitored monthly using a portable Mini-PAM Chlorophyll fluorometer. Dark-adapted leaves were exposed to a gradient of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) from 0 to 1190 μmol·m−2·s−1 for measurements. Data was statistically analyzed using independent sample t-tests. Result The results showed that in August, the growth indicators of the grafted trees of A. beshanzuensis, including leaf length (45.85 mm±0.38 mm), number of leaves (79.33±2.40), leaf fresh weight (4.93 g±0.21 g), branch length (78.66 mm±5.87 mm), branch diameter (3.71 mm±0.21 mm), and branch fresh weight (0.69 g±0.02 g), were all significantly greater than those of the original mother trees, which had a leaf length of (33.76 mm±2.56 mm), number of leaves of (67.33±2.91), leaf fresh weight of (2.32 g±0.25 g), branch length of (56.39 mm±2.66 mm), branch diameter of (3.20 mm±0.15 mm), and branch fresh weight of (0.36 g±0.03 g) (P＜0.05), respectively. However, there was no significant difference in leaf width between the original mother trees (3.49 mm±0.22 mm) and the grafted trees (3.93 mm±0.45 mm). From April to September, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the grafted trees of A. beshanzuensis, such as Y value, RET, CPQ value, and Fv/Fm value, were all higher than those of the original mother trees, respectively, while the CNPQ value of the grafted trees was lower than that of the original mother trees. Conclusion The growth condition of the grafted trees is superior to that of the original mother trees, indicating a lower light energy utilization efficiency in the original mother trees. It is necessary to strengthen the conservation measures to improve habitat conditions and promote their growth. [Ch, 6 fig. 1 tab. 38 ref.]
2026,
43(4):
794-802.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250495
Abstract:
Objective This study aims to analyze wood property differences and correlations among juvenile woods of Zelkova schneideriana clones, establish a comprehensive evaluation system, and provide a scientific basis for early selection and breeding of superior clones. Method The 7-year-old Z. schneideriana clones, namely ‘Chongtian’ ‘Hong 3’ ‘Yuecheng’ ‘Zhuangju’ and ‘Zhaozhuang’, were selected as materials. Fiber morphological characteristics were determined using the Franklin isolation method. Physical properties (density, shrinkage and water absorption) and mechanical properties (bending strength, bending modulus and compression strength parallel to grain) were tested to national standards. Excel and SPSS software were used for analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA), and a weighted comprehensive evaluation function was constructed. Result Extremely significant differences were observed in fiber morphology, physical properties, and mechanical properties among the 5 clones (P＜0.001). The ‘Zhaozhuang’ clone had the longest fiber length and the highest fiber length-width ratio, while the ‘Yuecheng’ clone had the largest fiber width and diameter-to-width ratio. The basic density and air-dry density of ‘Zhuangju’ ‘Chongtian’ and ‘Zhaozhuang’ clones met the Grade Ⅳ heavy wood standard, with all shrinkage coefficients below 2.0, indicating good dimensional stability. The ‘Zhuangju’ clone performed the best in mechanical properties, with its bending modulus reaching Grade Ⅱ. Despite with lower density, the ‘Zhaozhuang’ clone’s mechanical properties were superior to those of ‘Yuecheng’. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between density and mechanical properties (P＜0.05), and a negative correlation between maximum water absorption and mechanical strength. Conclusion Significant differences exist in juvenile wood properties among Z. schneideriana clones. Mechanical properties are not only affected by density but also closely related to fiber structure. The ‘Zhuangju’ and ‘Chongtian’ clones are ideal candidates for early selection and breeding of high-quality. [Ch, 6 fig. 4 tab. 27 ref.]
2026,
43(4):
803-815.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250583
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the synergistic regulatory mechanism of exogenous melatonin and nitrogen application rate under high-temperature stress in sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) and enhancing yield and quality formation, thereby providing a theoretical basis for heat-resistant sweet potato cultivation in the hilly and mountainous regions of southern Zhejiang. Method From 2023 to 2025, 3 exogenous melatonin concentrations with 0 (M0), 100 (M1), 200 (M2) μmol·L−1 and 4 nitrogen application levels with 0 (N0), 75 (N1), 150 (N2), 225 (N3) kg·hm−2 were established to investigate the effects of different treatments on antioxidant enzyme activities, membrane lipid peroxidation, photosynthetic characteristics, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, root morphology and physiology, yield, quality, and economic benefits of sweet potato leaves under high-temperature stress. Result Under high-temperature stress, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), as well as the activities of nitrate reductase (NR), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), and sucrose synthase (SS) in sweet potatoes leaves all exhibited a decreasing trend with the prolongation of stress duration, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) content continuously increased. Taking the 20th day of stress as an example, compared with M0N0, the M1N2 treatment significantly increased SOD and POD activities, thereby enhancing Pn and Fv/Fm, promoting the activities of NR, SPS, and SS, while reducing MDA content. After the cessation of high-temperature stress, compared with M0N0, the M1N2 treatment significantly increased root length and root activity. Ultimately, it significantly improved yield, quality, and economic benefits. Correlation analysis indicated that yield and quality were extremely significantly negatively correlated with MDA, and extremely significantly positively correlated with all other indicators (P＜0.01). Membership function analysis identified M1N2 as the optimal treatment. Conclusion Foliar spraying of 100 μmol·L−1 melatonin along with 150 kg·hm−2 nitrogen effectively enhances leaf antioxidant capacity, alleviates membrane lipid peroxidation, and sustains photosynthesis of sweet potatoes under high-temperature stress. This synergistic regulation improves carbon-nitrogen metabolic balance, root development, yield, quality, and economic returns, supporting its application in the hilly areas of southern Zhejiang. [Ch, 9 fig. 7 tab. 36 ref.]
2026,
43(4):
816-827.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250264
Abstract:
Objective The effects of diverse terroir factors in Ningxia Helan Mountain’s east foothill production area on grape (Vitis vinifera) berry amino acid accumulation and wine aroma formation are investigated, with the goal of providing theoretical support for optimizing local grape planting terroir and upgrading wine quality. Method The fruit amino acid composition and content were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in 4 plots (Yuquan, Yuma, Xige, Zhihui) of V. vinifera ‘Chardonnay’ grape berries and wines made during the harvest period in Yongning, Qingtongxia, and Yinchuan, 3 sub-appellations in Ningxia Helan Mountain’s east foothill, and headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was used to analyze the volatile components in the wines. Result The results showed that the total amino acid content of grape berries from plot Zhihui was the highest at 6 876.62 mg·L−1, Yuquan was the lowest at 3 873.65 mg·L−1, and the difference between Yuma and Xige was not significant, but there was a significant difference with the other 2 plots (P＜0.05). The contents of alanine, arginine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine in the grape berries of the 4 plots showed significant differences (P＜0.05), while the differences in glycine and proline were even more prominent. The aroma composition of the wines from the 4 plots mainly consisted of 4 types of substances, accounting for a total of 95.1%, of which higher alcohols accounted for 49.3%, fatty acid ethyl esters accounted for 22.2%, other esters accounted for 12.6%, and fatty acids accounted for 11.0%. By using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), 4 plots could be better distinguished, among which the differences between Yuma and Xige groups were small and could be categorized as one group; the aroma substances that could significantly distinguish the plots were identified as eight by the VIP score plot, among which isoamyl alcohol, ethyl tridecanoate, ethyl 9-decenoate, ethyl caprylate, isobutyl alcohol were the main characteristic substances of Yuma and Xige wines; phenylethanol, diethyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate were the main characteristic substances of Yuquan wine. Conclusion The accumulation of amino acids in ‘Chardonnay’ grape berries and the aroma characteristics of wines from various sub-appellations in Ningxia Helan Mountain’s east foothill were affected by the differences in terroir conditions, among which, alanine was most affected by the ecological conditions and made a prominent contribution to the higher alcohols of the wine’s aroma substances. [Ch, 5 fig. 5 tab. 33 ref.]
2026,
43(4):
828-838.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250505
Abstract:
Objective The objective is to analyze the nutrient stoichiometric patterns among organs of the widespread species Setaria viridis and the driving factors, so as to reveal its resource acquisition strategies and growth adaptability on a large regional scale. Method The 10 sampling sites were selected along a precipitation gradient from the humid southeast region to the arid northwest region of China, with the widespread species S. viridis as the target plant. The carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) stoichiometric indices in its roots, stems and leaves were measured. Using one-way ANOVA and principal component analysis, the variation patterns of stoichiometry along the precipitation gradient were investigated. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and hierarchical partitioning were further employed to identify the key environmental factors driving stoichiometric variation. Result (1) The coefficient of variation of total carbon mass fraction in all organs of S. viridis was the lowest (9.13% for roots and 11.70% for leaves), while the variations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were relatively large, reflecting the sensitive response of limiting elements to environmental changes. (2) Geographical factors such as latitude and elevation had no significant direct effect on the stoichiometric traits. Their influence was achieved indirectly by regulating climatic and soil conditions. (3) The differences in environmental driving factors among organs lay in that the variation in root stoichiometry was primarily explained by soil factors while stem stoichiometry was predominantly driven by climatic factors. Leaf stoichiometric characteristics were positively and significantly correlated with mean annual precipitation, photosynthetically active radiation, and soil total phosphorus. Conclusion The stoichiometric traits of S. viridis organs exhibit significant differences across different sampling sites, primarily driven by environmental factors (climate and soil). The chemical diversity of plants is determined jointly by the basic resource utilization strategies (the first principal component) selected by large-scale climatic conditions and the specific adaptive characteristics (the second principal component) refined by local soil heterogeneity (especially phosphorus), through hierarchical regulation. These findings highlight the importance of understanding plant adaptive differentiation at the organ scale, providing a novel perspective for more accurate prediction of plant response and adaptation trajectories under future climate change. [Ch, 7 fig. 2 tab. 26 ref.]
2026,
43(4):
839-848.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20260254
Abstract:
Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of combined application of lime and biochar on soil enzyme activities and microbial carbon metabolism functions in a Lei bamboo (Phyllostachys violascens) plantation, so as to provide a reference for ameliorating soil acidification in these plantations. Method A field experiment was conducted in a Lei bamboo plantation with treatments of sole biochar application (10 and 20 t·hm−2) and their combination with lime (4 t·hm−2), using no amendment as the control. The effects of combined application of lime and biochar on soil chemical properties, enzyme activities, and microbial carbon source metabolism functions were analyzed. Result Compared with the control, sole lime application significantly increased soil pH, electrical conductivity, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen contents, and the activities of and leucine aminopeptidase (P＜0.05). Sole biochar application increased soil pH to a lesser extent than lime, but significantly enhanced soil organic carbon content and β-glucosidase activity (P＜0.05). All combined applications of biochar and lime significantly increased soil pH, organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen contents (P＜0.05), and improved the utilization rates of citric acid and aspartic acid as well as soil basal respiration rate. Sole biochar application significantly increased the bacterial abundance-based coverage estimation (ACE) index and Shannon index (P＜0.05), while the lime treatment altered the bacterial community structure. Sole biochar, sole lime, and their combined application all significantly increased the fungal ACE index and Shannon index (P＜0.05). Partial least squares path modeling revealed that lime application increased soil basal respiration mainly by raising soil pH and microbial carbon source utilization rate, whereas biochar had a minor effect on soil basal respiration. Conclusion Combined application of lime and biochar can effectively reduce soil acidity in Lei bamboo plantation, synergistically increase soil organic carbon and microbial biomass, and enhance the microbial utilization capacity of carboxylic acid carbon sources. [Ch, 5 fig. 3 tab. 30 ref.]
2026,
43(4):
849-857.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250551
Abstract:
Objective Aiming at the problem of low pesticide utilization and high risk of drug damage, which ultimately lead to the decline of crop yield and quality under the soybean (Glycine max) and corn (Zea mays) intercropping mode in Southwest China due to the reliance on the traditional rough application method for weed prevention and control, a set of real-time weed detection system based on machine vision and a precise variable application weed control device is designed. Method Based on instance segmentation and machine vision technology, this study constructed a weed identification and classification algorithm, and combined with the gradient application test to determine the optimal application rate of different weed classes, developed a weed variable application control system, and realized the precise regulation of spraying rate. Result The model performance evaluation results demonstrate that the improved model achieved a 1.6 percentage point increase in accuracy, a 0.2 percentage point improvement in recall rate, and a 1.0 percentage point enhancement in target precision. This reduced the probabilities of missed and false detection of crops and weeds in complex field environments while improving detection accuracy. Field trials showed that the model’s actual detection accuracy consistently exceeded 90%, with both false detection and missed detection rates below 5%. Compared to traditional continuous extensive pesticide spraying, this device achieved up to 53.97% pesticide savings, highlighting its superior efficiency in reducing chemical usage. Conclusion The intelligent application of weed control device significantly improves the accuracy of weed identification and classification, improves the pesticide utilization rate and reduces environmental pollution, and provides a scientific and efficient solution for weed prevention and control. [Ch, 6 fig. 5 tab. 25 ref.]
2026,
43(4):
858-868.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250506
Abstract:
Objective The purpose is to reveal the diversity and niche differentiation phenomenon of Polyrhachis species in China, so as to provide a reference for the conservation and utilization of Formicidae insect diversity in China. Method The distribution pattern and niche width of the genus were investigated using the methods of morphological taxonomy, collection frequency and Levins niche analysis. The analyses were based on specimens together with data on habitats, foraging and nesting sites, and geographical distribution collected via field surveys from 1990 to 2025, as well as relevant data obtained from literature. Result A total of 52 Polyrhachis species of the genus were recorded. Distribution pattern analysis showed that Polyrhachis species in China exhibited significant niche differentiation in horizontal and vertical distribution, habitat selection, foraging and nesting behavior. Yunnan Province had the highest species richness. Among all species, P. dives had the widest ecological niche, and the highest species diversity occurred in tropical rainforest. Polyrhachis species mainly foraged on plant and ground, and primarily nested in trees. Conclusion The spatial distribution pattern of Polyrhachis species is jointly modulated by multiple ecological factors, including altitude gradient, climatic factors and vegetation abundance. Most species possess narrow ecological niches and limited adaptive amplitude, and are therefore recognized as specialized species that are evolutionarily disadvantaged. When the habitats on which these species rely for survival are disturbed, destroyed, or lost, this can easily trigger regional extinction events. [Ch, 4 fig. 2 tab. 40 ref.]
2026,
43(4):
869-878.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250522
Abstract:
Objective Yueqing Bay is a typical ecologically sensitive area, harboring the northernmost large-scale mangrove (Rhizophoraceae) forests in China. This study aims to investigate the evolution of fractional vegetation cover (F) in this region over the past 22 years and its relationship with climatic factors. This can guide habitat restoration and ecological seawall construction, and provide references for similar areas in dealing with biological invasions and ecological risk management. Method Based on Landsat data from 2003 to 2024 and combined with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the spatiotemporal variation of vegetation coverage and its driving factors were analyzed using the pixel dichotomy model, Theil-Sen Median and correlation analysis. Result The overall F in the Qingjiang Estuary exhibited a fluctuating growth trend over the past 22 years, rising from 0.601 in 2003 to 0.694 in 2024, with an annual average growth rate of 0.008. The spatial distribution of different vegetation coverage levels exhibited significant area transitions. The combined area proportion of low and medium-low F zones significantly decreased from 30.33% to 11.17%, while that of medium and medium-high F zones exhibited a significant increase, from 27.93% to 54.54%. The annual mean maximum temperature, annual mean minimum temperature, annual precipitation, and annual number of precipitation days all exerted negative effects on F. Conclusion From 2003 to 2024, the vegetation coverage level and its spatial pattern in the Qingjiang Estuary demonstrates a positive development trend. The annual mean minimum temperature has the most significant negative impact on F among all the influencing factors. As a region subject to intensive human activities, it has undergone a transition from destruction to restoration. Mangrove rehabilitation, tidal flat management, the eradication of invasive species, and other projects led by humans are the key factors driving the increase in vegetation coverage. [Ch, 3 fig. 2 tab. 40 ref.]
2026,
43(4):
879-890.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250479
Abstract:
Objective A systematic study of the spatiotemporal evolution and driving mechanisms of ecological environmental quality in Yulin City, Shaanxi Province is of great importance. It has significant theoretical value and practical significance for maintaining ecological security of the Loess Plateau. Method 6 periods of Landsat remote sensing imagery (2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020, and 2025) of Yulin City were selected to construct the integrated remote sensing ecological index (IIRSE). Theil-Sen slope estimation, Mann-Kendall test, and Hurst exponent method were employed to systematically analyze the spatial distribution and temporal evolution trends of ecological and environmental quality in Yulin City over the past 25 years. Furthermore, a parameter-optimized geographical detector model was used to quantitatively assess the explanatory power of different driving factors and their interactive effects on ecological quality. Result (1) From 2000 to 2025, the ecological environmental quality in Yulin City decreased from southeast to northwest. The mean IIRSE increased by 0.124, with an average annual growth rate of 1.34%. Areas of good ecological quality increased from 6.4% to 17.72%, while regions of poor and relatively poor quality significantly shrank, falling to 16.76% and 30.44%, respectively. (2) Changes in ecological quality were mainly low-frequency, while areas with frequent changes were concentrated in Jia, Wubu, and Suide County. Spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that the area of high-high clustering expanded year by year, indicating a continuous optimization of the ecological spatial pattern. (3) The ecological environment in Yulin City had generally improved, but regional differences were significant. Hurst index indicated that only 48.44% of the area had the potential for continued improvement, while about 23.31% faced the risk of ecological degradation. Changes in IIRSE were mainly driven by natural factors, with precipitation and elevation as key influences. Land use changes and human activities also played important roles in affecting ecological quality. Conclusion From 2000 to 2025, the ecological environmental quality in Yulin City showed an overall improving trend, with a spatial pattern of high values in the southeast and low values in the northwest. Areas of good quality expanded, while low-quality areas shrank, indicating an optimization of ecological pattern. However, spatial differentiation remains, and a certain proportion of the region still faces the risk of degradation. The driving mechanisms are mainly dominated by natural factors, with additional influence from human activities. To consolidate ecological gains, Yulin City should focus on systematic restoration in high-risk degradation areas and promote ecological protection together with comprehensive management. [Ch, 8 fig. 42 ref.]
2026,
43(4):
891-901.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250477
Abstract:
Systematic elucidation of the biosynthetic pathways and regulatory mechanisms of triterpenoid saponins in Eleutherococcus senticosus is of great scientific significance and practical application value for the efficient exploitation and utilization of this medicinal plant resource. In recent years, research on triterpenoid saponins in E. senticosus has focused primarily on 3 interrelated aspects: the chemical composition and biological activities of triterpenoid saponins, the functional characteristics of key biosynthetic enzymes and their encoding genes, and the regulatory mechanism at the levels of transcription factors and epigenetic modifications. Key findings to date indicate that the triterpenoid saponins in E. senticosus are dominated by oleanane-type and lupane-type structures, and their biological activities are closely associated with glycosylation modifications and their aglycone structures. These saponins are biosynthesized from isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) − the core precursors produced by both the cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) pathway and the plastidial 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. Through the condensation and epoxidation reactions catalyzed by geranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GPPS), farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), squalene synthase (SS), and squalene epoxidase (SE), 2,3-oxidosqualene (2,3-OS) is obtained, which is then cyclized by oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) to form the skeleton. After hydroxylation by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s) and glycosylation by uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs), triterpenoid saponins with diverse structures and distinct biological activities are generated. Studies on the regulatory network of triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in E. senticosus mainly focus on gene regulation. On the one hand, 485 transcription factor genes belonging to 36 families have been identified, and the expression regulation of these transcription factors on the promoters of key enzyme genes for saponin biosynthesis has been characterized. On the other hand, synergistic epigenetic regulatory mechanisms including DNA methylation and histone modifications have been found to modulate gene expression by balancing the methylation/demethylation status of promoters of pivotal enzyme genes such as mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase (MDD, EC 4.1.1.33). Moreover, environmental signals such as drought and light have been shown to affect saponin biosynthesis by regulating epigenetic modifications (including promoter methylation status), providing potential targets and a theoretical basis for molecular modulation of triterpenoid saponin accumulation in E. senticosus. Future research on E. senticosus triterpenoid saponins should focus on the dissection of multi-level regulatory networks, exploration of polygenic synergistic effects, and identification of elite germplasm resources. Based on multi-omics analysis and synthetic biology techniques, solid theoretical support and key technical references should be provided for the exploitation and utilization of E. senticosus, as well as the innovative breeding of high-quality germplasm. [Ch, 1 fig. 53 ref.]
Systematic elucidation of the biosynthetic pathways and regulatory mechanisms of triterpenoid saponins in Eleutherococcus senticosus is of great scientific significance and practical application value for the efficient exploitation and utilization of this medicinal plant resource. In recent years, research on triterpenoid saponins in E. senticosus has focused primarily on 3 interrelated aspects: the chemical composition and biological activities of triterpenoid saponins, the functional characteristics of key biosynthetic enzymes and their encoding genes, and the regulatory mechanism at the levels of transcription factors and epigenetic modifications. Key findings to date indicate that the triterpenoid saponins in E. senticosus are dominated by oleanane-type and lupane-type structures, and their biological activities are closely associated with glycosylation modifications and their aglycone structures. These saponins are biosynthesized from isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) − the core precursors produced by both the cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) pathway and the plastidial 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. Through the condensation and epoxidation reactions catalyzed by geranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GPPS), farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), squalene synthase (SS), and squalene epoxidase (SE), 2,3-oxidosqualene (2,3-OS) is obtained, which is then cyclized by oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) to form the skeleton. After hydroxylation by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s) and glycosylation by uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs), triterpenoid saponins with diverse structures and distinct biological activities are generated. Studies on the regulatory network of triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in E. senticosus mainly focus on gene regulation. On the one hand, 485 transcription factor genes belonging to 36 families have been identified, and the expression regulation of these transcription factors on the promoters of key enzyme genes for saponin biosynthesis has been characterized. On the other hand, synergistic epigenetic regulatory mechanisms including DNA methylation and histone modifications have been found to modulate gene expression by balancing the methylation/demethylation status of promoters of pivotal enzyme genes such as mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase (MDD, EC 4.1.1.33). Moreover, environmental signals such as drought and light have been shown to affect saponin biosynthesis by regulating epigenetic modifications (including promoter methylation status), providing potential targets and a theoretical basis for molecular modulation of triterpenoid saponin accumulation in E. senticosus. Future research on E. senticosus triterpenoid saponins should focus on the dissection of multi-level regulatory networks, exploration of polygenic synergistic effects, and identification of elite germplasm resources. Based on multi-omics analysis and synthetic biology techniques, solid theoretical support and key technical references should be provided for the exploitation and utilization of E. senticosus, as well as the innovative breeding of high-quality germplasm. [Ch, 1 fig. 53 ref.]
2026,
43(4):
902-912.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20250592
Abstract:
Green waste, characterized by its high lignocellulose content and elevated C/N ratio, represents a significant biomass resource, and composting is an effective approach for its utilization. However, the greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, and N2O) and NH3 emitted during composting contribute to ecological pollution and nutrient loss, posing a challenge to China’s “Dual Carbon” goals. This review systematically examines the composition and physicochemical properties of green waste, analyzes the formation mechanisms and emission patterns of CO2, CH4, N2O, and NH3 during composting, and explores the influence of key factors such as temperature, pH, C/N ratio, and moisture content. It also summarizes mitigation strategies−including raw material pretreatment, feedstock mixing, process optimization, and additive application−detailing their mechanisms and effectiveness. Future research should focus on precise gas monitoring, elucidating microbial mechanisms, developing specialized microbial agents, constructing emission prediction models, and advancing integrated multi-gas mitigation technologies. [Ch, 1 tab. 84 ref.]
Green waste, characterized by its high lignocellulose content and elevated C/N ratio, represents a significant biomass resource, and composting is an effective approach for its utilization. However, the greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, and N2O) and NH3 emitted during composting contribute to ecological pollution and nutrient loss, posing a challenge to China’s “Dual Carbon” goals. This review systematically examines the composition and physicochemical properties of green waste, analyzes the formation mechanisms and emission patterns of CO2, CH4, N2O, and NH3 during composting, and explores the influence of key factors such as temperature, pH, C/N ratio, and moisture content. It also summarizes mitigation strategies−including raw material pretreatment, feedstock mixing, process optimization, and additive application−detailing their mechanisms and effectiveness. Future research should focus on precise gas monitoring, elucidating microbial mechanisms, developing specialized microbial agents, constructing emission prediction models, and advancing integrated multi-gas mitigation technologies. [Ch, 1 tab. 84 ref.]
