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芽孢杆菌Bacillus因能产生耐热、耐旱、抗紫外线和有机溶剂的芽孢[1],具有在不同环境下存活、定殖与繁殖等方面的优势[2],对植物病菌的作用机制多样[2-3],使得芽孢杆菌成为一种理想的生防菌。芽孢杆菌的作用机制主要包括竞争作用、拮抗作用和诱导植物抗性[2-3]等方面,其中拮抗作用是指生防菌株产生次生代谢产物抑制有害病原菌的生长、发展或直接杀灭病原菌,或是通过次生代谢产物改变自身周围的微环境,使之不利于病原微生物的生长繁殖[4]。芽孢杆菌产生的拮抗物质主要有抗生素、细菌素、细胞壁降解酶类和其他抗菌蛋白及挥发性抗菌物质[3]。脂肽类抗生素是一大类重要的拮抗物质[5],其理化性质稳定,对高温、酸和弱碱具有一定的耐受[6],已成为芽孢杆菌拮抗物质领域的研究重点。研究发现,解淀粉芽孢杆菌植物亚种Botryosphaeria amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarun FZB42能够产生surfactin, fengycin等脂肽类物质抑制立枯丝核菌[7],解淀粉芽孢杆菌SWB16菌株产生的fengycin和iturin对球孢白僵菌分生孢子的发芽和菌丝生长具有显著的抑制作用[8]。借助扫描电子显微镜探究脂肽类抗生素对植物病原菌的抑菌机制表明,脂肽类抗生素导致真菌菌丝及孢子畸形,细胞膜破裂,从而使细胞代谢无法正常进行,最终导致细胞的死亡[9-11]。山核桃Carya cathayensis是投入产出效益很高的经济树种之一[12]。由于纯林化及片面追求产量的经营措施,导致山核桃林病虫害日趋严重[13],其中危害最大的是山核桃干腐病。山核桃干腐病又称山核桃溃疡病、墨汁病,病原菌为葡萄座腔菌Botryosphaeria dothidea。2009年以来,浙江省与安徽省将近90%的山核桃林感染山核桃干腐病,且病情继续加重。2015年仅临安市枯死的山核桃树累计达3.7万株,损失1 000万元之多。迄今为止对山核桃干腐病缺乏有效的防治方法,虽然某些化学农药有一定的效果,但化学农药的长期大量使用,产生了环境污染、病虫抗药性及农药残留等令人担忧的问题。因此,从生物防治角度来控制山核桃干腐病病情将是有效的途径。本研究应用实验室前期分离得到的微生物资源,通过平板对峙法筛选出1株对病原菌有明显抑制效果的解淀粉芽孢杆菌,经鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌植物亚种(菌种保藏号:CGMCC 11640)。为初步了解CGMCC 11640产生的拮抗物质对山核桃干腐病病原菌的抑菌机制,推测拮抗物质中是否含有耐高温的脂肽类抗生素,本研究利用扫描电子显微镜观察CGMCC 11640菌体及其灭菌发酵上清液对山核桃干腐病病原菌菌丝生长及形态的影响,为山核桃干腐病生防菌的开发利用提供初步理论基础。
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平板对峙培养时病原菌与CGMCC 11640形成抑菌带,说明CGMCC 11640抑制病原菌菌丝的生长。用扫描电镜观察病原菌单独培养(对照组)以及病原菌与CGMCC 11640对峙培养4,6,7 d时病原菌丝形态发现,对照组培养4,6,7 d的病原菌菌丝均通体完整饱满,粗细均匀,图 1A为对照组培养4 d时的扫描电镜图;对峙培养的病原菌菌落边缘菌丝明显异常,培养第4天时有部分菌丝出现萎缩干瘪现象(图 1B),第6天则绝大多数菌丝出现缩干瘪现象(图 1C),到培养第7天菌丝全部萎缩干瘪(图 1D),说明后期干瘪程度比前期严重。对照组的孢子形态饱满(图 2A),而对峙培养第4天时病原菌孢子正常(图 2B),而到第6天时部分病原菌孢子表现出凹陷、萎缩现象(图 2C),第7天异常孢子数量增加花板(图 2D)。畸形孢子的数量随之培养时间的延长而增多。
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11640灭菌发酵上清液对病原菌菌丝生长的抑制效果测量含有不同比例CGMCC 11640灭菌发酵上清液的PDA混合培养基上生长5 d后的病原菌菌落直径,计算出菌丝抑制率如表 1。结果表明:CGMCC 11640灭菌发酵上清液对山核桃干腐病病原菌菌丝生长均具有较强的抑制作用,含灭菌发酵上清液与水的比例分别为V(上清液):V(水)=1 : 9,2 : 8,5 : 5的PDA混合培养基上生长的病原菌菌丝抑制率分别为75.81%,88.84%和94.30%,说明抑制效果在实验范围内随着发酵液含量的增加而增强。
表 1 CGMCC 11640灭菌发酵上清液对山核桃干腐病菌丝抑制率
Table 1. Hyphal inhibitory ratio of CGMCC 11640 sterilized supernatant liquor against B. dothidea
V(发酵上清液):V(水) 对照组菌落直径/mm 处理组菌落直径/mm 抑制率/% 1:9 86.0±0.1 20.8±2.3 a 75.81 2:8 86.0±0.1 9.6±1.4 b 88.84 5:5 86.0±0.1 4.9±0.1 c 94.30 说明:不同字母表示不同处理之间病原菌菌落直径在5%水平上差异显著,即P<0.05。 -
分别切取不含CGMCC 11640灭菌发酵上清液的PDA纯培养基(对照组)和含有CGMCC 11640灭菌发酵上清液PDA混合培养基(处理组)上生长3 d后的病原菌边缘菌落,制成扫描电镜样品,观察菌丝形态变化。结果发现:对照组病原菌丝菌丝整体圆润光滑,粗细均匀(图 3A),处理组病原菌菌丝出现萎缩干瘪现象(图 3 B),观察结果与2.1相同,说明耐高温的CGMCC 11640的代谢产物对病原菌起抑制作用。
Inhibitory mechanism of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum CGMCC 11640 against Botryosphaeria dothidea, the pathogen of canker disease of Carya cathayensis
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摘要: 葡萄座腔菌Botryosphaeria dothidea引起的山核桃Carya cathayensis干腐病是导致山核桃树发病甚至死亡的主要病害之一,对山核桃产业带来了严重威胁。通过平板对峙法成功筛选出1株对病原菌有明显抑制效果的解淀粉芽孢杆菌植物亚种Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum(菌种保藏号:CGMCC 11640)。试图通过扫描电镜探究该菌株对山核桃干腐病菌的抑制机制。对峙培养4,6和7 d后,比较菌丝和孢子形态,发现病原菌菌丝出现萎缩干瘪现象,培养时间越长,菌丝萎缩干瘪程度越大;对峙培养4 d时病原菌孢子正常,而到第6天时部分病原菌孢子表现出凹陷、萎缩现象,第7天异常孢子数量增加。用CGMCC 11640发酵上清液与水分别按V(上清液):V(水)=1:9,2:8,5:5的比例配制成的马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)混合培养基培养病原菌,结果发现病原菌菌丝抑制率分别为75.81%,88.84%和94.30%,说明灭菌发酵上清液对病原菌有抑制作用。电镜观察发现,病原菌菌丝在含有灭菌发酵上清液的PDA混合培养基上出现萎缩干瘪现象。通过扫描电镜观察,推测CGMCC 11640菌株及其代谢物对病原菌的抑制作用主是通过破坏菌丝和孢子细胞壁和细胞膜,使细胞内原生质泄露,从而导致菌丝和孢子萎缩,最终杀死病原菌细胞。
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关键词:
- 森林保护学 /
- 山核桃干腐病 /
- 解淀粉芽孢杆菌植物亚种 /
- 抑菌机制 /
- 扫描电镜
Abstract: The canker disease of Carya cathayensis caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea, is one of the diseases in China that has resulted in serious damage and even death for the tree. To overcome the serious disease threat to the C. cathayensis industry, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum CGMCC 11640, which has shown a strong inhibitive activity in vitro against Botryosphaeria dothidea, was obtained by screening with the dual-culture method and cultured in medium mixtures with ratios of sterilized fermentation supernate to PDA being 1:9, 2:8, and 5:5(volume ratio). Then, the inhibitory mechanisms of strain CGMCC 11640 against Botryosphaeria dothidea were further explored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results revealed that the Botryosphaeria dothidea strain growth rate for the three volume ratio mediums were restrained by 75.8% for 1:9, 88.8% for 2:8, and 94.3% for 5:5. The SEM results showed that both bacterial cells and their sterilized fermentation supernate exhibited strong inhibition activity in vitro against Botryosphaeria dothidea and that the hyphae and spores of Botryosphaeria dothidea exhibited atrophy and introcession. Thus, CGMCC 11640 inhibited Botryosphaeria dothidea by destroying cell membranes (e.g. punching holes in them) and walls of hyphae and spores resulting in leakage of plasmatic material from the inside of the cells. -
表 1 CGMCC 11640灭菌发酵上清液对山核桃干腐病菌丝抑制率
Table 1. Hyphal inhibitory ratio of CGMCC 11640 sterilized supernatant liquor against B. dothidea
V(发酵上清液):V(水) 对照组菌落直径/mm 处理组菌落直径/mm 抑制率/% 1:9 86.0±0.1 20.8±2.3 a 75.81 2:8 86.0±0.1 9.6±1.4 b 88.84 5:5 86.0±0.1 4.9±0.1 c 94.30 说明:不同字母表示不同处理之间病原菌菌落直径在5%水平上差异显著,即P<0.05。 -
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https://zlxb.zafu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2017.02.017