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玄武岩作为地球表面分布最广的岩石类型之一,其风化作用对于土壤形成和发育具有重要作用[1−2]。玄武岩中的矿物成分,如长石、辉石和橄榄石等[3],在风化过程中分解和转化,为土壤提供丰富的矿质营养元素[3−4],这些元素对于支持植物生长和生态系统功能至关重要[5−7]。许多研究表明:玄武岩风化在调节土壤地球化学以及地球气候变化等长期演化方面具有重要的作用[8−13]。如施用到土壤中的玄武岩粉末经风化作用后显著提高了土壤养分,促进了土壤有机碳的固定[14−15]。因此,研究玄武岩风化作用的影响因素对阐明土壤发生过程、矿质养分元素循环等具有重要作用。
土壤微生物通过代谢活动、化学作用、氧化还原作用以及与植物的共生关系等多种方式,加速土壤矿物的风化过程。其中,硅酸盐细菌不仅可以从矿物中提取经济价值较高的元素如钙(a)、镁(Mg)、锰(Mn),还可以作为生物肥料,从矿物中提取钾(K)、铁(Fe)、磷(P)等植物必需的营养元素[13−17]。与细菌相比,真菌在地质活动中的作用更加显著。有研究表明:真菌通过有机酸分泌、呼吸作用和络合物的生成等途径对玄武岩进行风化,参与风化的真菌主要包括地衣共生真菌、菌根真菌和腐生真菌[16−17]。
棘孢木霉Trichoderma asperellum和胶质芽孢杆菌Bacillus mucilaginosus是土壤中普遍存在的真菌与细菌,它们不仅能分解土壤中的难溶性矿物供自身的生长繁殖,还能促进土壤中矿质元素的地球化学循环[18−20]。棘孢木霉通过分泌有机酸和酶类,可以有效地促进矿物质溶解和元素释放,已有研究表明:它能加速硅酸盐矿物的风化,释放植物生长所需的硅元素(Si)[21−23]。而胶质芽孢杆菌则通过分泌多种有机酸和其他代谢产物,对钾长石等矿物的溶解效果显著,能够释放出K,提高土壤肥力。但是棘孢木霉和胶质芽孢杆菌在形态、大小和功能等具有各自的特点,因此它们在促进矿物风化的途径、机制等方面存在一定的差异[22−24]。
本研究选用了1株产酸量较大且能生成铁载体的棘孢木霉和1株硅酸盐细菌胶质芽孢杆菌,在恒温震荡培养条件下,探究它们对玄武岩风化过程中元素的释放速率的影响,探讨其对玄武岩风化作用机制的异同,以期为不同菌种促进玄武岩风化提供理论依据。
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