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HE Dan, YUAN Jiangqin, GAO Zhenfei, LI Chaomei, LEI Yakai, LIU Yiping, DONG Nalin. Effects of foliar microstructure characteristics of 13 evergreen shrubs on atmospheric particulate retention capacity in Zhengzhou City[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240415
Citation: HE Dan, YUAN Jiangqin, GAO Zhenfei, LI Chaomei, LEI Yakai, LIU Yiping, DONG Nalin. Effects of foliar microstructure characteristics of 13 evergreen shrubs on atmospheric particulate retention capacity in Zhengzhou City[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240415

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Effects of foliar microstructure characteristics of 13 evergreen shrubs on atmospheric particulate retention capacity in Zhengzhou City

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240415
  • Received Date: 2024-06-25
  • Accepted Date: 2024-09-18
  • Rev Recd Date: 2024-09-15
  •   Objective  The objective is to investigate the effects of leaf microstructure of garden plants on particle retention capacity, and provide theoretical basis for the selection of urbangarden tree species.   Method  13 evergreen shrubs, including Pyracantha fortuneana, Fatsia japonica and Nerium oleander were studied in Zhengzhou City, Henan Province. The retention of particles of different sizes [total suspended particulate matter (TSP), large particulate matter (PM>10), inhalable particulate matter (PM10) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5)] per unit leaf area was measured by graded membrane filtration method. The microstructure of leaf surface was observed by scanning electron microscopy and ultra depth microscope, and the relationship between particle retention capacity and leaf surface microstructure features was analyzed.   Result  (1) There were significant differences in the retention capacity of 13 evergreen shrubs with different particle sizes (P<0.05), and the strongest comprehensive dust-retention ability was found in P. fortuneana, F. japonica, and N. oleander, with a dust retention capacity per unit area of 2.59, 2.23 and 1.97 g·m−2, respectively, 3.58−4.70 times that of Mahonia fortunei and Nandina domestica, which had a weak dust retention capacity. (2) Particles tended to be distributed near the midrib and leaf tip. Observation of leaf surface microstructure revealed that there were various structures such as grooves, fuzz, and protrusions on the upper surface. Most of the stomata were located on the lower surface of the leaf. These structures synergistically affected the retention of particles in plants, and concurrently enhanced the roughness of leaf surfaces. The surface roughness in N. oleander leaves was the highest (4.53 μm), with regular semi-circular protrusions on the upper surface and large concave stomata on the lower surface, surrounded by hairy tissue to attach dust particles. (3) Correlation analysis indicated that leaf area, roughness, stomatal length were significantly positively correlated with the content of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 retention per unit leaf area (P<0.05, P<0.01), and stomatal width and stomatal area were significantly positively correlated with PM10 and PM2.5 retention (P<0.05).   Conclusion  P. fortuneana, F. japonica, and N. oleander are recommended as excellent garden dust-retaining species in controlling air pollution in Zhengzhou City. [Ch, 5 fig. 3 tab. 35 ref.]
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Effects of foliar microstructure characteristics of 13 evergreen shrubs on atmospheric particulate retention capacity in Zhengzhou City

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240415

Abstract:   Objective  The objective is to investigate the effects of leaf microstructure of garden plants on particle retention capacity, and provide theoretical basis for the selection of urbangarden tree species.   Method  13 evergreen shrubs, including Pyracantha fortuneana, Fatsia japonica and Nerium oleander were studied in Zhengzhou City, Henan Province. The retention of particles of different sizes [total suspended particulate matter (TSP), large particulate matter (PM>10), inhalable particulate matter (PM10) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5)] per unit leaf area was measured by graded membrane filtration method. The microstructure of leaf surface was observed by scanning electron microscopy and ultra depth microscope, and the relationship between particle retention capacity and leaf surface microstructure features was analyzed.   Result  (1) There were significant differences in the retention capacity of 13 evergreen shrubs with different particle sizes (P<0.05), and the strongest comprehensive dust-retention ability was found in P. fortuneana, F. japonica, and N. oleander, with a dust retention capacity per unit area of 2.59, 2.23 and 1.97 g·m−2, respectively, 3.58−4.70 times that of Mahonia fortunei and Nandina domestica, which had a weak dust retention capacity. (2) Particles tended to be distributed near the midrib and leaf tip. Observation of leaf surface microstructure revealed that there were various structures such as grooves, fuzz, and protrusions on the upper surface. Most of the stomata were located on the lower surface of the leaf. These structures synergistically affected the retention of particles in plants, and concurrently enhanced the roughness of leaf surfaces. The surface roughness in N. oleander leaves was the highest (4.53 μm), with regular semi-circular protrusions on the upper surface and large concave stomata on the lower surface, surrounded by hairy tissue to attach dust particles. (3) Correlation analysis indicated that leaf area, roughness, stomatal length were significantly positively correlated with the content of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 retention per unit leaf area (P<0.05, P<0.01), and stomatal width and stomatal area were significantly positively correlated with PM10 and PM2.5 retention (P<0.05).   Conclusion  P. fortuneana, F. japonica, and N. oleander are recommended as excellent garden dust-retaining species in controlling air pollution in Zhengzhou City. [Ch, 5 fig. 3 tab. 35 ref.]

HE Dan, YUAN Jiangqin, GAO Zhenfei, LI Chaomei, LEI Yakai, LIU Yiping, DONG Nalin. Effects of foliar microstructure characteristics of 13 evergreen shrubs on atmospheric particulate retention capacity in Zhengzhou City[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240415
Citation: HE Dan, YUAN Jiangqin, GAO Zhenfei, LI Chaomei, LEI Yakai, LIU Yiping, DONG Nalin. Effects of foliar microstructure characteristics of 13 evergreen shrubs on atmospheric particulate retention capacity in Zhengzhou City[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240415
  • 随着工业化、城镇化进程的加快,大气颗粒物(PM)成为影响城市环境质量的主要污染物之一,受到社会公众的广泛关注[12]。大气颗粒物污染不仅影响城市生态环境,导致能见度降低、光化学污染等,还会损害人体健康[34]。其中,可吸入颗粒物(PM10,空气动力学直径≤10 µm)已被证实是危害人体健康的最主要物质之一,细颗粒物(PM2.5,直径≤2.5 µm)是雾霾天气形成的主要原因,可引起心血管、肺泡炎症和呼吸系统等疾病,增加人类死亡风险[2, 56]。《中国环境公报》数据显示:2022年中国37.2%的城市空气污染物超标,因此,降低大气颗粒物污染及其危害成为当前研究的热点。

    城市植被是大气颗粒污染物的主要接收者,利用植物捕获颗粒物是缓解城市空气污染、改善生态环境质量的有效途径之一[79]。不同植物叶片形态和表面微结构特征的差异,包括叶片大小、形状,以及叶表面的绒毛、凹槽和气孔等,是影响植物叶片捕获颗粒物的重要因素[1013]。较小尺寸的叶片和复杂的叶片形状显示出更大的颗粒物捕获能力[14]。叶片表面沟槽越深、宽度适中的树种能够增加PM2.5等细颗粒物的滞留量,沟槽过窄或宽度过大时均不易滞留细颗粒物[13]。叶表面绒毛有利于吸附粒径较小的颗粒物[15],但有研究表明绒毛密度与单位面积滞尘量并无显著相关性[16]。叶片表面的气孔密度和数量与颗粒物滞留量呈显著正相关关系,气孔数量较多且密度较大的树种有利于滞留更多的颗粒物[17],但也有研究指出气孔密度以及气孔长宽与单位叶面积总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和PM2.5滞留量均未达显著相关[12]。叶表面粗糙多毛的植物颗粒物滞留效率更高,红花檵木Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum相较于樟树Cinnamomum camphora和石楠Photinia serratifolia,其叶表面有绒毛,粗糙度更高,颗粒物捕获能力更强[1819]。SHAO等[20]和LI等[21]发现:PM数量密度与叶片上表面粗糙度呈显著正相关,而与叶片下表面粗糙度无显著相关。由此可见:影响植物滞尘的因素较为复杂。一般来说,叶表面粗糙、沟槽较深、毛状体数量多且气孔开口大的树种,有利于截留和吸附颗粒物。此外,基于单一性状难以确定植物的颗粒物滞留能力,应针对不同地域环境、不同植被特点综合考虑叶表微结构间的协同效应。

    近年来,河南省郑州市雾霾天气频发,颗粒物污染问题越来越严重,尤其是在秋冬季[22]。尽管秋季植物叶片的生长状态好于冬季,但针对郑州市秋季颗粒物污染的研究相对较少。因此,本研究于秋季选取郑州市常见的13种常绿灌木,测定叶表面颗粒物滞留量并进行叶表微结构的观测,分析叶表面气孔参数、粗糙度等微结构特征与叶片滞尘量之间的关系,从植物叶片微观结构上揭示不同植物颗粒物的滞留机制,为郑州市大气颗粒物污染管理及绿化树种的合理选择提供科学依据。

    • 郑州市位于河南省中部(34°16′~34°58′N,112°42′~114°14′E),属温带大陆性季风气候,四季分明。采样区为郑州市文化公园,该公园占地面积7.93万m2,植物种类丰富,周边大多是居民区和学校,没有大型工厂和其他污染源,可以代表郑州市的主要植被类型和城市环境条件。

    • 在对树种进行初步调研的基础上,选择了公园内常见的13种常绿灌木,珊瑚树Viburnum odoratissimum、夹竹桃Nerium oleander、蚊母树Distylium racemosum、十大功劳Mahonia fortunei、火棘Pyracantha fortuneana数量约20株,其余树种约50~200株;海桐Pittosporum tobira、石楠Photinia serratifolia、大叶黄杨Euonymus japonicus、南天竹Nandina domestica、蚊母树在郑州市主要公园的出现频率为100%,其余7种植物出现频率为75%。树种的基本信息见表1

      树种 叶形 叶长宽比 单叶面积/cm2
      八角金盘Fatsia japonica 掌状深裂 0.59~0.67 196.76~292.55
      珊瑚树Viburnum odoratissimum 宽卵形至尖卵状椭圆形 2.96~3.27 24.94~35.48
      洒金桃叶珊瑚Aucuba japonica var. variegata 卵状椭圆形 2.50~2.74 37.96~41.83
      夹竹桃Nerium oleander 披针形 6.08~7.41 15.91~16.68
      海桐Pittosporum tobira 倒卵形或倒卵状披针形 1.86~2.23 13.85~14.16
      石楠Photinia serratifolia 长椭圆形或长倒卵形 2.60~2.83 28.54~32.84
      蚊母树Distylium racemosum 椭圆形或倒卵状椭圆形 2.06~2.36 6.84~8.49
      十大功劳Mahonia fortunei 椭圆形 5.98~6.30 6.82~8.11
      枸骨Ilex cornuta 长卵状圆形 1.95~2.00 12.60~13.71
      金森女贞Ligustrum japonicum ‘Howardii’ 卵圆形 1.89~2.10 13.71~15.52
      大叶黄杨Euonymus japonicus 倒卵形或长椭圆形 1.54~1.66 15.22~17.29
      火棘Pyracantha fortuneana 倒卵形或倒卵状长圆形 2.50~2.75 5.00~5.99
      南天竹Nandina domestica 椭圆披针形 2.35~4.59 4.54~6.88

      Table 1.  Test plants

      本研究于2020年10月雨后7 d晴朗无风的环境下,在植株距离地面0.6~1.2 m处东南西北4个方向随机采集长势良好、无病虫害的叶片。每种植物单次采样总叶面积约200~300 cm2,约10~35枚叶片,每个树种重复取样3次。样品采集后小心放入自封袋中,带回实验室4 ℃保存。

    • 采用改良的分级滤膜过滤法[23]测定植物叶片不同粒径颗粒物[总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)、大颗粒物(PM>10)、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、细颗粒物(PM2.5)]的滞留量;使用叶面积仪(CI-203)对清洗后的叶片面积进行测定,重复3次。

    • 从近中脉、远中脉和叶尖的区域切出3个1 cm×1 cm的正方形,利用超景深光学显微镜(Leica-DVM6A)观察叶片表面颗粒物的分布情况。

      从中脉两侧切下2块直径为5 mm×5 mm的叶片,喷金处理后,在真空条件下,利用扫描电子显微镜(Philip XL30ESEM-FEG)在不同的放大倍数下分别观察叶片上下表面的微观结构以及颗粒物状态。用Image J软件对图像进行处理,测定叶片表面气孔长度、宽度以及视野下气孔数量等指标,并计算出气孔开度、气孔密度、气孔面积和形状系数[24]OP=lP/LPDP=N/SSPLG·WS/4;λ=$ \dfrac{{L}_{\mathrm{P}}}{2\sqrt{\text{π}{S}_{\mathrm{P}}}} $。其中:OP为气孔开度;lP为气孔宽度;LP为气孔长度;DP为气孔密度;N为视野下气孔数量;S为视野面积;SP为气孔面积;λ为气孔形状系数;LG为气孔长轴;WS为气孔短轴。

    • 叶片表面颗粒物用蒸馏水清洗后,从叶脉两侧切下5 mm×5 mm的正方形叶片,用超深度光学显微镜(Leica-DVM6A)在适当的放大倍数下观察叶片上表面的形态特征和粗糙度,并利用开源软件程序Gwyddion v. 2.49获取叶片表面的粗糙度数据。

    • 利用SPSS 26.0对数据进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)和聚类分析,皮尔逊相关性分析用来探讨叶面微结构特征参数与颗粒物滞留量的关系。运用Excel 2021对数据进行整理和统计,Origin 2021和Photoshop 2020生成图表。

    • 13种常绿灌木单位叶面积TSP、PM>10、PM10和PM2.5滞留量的变化范围分别为0.55~2.59,0.28~1.78,0.12~1.13,0.07~1.01 g· m−2,树种之间滞尘量存在显著差异(P<0.05,表2)。其中,火棘的单位叶面积TSP滞留量最高,为2.59 g·m−2,为滞留量最低的十大功劳的4.71倍;不同绿化树种单位叶面积PM>10的滞留量与TSP相似,火棘最高,南天竹最低;八角金盘对PM10和PM2.5的滞留量均最高,分别为1.13和1.01 g·m−2,洒金桃叶珊瑚对PM10和PM2.5的滞留量均最小,分别为0.12和0.07 g·m−2。各灌木单位叶面积滞留PM>10、PM10和PM2.5的质量分别占总粉尘量的43.6%~85.7%、14.3%~56.4%和8.8%~51.9%。

      树种 单位叶面积滞留量/(g· m−2) 树种 单位叶面积滞留量/(g· m−2)
      TSP PM>10 PM10 PM2.5 TSP PM>10 PM10 PM2.5
      八角金盘 2.23±0.81 ab 1.09±0.45 bc 1.13±0.36 a 1.01±0.31 a 十大功劳 0.55±0.04 e 0.38±0.04 de 0.17±0.01 de 0.15±0.01 cd
      珊瑚树 0.70±0.14 de 0.42±0.10 de 0.29±0.07 cde 0.23±0.04 cd 枸骨 1.25±0.16 cd 0.81±0.03 cd 0.44±0.13 cd 0.34±0.07 cd
      洒金桃叶珊瑚 0.81±0.03 de 0.70±0.05 cde 0.12±0.07 e 0.07±0.06 d 金森女贞 0.84±0.16 de 0.60±0.15 de 0.24±0.08 cde 0.15±0.06 cd
      夹竹桃 1.97±0.15 b 1.08±0.26 bc 0.88±0.16 ab 0.80±0.16 ab 大叶黄杨 1.80±0.40 bc 1.29±0.22 b 0.51±0.22 c 0.42±0.25 c
      海桐 1.15±0.16 de 0.76±0.21 cd 0.39±0.08 cde 0.28±0.10 cd 火棘 2.59±0.69 a 1.78±0.46 a 0.82±0.24 b 0.69±0.17 b
      石楠 1.08±0.29 de 0.80±0.22 cd 0.28±0.08 cde 0.18±0.03 cd 南天竹 0.63±0.15 de 0.28±0.07 e 0.36±0.10 cde 0.33±0.09 cd
      蚊母树 0.75±0.14 de 0.56±0.03 de 0.20±0.12 de 0.16±0.12 cd
        说明:同列不同小写字母表示不同树种间差异显著(P<0.05)。

      Table 2.  Amount of TSP、PM>10、PM10和PM2.5 on unit per area of 13 evergreen shrub species

      聚类分析将13种常绿灌木按照单位叶面积TSP、PM>10、PM10和PM2.5滞留量分别划分为3大类(图1),其中,各树种单位叶面积TSP和PM>10滞留量的等级划分一致,单位叶面积TSP和PM>10滞留量较大的树种为火棘,其次是八角金盘、夹竹桃和大叶黄杨,珊瑚树、金森女贞、蚊母树较小。各树种单位叶面积PM10和PM2.5滞留量的等级划分一致,最强的是八角金盘,中等的是火棘和夹竹桃,较小的绿化树种有十大功劳、金森女贞、蚊母树等。通过比较可以看出:综合滞尘能力最强的灌木为火棘、八角金盘和夹竹桃。

      Figure 1.  Clustering analysis on TSP、PM>10、PM10和PM2.5 retention of 13 evergreen shrub species

    • 13种常绿灌木不同叶面区域的PM分布存在明显差异(图2)。从叶面吸附的颗粒物具体位置来看,大部分树种的PM主要分布在叶片中脉、中脉周围区域和叶尖部分,而在远离中脉的区域颗粒物较少。从不同树种来看,火棘和八角金盘叶表面有大量的颗粒物,火棘滞留的PM主要分布在叶尖端,八角金盘则在中脉附近区域聚集了大量PM。十大功劳叶表面滞留的颗粒物较少,仅在中脉附近有少量分布。

      Figure 2.  Distribution of particulate matter on the leaf surface of 13 evergreen shrub species

    • 不同常绿灌木树种叶片表面结构存在明显差异,同一植物叶片上下表面微观结构也不同(图3)。13种常绿灌木叶片上表面结构比下表面复杂,叶片上表面有绒毛、沟槽、凸起等,颗粒物滞留也较多,气孔主要分布在下表面。八角金盘叶片上表面有浅沟槽,颗粒物附着于沟槽间隙,叶片下表面气孔稍内陷,且气孔呈现闭合状态(图3A1,A2)。珊瑚树叶表不平整,洒金桃叶珊瑚叶片上表面有细长绒毛,部分颗粒物之间相互附着,形成体积更大的颗粒物,两者气孔呈狭长形(图3B1,B2,C1,C2)。 夹竹桃叶片上表面有规则的半圆形凸起,叶片下表面气孔凹陷,气孔周围可观察到毛状组织,部分颗粒物滞留于凸起间隙和气孔周围下陷的绒毛处(图3D1,D2)。海桐叶片表面较平整,可观察到少量颗粒物沉积(图3E1,E2)。石楠叶片表面可见明显的皱褶和凹槽,部分颗粒物散落在气孔和周围沟槽处(图3F1,F2)。蚊母树叶片上表面有不规则凸起,颗粒物滞留其间,叶片下表面气孔与叶片表皮处于同一水平面上(图3G1,G2)。十大功劳叶片上表面在条状凸起之间形成了较宽的凹槽结构,枸骨叶片上表面有大量的簇状结构形成的复杂网络,沟槽和簇状结构周围可见滞留的粉尘颗粒,叶片下表面气孔均较小(图3H1,H2,I1,I2)。金森女贞叶片上下表面不平整,有一定的波动,颗粒物滞留较少(图3J1,J2)。大叶黄杨叶片上表面积累了大量颗粒物,叶片下表面气孔密集(图3K1,K2)。火棘叶片上表面沟槽致密,叶片下表面气孔开口较大,气孔器形状近圆形,这些结构都有利于颗粒物的附着(图3L1,L2)。南天竹叶片上表面有疣状突起,有利于细小颗粒物的滞留,叶片下表面气孔周围有绒毛层覆盖(图3M1,M2)。

      Figure 3.  Scanning electron microscope of the leaf surface microstructure of 13 evergreen shrub species

      不同植物叶表面气孔参数见表3。金森女贞的气孔开度最大(0.88),是气孔开度最小的枸骨(0.58)的1.52倍。火棘、南天竹、枸骨、海桐、蚊母树的气孔分布比较紧密,气孔密度也相应较高(>350 个·mm−2);珊瑚树和洒金桃叶珊瑚的气孔密度较小(100~200 个·mm−2);夹竹桃气孔分布最分散(<10 个·mm−2)。夹竹桃的气孔面积最大,显著高于其他12种植物(P<0.05)。枸骨的形状系数最大(0.42),其余12种植物的形状系数为0.34~0.39。

      树种 气孔长度/μm 气孔宽度/μm 气孔开度 气孔密度/(个·mm−2) 气孔面积/μm2 形状系数
      八角金盘 17.46±1.02 c 11.46±0.64 b 0.66±0.03 e 351.49±22.51 bc 157.42±16.24 b 0.39±0.01 b
      珊瑚树 23.06±2.54 bc 16.41±1.63 b 0.71±0.01 de 106.80±26.91 d 299.32±61.21 b 0.38±0.00 bc
      洒金桃叶珊瑚 16.41±0.99 c 12.20±1.02 b 0.74±0.02 cd 175.25±22.20 d 157.79±22.21 b 0.37±0.00 cde
      夹竹桃 187.21±22.00 a 138.50±28.63 a 0.73±0.06 cd 8.99±2.23 e 20 693.96±6841.49 a 0.37±0.02 cd
      海桐 28.09±1.44 bc 22.88±0.81 b 0.82±0.04 ab 354.16±37.06 bc 505.17±37.76 b 0.35±0.01 efg
      石楠 28.21±0.36 bc 23.50±2.04 b 0.83±0.07 ab 280.89±45.51 c 520.93±49.33 b 0.35±0.01 fg
      蚊母树 19.29±1.02 bc 13.71±0.75 b 0.71±0.02 de 352.91±41.98 bc 208.12±21.36 b 0.38±0.00 bc
      十大功劳 20.42±0.25bc 16.94±0.73 b 0.83±0.03 ab 297.18±44.34 bc 271.79±15.00 b 0.35±0.00 fg
      枸骨 23.88±1.17 bc 13.78±0.59 b 0.58±0.03 f 373.25±30.30 b 258.56±20.64 b 0.42±0.01 a
      金森女贞 30.37±1.38 b 26.68±1.79 b 0.88±0.03 a 315.02±30.50 bc 637.73±71.08 b 0.34±0.01 g
      大叶黄杨 27.13±0.96 bc 23.08±0.88 b 0.85±0.01 ab 320.33±24.02 bc 492.21±35.59 b 0.35±0.00 fg
      火棘 30.63±2.39 b 24.02±0.87 b 0.79±0.09 bc 363.82±75.70 b 576.98±28.57 b 0.36±0.02 def
      南天竹 21.30±1.21 bc 18.16±0.89 b 0.85±0.01 ab 456.64±69.86 a 304.46±32.23 b 0.34±0.00 fg
        说明:同列不同小写字母表示同一参数不同树种间差异显著(P<0.05)

      Table 3.  Foliar microstructural characteristics of 13 shrub species

    • 图4所示:13种常绿灌木叶片上表面的粗糙度为0.674~4.530 μm,其中,夹竹桃的叶表面有明显的脊状突起,在13种灌木树种中粗糙度最高。枸骨、大叶黄杨、洒金桃叶珊瑚和火棘的叶表面有明显的起伏和凹槽,粗糙度中等。十大功劳和石楠的叶表面光滑,粗糙度相对较低。13种灌木树种叶表面粗糙度从高到低排序为夹竹桃(4.53 μm)、枸骨(1.841 μm)、大叶黄杨(1.649 μm)、洒金桃叶珊瑚(1.645 μm)、八角金盘(1.587 μm)、火棘(1.361 μm)、南天竹(1.244 μm)、珊瑚树(1.141 μm)、蚊母树(1.125 μm)、金森女贞(1.081 μm)、海桐(1.079 μm)、十大功劳(0.802 μm)、石楠(0.674 μm)。

      Figure 4.  Three-dimensional structure of the leaf surface of 13 evergreen shrub species

    • 图5可知:除单位叶面积PM>10滞留量外,植物单位叶面积TSP、PM10和PM2.5滞留量与叶面积和粗糙度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与气孔长度呈显著正相关(P<0.05);单位叶面积PM10和PM2.5滞留量与气孔宽度和气孔面积也呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。

      Figure 5.  Correlation between plant foliar dust retention and leaf surface microstructure characteristics

    • 不同植物对各粒径颗粒物的滞留存在显著差异。有研究发现:植物叶表吸附的不同粒径颗粒物中主要是PM10[15, 25]。本研究中,13种常绿灌木叶片表面以捕获PM>10为主,大叶黄杨、石楠、金森女贞、洒金桃叶珊瑚、蚊母树叶片的PM>10滞留量占TSP滞留量的70%以上,这与李耀华等[17]和DANG等[19]研究得出的树木叶片吸附的主要是粒径大于10 µm的大颗粒物,结果一致。另外,洒金桃叶珊瑚叶滞留TSP和PM>10的能力分别排第9位和第8位,但滞留PM10和PM2.5的能力却最弱。南天竹叶滞留TSP和PM>10的能力较弱,但滞留PM10和PM2.5的能力却较强,其PM2.5滞留量占TSP滞留量的52.38%。这表明叶表面滞留不同粒径颗粒物的比例因树种差异而不同,树种单位叶面积TSP的滞留能力不能决定各粒径颗粒物的滞留能力[12, 26]。造成这种差异的原因可能是叶表面微结构,包括粗糙度、沟槽、气孔特性以及气候和其他环境因素的综合影响[25, 27]

      13种常绿灌木树种的叶片上表面主要承担吸附颗粒物的作用,这可能是因为颗粒物与上表面多种微观结构接触面积较大,有利于更好地吸附颗粒物,树冠结构和叶片倾角也可能是其影响因素[2829]。颗粒物倾向于分布在植物叶片的中脉、近中脉以及叶片尖端等不平整的区域,这种现象在不同的植被类型中都有发现[30],可能是由于叶片表面的这些区域存在明显的波动和沟槽,一些叶片在中脉附近还有绒毛结构。叶片尖端狭窄,边缘卷曲,这也有利于滞留更多颗粒物[18]。针叶树除了叶表面具有明显的突起和沟槽外,还能够分泌油脂[25, 30],相对于阔叶树种可以捕获更多颗粒物。叶表面的各种微结构特征使叶片具有起伏的粗糙表面,叶表面存在大量的沟壑、孔状峰谷区域和气孔凹陷,则会使叶面的粗糙度较高[25, 31]。叶面粗糙度显著影响植物对颗粒物的滞留[2021, 32]。本研究发现:夹竹桃叶面粗糙度最高,颗粒物捕获能力也较强,这主要是与夹竹桃气孔下陷,叶片具有发达的角质层且叶脉突出有关。火棘和八角金盘叶粗糙度较高,在13种常绿灌木中颗粒物滞留能力最强。火棘叶除了受其叶面自身的绒毛和沟槽结构影响外[21],叶片下表面气孔开放,蒸腾速率较强,也会导致颗粒物的沉积;八角金盘较大的叶片面积也可能有助于其滞留更多的颗粒物[33]。有研究表明:石楠的粗糙度较高,但在本研究中石楠颗粒物滞留能力排名中等,粗糙度却最低,这可能是石楠叶表面蜡质层的存在能够增强叶片的疏水性,维持植物体内的水分平衡,使得叶表面不易被水润湿,从而增加颗粒物在叶片上的附着能力[34]。此外,不同的品种和生长环境也可能造成研究结果的差异。十大功劳的粗糙度较低,叶表面光滑平整,滞尘能力较弱。相关性分析表明:叶表粗糙度与颗粒物滞留能力呈极显著正相关,叶面粗糙度可能是影响植物滞尘能力的关键因素之一[21]。其他指标(叶片长宽比、气孔密度和气孔开度)与各粒径颗粒物单位叶面积滞留量均未达显著相关,但粗糙度与叶长宽比显著相关,间接说明更大的叶片长宽比使颗粒物附着更稳定,可能由其较大的表面积和特定的形态特征所决定[35]。综上所述,灌木树种的滞尘能力并不是受叶片的单一因素影响,粗糙度可以作为叶片滞尘能力的一个衡量指标。除此之外,气孔开度、叶面积和植物所处的环境也会影响颗粒物的滞留。

    • 13种常绿灌木对不同粒径颗粒物的滞留能力存在显著差异,综合滞尘能力较强的是火棘、八角金盘和夹竹桃。这些植物宜作为郑州市的优良园林滞尘灌木树种。叶片面积大、叶表面气孔开度大、气孔排列紧密、沟槽狭窄、粗糙度高的树种颗粒物滞留能力较强。

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