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番茄Lycopersicon esculentum青枯病是由病原菌青枯劳尔氏菌Ralstonia solanacearum (简称青枯菌)引起的病害,该菌被公认为最具侵染力和破坏力的土传病害之一[1−2]。侵染后引起植株维管束堵塞,严重时导致植物枯萎死亡。据估算,由青枯病造成的农业经济损失高达30万元·hm−2,山东、新疆、河北、河南、云南、江苏等地都是番茄青枯病的重灾区[3]。目前,对于番茄青枯病的防控措施主要有:抗病品种筛选,如BHN466和FL7514[4-5],但其果实普遍比正常果实小[6],且筛选抗病品种周期长;采用嫁接方式,虽能增强植物抗病能力,但经济成本较大,目前中国在栽培番茄上采用嫁接技术比例不足2%[7];化学农药喷施,易促进病源菌产生抗病性和造成土壤污染[8]。尚未有单一的物理化学防治方法能完全有效地抑制番茄青枯病[9]。
目前,关于利用生防菌进行生物防治研究集中在以根际促生菌作为拮抗微生物防治病源菌侵染[10]。其中芽孢杆菌Bacillus、青霉菌Penicillium、木霉菌Trichoderma等常用来作为生防菌应用于植物病害防治研究中。研究发现:芽孢杆菌中解淀粉芽孢杆菌B. amyloliquefaciens Am1和枯草芽孢杆菌B. subtilis PTS-394对番茄青枯病抑制率分别达88.98%[11]和80.00%[12]。木霉菌主要通过竞争作用、诱导宿主抗性、重寄生作用、抗生作用等机制抑制目标病原菌的生长繁殖[13],其中棘孢木霉T. asperellum是目前开发应用最多的菌种之一。平板对峙试验发现:棘孢木霉F2通过空间位置和营养竞争有效抑制三七Panax notoginseng灰霉病病菌Botrytis cinerea,其抑制率高达90%[14];棘孢木霉GDFS1009对秸秆腐烂病的抑制率达60%[15]。青霉菌对植物病原菌的抑制效果研究比木霉少,KOMAI等[16]从青霉菌P. simplicissimum IFM53375中分得的Penicillide(1-4)类化合物及其衍生物、嘌呤活性蛋白等具有抗真菌活性作用;夏汉祥等[17]发现淡紫拟青霉P. lilacinus产生的类植物生长素有防治病虫害、促进植物生长的作用;淡紫拟青霉能在香蕉Musa nana根际稳定定殖,对香蕉枯萎病有很强的防控效果。草酸青霉P. oxalicum通过营养竞争、重寄生等多种方式抑制尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum生长发育,它对苹果Malus pumila连作土壤中常见的4种有害镰孢菌有抑制作用[18]。
木霉菌和青霉菌是有潜力的生防菌,但作为青枯菌的生防菌研究鲜见报道。本研究利用筛选获得的棘孢木霉QZ2和草酸青霉QZ8等2株生防菌探究对青枯菌的防治效果。
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平板对峙结果(图1和表1)表明:棘孢木霉QZ2对青枯菌有显著的抑制效果(P<0.05),棘孢木霉QZ2的菌丝生长速度明显快于青枯菌生长速度,与对照相比,青枯菌的生长明显受到棘孢木霉QZ2抑制,对峙培养4 d时棘孢木霉QZ2菌丝布满了整个培养皿,包围了青枯菌,抑制率为45.5%,之后青枯菌停止扩大,对照青枯菌则持续生长,10 d对照青枯菌也停止扩大,此时棘孢木霉QZ2对青枯菌的抑制率达80.9%。草酸青霉QZ8对青枯菌也有显著抑制效果,对峙培养4 d时草酸青霉QZ8对青枯菌抑制率为30.5%,之后草酸青霉QZ8继续生长,10 d时草酸青霉QZ8与青枯菌菌落直径都不再扩大,此时草酸青霉QZ8对青枯菌生长抑制率达到45.9%。
表 1 平板对峙中棘孢木霉QZ2和草酸青霉QZ8对青枯菌的抑制率
Table 1. Inhibition rate of T. asperellum QZ2 and P. oxalicum QZ8 against R. solanacearum in plate confrontation
培养时
间/d对照
菌落直
径/cmQZ2 QZ8 菌落直
径/cm抑制
率/%菌落直
径/cm抑制
率/%4 4.15±0.07 a 2.10±0.04 b 45.5 2.88±0.83 b 30.5 6 5.50±0.00 a 2.30±0.00 b 80.8 3.35±1.00 b 39.1 8 6.70±0.00 a 2.50±0.11 b 79.7 3.62±1.15 b 46.0 10 6.90±0.14 a 2.50±0.04 b 80.9 3.73±1.26 b 45.9 说明:数据代表平均值±标准差,同行数据后小写字母表示 不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05) -
由图2和表2可见:2株生防菌制成的灭菌发酵液均对青枯菌产生显著的抑制效果(P<0.05)。棘孢木霉QZ2灭菌发酵液平板中的青枯菌菌落生长速度明显比对照慢,3个处理的青枯菌菌落均在培养10 d时停止扩大,故以10 d为试验结果的统计时间。2株生防菌发酵液的抑制率随着培养时间的增加而增加,4 d时棘孢木霉QZ2发酵液对青枯菌抑制率仅为9.6%,10 d时最大抑制率达33.3%。草酸青霉QZ8发酵液对青枯菌抑制作用与棘孢木霉QZ2相似,10 d时最大抑制率为34.8%,抑制率略高于棘孢木霉QZ2发酵液,差异不显著。
图 2 生防菌灭菌发酵液平板培养结果
Figure 2. Inhibitory effect of supernatant of sterilized fermentation broth incubated for 10 days
表 2 棘孢木霉QZ2和草酸青霉QZ8灭菌发酵液对青枯菌的抑制情况
Table 2. Inhibition effect of sterilized fermentation supernatant of biocontrol broth on the growth of R. solanacearum
天数/d 对照菌落
直径/cmQZ2 QZ8 菌落直
径/cm抑制
率/%菌落直
径/cm抑制
率/%4 4.15±0.07 a 3.8±0.10 b 9.6 3.40±0.02 b 18.1 6 5.50±0.00 a 4.6±0.60 b 16.4 4.50±0.00 b 29.1 8 6.70±0.00 a 4.6±0.60 b 31.3 4.50±0.01 b 32.8 10 6.90±0.14 a 4.6±0.60 b 33.3 4.50±0.01 b 34.8 说明:数据代表平均值±标准差,同行数据后小写字母表示不 同处理间差异显著(P<0.05) -
由图3可见:2株生防菌制成的活性发酵液均对青枯菌有显著的抑制效果(P<0.05)。对照培养6~18 h时青枯菌呈指数生长,18~24 h时逐渐趋向稳定,其生长曲线与大部分细菌相似。但棘孢木霉QZ2处理在30和36 h时青枯菌D(600)下降,而草酸青霉QZ8处理则在24 h青枯菌D(600)达到峰值后呈缓慢下降,青枯菌较早进入衰亡期。差异检验结果表明:24 h以后,2株生防菌活性发酵液处理的青枯菌D(600)均显著低于对照(P<0.05),其中草酸青霉QZ8处理的 D(600)低于棘孢木霉QZ2;60 h时,三者之间的D(600)差异均显著(P<0.05)。
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图4表明:棘孢木霉QZ2与草酸青霉QZ8在土壤中均能抑制番茄青枯菌的生长繁殖,其在4个测定时间的青枯菌数量均小于对照土壤;抑制效果最好的是7 d,QZ2与QZ8处理土壤中青枯菌数量均显著低于对照(P<0.05),分别下降了51.3%和64.7%;28 d,QZ2与QZ8处理青枯菌数量比对照显著下降了38.9%和34.1%(P<0.05);除20 d外,QZ8处理的青枯菌数量均显著低于对照(P<0.05);前期(7、14 d)的抑制效果是QZ8好于QZ2,而后期(20、28 d)则相反。
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图5表明:棘孢木霉QZ2数量在处理7 d时处于低位,14 d达峰值,随后逐渐开始下降。草酸青霉QZ8数量在处理14 d时达到峰值,且明显多于棘孢木霉QZ2,但之后急剧下降,20 d时与棘孢木霉QZ2相近,28 d时反而少于棘孢木霉QZ2。
Biocontrol effect of Penicillium oxalicum and Trichoderma asperellum on Ralstonia solanacearum
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摘要:
目的 探究自主筛选获得的2株生防菌棘孢木霉Trichoderma asperellum QZ2与草酸青霉Penicillium oxalicum QZ8对青枯劳尔氏菌Ralstonia solanacearum(简称青枯菌)的生防效果。 方法 以青枯菌作为靶标菌,通过平板培养法、生长曲线法测定2株生防菌及其发酵液对青枯菌生长的抑制作用;通过土培试验、基于稀释涂布法测定生防菌在土壤中对青枯菌的抑制效果。 结果 平板对峙培养试验发现:棘孢木霉QZ2和草酸青霉QZ8对青枯菌有显著的抑制作用(P<0.05),抑制率分别达80.9%和45.9%;棘孢木霉QZ2与草酸青霉QZ8生防菌高温灭菌发酵液对平板培养青枯菌,同样呈显著的抑制作用(P<0.05),抑制率分别达33.3%和34.8%。无菌滤膜处理的未高温灭菌2株生防菌发酵液的青枯菌液培养结果表明:其D(600)显著小于未添加生防菌发酵液的对照D(600)(P<0.05),且棘孢青霉QZ8抑制效果好于草酸木霉QZ2。土壤培养结果显示:2株生防菌处理的土壤中青枯菌的活菌数量显著低于未添加生防菌的对照(P<0.05)。 结论 棘孢木霉QZ2和草酸青霉QZ8对青枯菌均有显著的抑制效果,可作为番茄Lycopersicon esculentum青枯病的潜在生防菌。图5表2参32 Abstract:Objective This study aims to investigate the effect of two biocontrol strains Trichoderma asperellum QZ2 and Penicillium oxalicum QZ8 on Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial blight for short) With the help of T. asperellum QZ2 and P. oxalicum QZ8 screened by our laboratory, the effect of two biocontrol strains on R. solanacearum was investigated. Hereinafter referred to as the biocontrol effect of bacterial blight. Method Using bacterial blight as the target, The the inhibition effect of biocontrol bacteria and their fermentation broth on the growth of bacterial bacterial blight was determined by plate culture method and growth curve method. Soil culture test and dilution coating method were used to determine the inhibitory effect of biocontrol bacteria on bacterial blight in soil. Result In plate confrontation culture experiment, test showed that QZ2 and QZ8 had significant inhibitory effects on bacterial blight (P<0.05), with inhibition rates of 80.9% and 45.9%, respectively. The plate culture with high temperature sterilized fermentation broth of QZ2 and QZ8 two biocontrol strains also showed significant inhibition effect on bacterial blight in plate culture (P<0.05), and the inhibition rates of QZ2 and QZ8 on bacterial blight reached were 33.3% and 34.8%, respectively. The fermentation broth on the growth of bacterial blight results showed that the D(600) value of the treatment was significantly lower than that of the control (P<0.05), and the inhibition effect of QZ2 was better than that of QZ8. Soil culture test results showed that the number of viable bacteria of R solanacearum in soil treated by with two biocontrol strains was significantly lower than that of ck (P<0.05). Conclusion The biocontrol strains of QZ2 and QZ8, which were extracted independently, had have significant inhibitory effects on bacterial blight wilt, and could can be positioned identified as potential biocontrol bacteria of tomato bacterial wilt. [Ch, 5 fig. 2 tab. 32 ref.] -
表 1 平板对峙中棘孢木霉QZ2和草酸青霉QZ8对青枯菌的抑制率
Table 1. Inhibition rate of T. asperellum QZ2 and P. oxalicum QZ8 against R. solanacearum in plate confrontation
培养时
间/d对照
菌落直
径/cmQZ2 QZ8 菌落直
径/cm抑制
率/%菌落直
径/cm抑制
率/%4 4.15±0.07 a 2.10±0.04 b 45.5 2.88±0.83 b 30.5 6 5.50±0.00 a 2.30±0.00 b 80.8 3.35±1.00 b 39.1 8 6.70±0.00 a 2.50±0.11 b 79.7 3.62±1.15 b 46.0 10 6.90±0.14 a 2.50±0.04 b 80.9 3.73±1.26 b 45.9 说明:数据代表平均值±标准差,同行数据后小写字母表示 不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05) 表 2 棘孢木霉QZ2和草酸青霉QZ8灭菌发酵液对青枯菌的抑制情况
Table 2. Inhibition effect of sterilized fermentation supernatant of biocontrol broth on the growth of R. solanacearum
天数/d 对照菌落
直径/cmQZ2 QZ8 菌落直
径/cm抑制
率/%菌落直
径/cm抑制
率/%4 4.15±0.07 a 3.8±0.10 b 9.6 3.40±0.02 b 18.1 6 5.50±0.00 a 4.6±0.60 b 16.4 4.50±0.00 b 29.1 8 6.70±0.00 a 4.6±0.60 b 31.3 4.50±0.01 b 32.8 10 6.90±0.14 a 4.6±0.60 b 33.3 4.50±0.01 b 34.8 说明:数据代表平均值±标准差,同行数据后小写字母表示不 同处理间差异显著(P<0.05) -
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