Volume 41 Issue 2
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DONG Yifan, YU Haiying, WANG Jiao, FAN Jianting. Niche distribution of Monochamus saltuarius and Arhopalus rusticus on host Pinus koraiensis[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2024, 41(2): 362-368. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230167
Citation: DONG Yifan, YU Haiying, WANG Jiao, FAN Jianting. Niche distribution of Monochamus saltuarius and Arhopalus rusticus on host Pinus koraiensis[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2024, 41(2): 362-368. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230167

Niche distribution of Monochamus saltuarius and Arhopalus rusticus on host Pinus koraiensis

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230167
  • Received Date: 2023-02-22
  • Accepted Date: 2023-12-12
  • Rev Recd Date: 2023-12-06
  • Available Online: 2024-03-21
  • Publish Date: 2024-04-01
  •   Objective   This study aims to clarify the spatial distribution of Monochamus saltuarius and Arhopalus rusticus on Pinus koraiensis from the perspective of vertical space, and explore the interspecific relationship between these two species, so as to provide theoretical basis for their control measures.   Method  Adults of M. saltuarius and A. rusticus were simultaneously detected in P. koraiensis forest in Fushun, Liaoning Province, and both species of beetle larvae were found on the same P. koraiensis tree. Taking P. koraiensis as the habitat resource of longhorn beetle larvae and the vertical height of P. koraiensis as the resource sequence, P. koraiensis affected by longhorn beetles was selected using 40 cm as a unit to study the morphological characteristics, distribution location, niche width and niche overlap of M. saltuarius and A. rusticus larvae.   Result  The distribution of M. saltuarius larvae on P. koraiensis was (87.20±8.45) heads per plant, and that of A. rusticus larvae was (24.40±2.37) heads per plant. The distribution of M. saltuarius larvae was positively skewed on P. koraiensis, with the largest distribution of (16.40±2.38) heads per plant at 80 − 120 cm above ground, significantly higher than the number below 80 cm and above 120 cm (P<0.05). A. rusticus larvae were evenly distributed in the aboveground parts of the affected trees, with the most abundant at a height of 200 − 280 cm, accounting for 33.63% of the total number of larvae, significantly higher than the number below 120 cm, 160 − 200 cm and above 320 cm (P<0.05). No larvae of these two pests were found in the underground parts of damaged P. koraiensis. There was a certain difference in niche width between M. saltuarius and A. rusticus larvae, with values of 0.694 4 and 0.757 6, respectively, and a niche overlap value of 0.804 6.   Conclusion   M. saltuarius larvae are mainly distributed in the middle and lower parts of the trunk of P. koraiensis, while A. rusticus larvae are evenly distributed at various heights of the trunk. The ecological niche overlap between the two is relatively high on P. koraiensis, and the degree of similarity in ecological characteristics is relatively high, indicating a high competitive relationship between the two in P. koraiensis forest to a certain extent. [Ch, 2 fig. 25 ref.]
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    [2] ZHU Ning, ZHANG Dongyong, SHEN Hongxia, HU Qin, FAN Jianting.  Oviposition preferences of Anoplophora glabripennis on three host plants and composition analysis of host plant volatiles . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2017, 34(6): 1059-1064. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2017.06.013
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    [11] CHEN Ping, WAN Fu-xu, ZHOU Fu-ren, MA Zhan-yuan, QIN Fei, GUAN Qing-wei.  ain woody species niche of secondary forest vegetation communities in the limestone area of Xuzhou City . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2009, 26(5): 688-695.
    [12] YANG Yi, ZHOU Zu-ji, ZHANG Li-qin, MA Liang-jin, LIN Xin-chun, GAO Jie.  RAPD analysis of DNA polymorphism of parasitic Beauveria bassiana in Monochamus alternatus . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2005, 22(3): 306-309.
    [13] LAI Yan-xue, YU Lin-xiang, ZHOU Yong-ping, LI Guo-ping, SHEN Bing-shun.  Trapping adults of Monochamus alternatus with chemically-treated pine logs and branches . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2001, 18(1): 60-65.
    [14] LAI Zhen-liang, XU Yi-zhong, WANG Zi-li, TONG Ai-zhen.  Chemical control of Anoplophora chinensis larvae harmed on Salix babylonica . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2000, 17(3): 341-343.
    [15] TANG Wei-qiang, WU Cang-song, WU Yin-hai.  Comparison of several methods for attracting Monochamus alternatus . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2000, 17(3): 338-240.
    [16] ZHENG Bao-you, ZHENG Yu, MA Gui-lian, DAI Yun-xi.  Coccid species at forest plants in Huangyan District of Zhejiang Province . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2000, 17(1): 109-111.
    [17] Lai Yanxue.  Flight behavor of Monochamus alternatus and strategic thoughts to control pine wilt disease . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 1998, 15(3): 320-323.
    [18] Tang Lufa.  Survey on Monochamus alternatus injury and distribution regularity in Qiandao Lake area. . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 1998, 15(2): 176-180.
    [19] Lai Yanxue, Zhang Shiyuan, Huang Huazheng, Lü Zhaotian, Shi Yingyin.  Monochamus alternatus withered pine . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 1996, 13(1): 75-81.
    [20] Chen Hanlin.  A Differentiation on Orthaga olivacea and Orthaga achatina . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 1994, 11(2): 218-221.
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Niche distribution of Monochamus saltuarius and Arhopalus rusticus on host Pinus koraiensis

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230167

Abstract:   Objective   This study aims to clarify the spatial distribution of Monochamus saltuarius and Arhopalus rusticus on Pinus koraiensis from the perspective of vertical space, and explore the interspecific relationship between these two species, so as to provide theoretical basis for their control measures.   Method  Adults of M. saltuarius and A. rusticus were simultaneously detected in P. koraiensis forest in Fushun, Liaoning Province, and both species of beetle larvae were found on the same P. koraiensis tree. Taking P. koraiensis as the habitat resource of longhorn beetle larvae and the vertical height of P. koraiensis as the resource sequence, P. koraiensis affected by longhorn beetles was selected using 40 cm as a unit to study the morphological characteristics, distribution location, niche width and niche overlap of M. saltuarius and A. rusticus larvae.   Result  The distribution of M. saltuarius larvae on P. koraiensis was (87.20±8.45) heads per plant, and that of A. rusticus larvae was (24.40±2.37) heads per plant. The distribution of M. saltuarius larvae was positively skewed on P. koraiensis, with the largest distribution of (16.40±2.38) heads per plant at 80 − 120 cm above ground, significantly higher than the number below 80 cm and above 120 cm (P<0.05). A. rusticus larvae were evenly distributed in the aboveground parts of the affected trees, with the most abundant at a height of 200 − 280 cm, accounting for 33.63% of the total number of larvae, significantly higher than the number below 120 cm, 160 − 200 cm and above 320 cm (P<0.05). No larvae of these two pests were found in the underground parts of damaged P. koraiensis. There was a certain difference in niche width between M. saltuarius and A. rusticus larvae, with values of 0.694 4 and 0.757 6, respectively, and a niche overlap value of 0.804 6.   Conclusion   M. saltuarius larvae are mainly distributed in the middle and lower parts of the trunk of P. koraiensis, while A. rusticus larvae are evenly distributed at various heights of the trunk. The ecological niche overlap between the two is relatively high on P. koraiensis, and the degree of similarity in ecological characteristics is relatively high, indicating a high competitive relationship between the two in P. koraiensis forest to a certain extent. [Ch, 2 fig. 25 ref.]

DONG Yifan, YU Haiying, WANG Jiao, FAN Jianting. Niche distribution of Monochamus saltuarius and Arhopalus rusticus on host Pinus koraiensis[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2024, 41(2): 362-368. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230167
Citation: DONG Yifan, YU Haiying, WANG Jiao, FAN Jianting. Niche distribution of Monochamus saltuarius and Arhopalus rusticus on host Pinus koraiensis[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2024, 41(2): 362-368. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230167
  • 云杉花墨天牛Monochamus saltuarius属鞘翅目Coleoptera天牛科Cerambycidae沟胫天牛亚科Lamiinae墨天牛属Monochamus,褐梗天牛Arhopalus rusticus属鞘翅目天牛科椎天牛亚科Spondyliites梗天牛属Arhopalus,是危害树木的2种重要蛀干害虫。云杉花墨天牛与褐梗天牛危害寄主的习性,主要是幼虫钻蛀:成虫产卵于树皮间隙或啃食树皮后产卵于韧皮部内,卵孵化后幼虫钻蛀进入树皮内,在韧皮部蛀食形成不规则的虫道,而后钻蛀进入木质部并在此越冬。幼虫在木质部虫道上下左右蛀食,虫道不断扩大,对树体造成极大伤害。2018年云杉花墨天牛首次被中国确认为东北地区松材线虫病的媒介昆虫,同时,红松Pinus koraiensis也被确认为松材线虫的自然感病寄主;褐梗天牛也存在携带松材线虫的可能[12]。松材线虫病是毁灭性的森林病害[3],对松属Pinus植物危害极大,被称为松树的癌症。

    生态位模型是利用物种已知的分布数据和相关环境变量,根据一定的算法运算(如利用物种分布点相关联的环境参数)来构建模型,判断物种的生态需求,并将运算结果投射至不同的时间和空间中以预测物种的实际分布和潜在分布[4]。生态位宽度和生态位重叠指数是研究生态位的2个最重要的指数[56],可反映种群对资源的利用能力及所处群落的稳定性。利用生态位研究害虫的种内和种间分布已被广泛应用于害虫的生物学特性和防治技术研究。高娜等[7]研究发现:在黑松P. thunbergii枯立木上松墨天牛M. alternatus在树干2 m以下分布最多;松墨天牛与褐梗天牛资源的相似性较高,褐梗天牛的幼虫在黑松林中主要分布在1~2 m高度处。宋冀营等[8]研究发现:松墨天牛捕食性天敌莱氏猛叩甲Tetrigus lewisi和松墨天牛的伴随度较高。孟维洋等[9]调查发现:在斑克松P. banksiana上云杉花墨天牛幼虫主要分布在10~180 cm高度上,其中20~60 cm高度受害最重。

    目前,有关天牛的生态位研究多集中于幼虫的营养生态位,作为东北地区松材线虫病的新媒介昆虫——云杉花墨天牛,国内对于其幼虫分布及生态位的研究较少。在对辽宁省抚顺市苍石林场的林间调查时发现:同一红松林内同时诱到大量云杉花墨天牛与褐梗天牛,两者的寄主都包括红松,并且已对红松资源造成巨大危害。因此,本研究旨在探讨云杉花墨天牛和褐梗天牛幼虫在红松受害木上的垂直空间分布,用生态位方法分析云杉花墨天牛和褐梗天牛的种间关系,计算两者的生态位宽度和生态位重叠指数,明确两者在红松林内的垂直空间生态位与分布格局,进而推测现实分布与潜在分布,以期为探索松材线虫病的蔓延扩散规律提供参考。

    • 研究区位于辽宁省抚顺市国有清原满族自治县苍石林场(42°10′22″N,124°92′81″E)。该地属中温带大陆性季风气候,年平均气温为5.3 ℃,7月平均气温为22.9 ℃,年平均降水量为806.5 mm。试验林地内建群树种为红松,林内还有零星云杉Picea asperata、落叶松Larix gmelinii分布,林龄为17~20 a。

    • 2022年7月中旬在试验地随机选取10株被天牛危害的红松(胸径为14.0~17.0 cm,树高为4.1~5.2 m)。树干上可观察到天牛的侵入孔,但无羽化孔。从树干基部伐倒,并将伐桩连同根部刨出。将树干由下至上,分割成木段,按生长顺序编号,运回实验室。

      以40 cm为取样单位,并按序编号。解剖观察树体内云杉花墨天牛和褐梗天牛幼虫的数量及分布位置:剥开韧皮部,辨认韧皮部幼虫种类并计数;清理韧皮部的粪便和残渣,记录树干木质部上的侵入孔;将木段纵劈,清理出天牛幼虫,辨认并计数。将收集的云杉花墨天牛和褐梗天牛幼虫,浸入体积分数为75%乙醇中5~10 min,取出后在体视镜下观察并拍照,记录其形态特征。

      天牛幼虫鉴定:参考华立中[10]、钱庭玉[11]、时勇等[12]描述的天牛幼虫特征,辨认天牛幼虫。

    • 以红松的树干作为天牛幼虫的栖息资源,以松树的垂直高度作为资源序列,每40 cm为1个资源等级。①生态位宽度是指物种利用或趋于利用所有可利用资源状态而减少种内个体相遇的程度[13]。可衡量物种资源利用情况,其值大小反映物种在群落中的竞争地位,生态位宽度大的物种能利用更多的资源。采用LEVINS[14]提出方法计算生态位宽度,取值范围为0~1。②生态位重叠指数是2个物种在同一资源位上的相遇频率[15],反映了不同物种在资源利用上的相似程度或差异性,生态位重叠指数越高,表示物种间的竞争关系越激烈。生态位重叠指数采用PIANKA [16] 的方法计算,此方法也可作为种间竞争系数的测度方法[17],取值范围为0~1。

    • 采用SPSS 25.0和Excel分析处理数据。采用单因素方差分析法(one-way ANOVA)分析天牛幼虫在红松树干上的垂直空间分布差异显著性,采用邓肯法(α=0.05)进行多重比较,使用Origin绘图。

    • 观察发现:云杉花墨天牛与褐梗天牛幼虫的头部和前胸背板具有不同的典型特征(图1)。云杉花墨天牛幼虫形态特征:成熟幼虫整体呈乳白至淡黄色,体长17~24 mm;头部长椭圆形,长大于宽,通常缢缩入前胸背板;前胸背板前缘具密毛,中后方具“凸”形褐色斑纹,盾片前侧角边缘暗褐色,盾片上面具陷斑,不具后背板褶。褐梗天牛幼虫形态特征:成熟幼虫乳白色,体长18~23 mm;头部横阔,呈横向近四边形,宽大于长,后缘中部内凹,两侧中后方较宽,前方狭,通常不缢缩入前胸背板;前胸背板中前方具稀疏毛,左前侧和右前侧呈暗褐色,中后方具“山”形淡黄色斑纹,上具细颗粒状突起,不具后背板褶。

      Figure 1.  M. saltuarius and A. rusticus larvae

    • 调查结果显示:云杉花墨天牛幼虫在红松上的分布为(87.20±8.45) 头·株−1,褐梗天牛幼虫在红松上的分布为(24.40±2.37) 头·株−1。红松受害木上云杉花墨天牛幼虫呈正偏态分布,地下部分未发现幼虫,地上80~120 cm处分布最多,为(16.40±2.38) 头·株−1,占整株云杉花墨天牛幼虫数量的20.30%,显著高于80 cm以下及120 cm以上高度的幼虫数量(P<0.05);40~160 cm处数量占整株云杉花墨天牛幼虫数量的49.60%,为(41.60±6.53) 头·株−1;树干4 m以上幼虫相对较少,占整株云杉花墨天牛幼虫数量的0.92% (图2)。

      Figure 2.  Vertical distribution of M. saltuarius and A. rusticus larvae on dead standing trees of P. koraiensis

      红松受害木地上部分整株均有褐梗天牛幼虫分布,地下部分未发现幼虫。200~280 cm高度处的褐梗天牛幼虫数量最多,为(7.90±1.77) 头·株−1,占总体幼虫数量的33.63%,且显著高于120 cm以下、160~200 cm及320 cm以上的幼虫数(P<0.05,图2)。

    • 以红松的树干作为天牛幼虫的栖息资源,以松树的垂直高度作为资源序列,对云杉花墨天牛幼虫和褐梗天牛幼虫进行生态位分析。结果表明:云杉花墨天牛幼虫和褐梗天牛幼虫生态位宽度分别为0.694 4和0.757 6,说明这2种天牛在红松受害木上的垂直空间分布都较为均匀,且褐梗天牛比云杉花墨天牛分布广泛。

      云杉花墨天牛幼虫与褐梗天牛幼虫在红松受害木上垂直空间的生态位重叠值为0.804 6,说明两者的生态位在红松受害木垂直空间上高度重叠,对垂直空间资源共享程度较高。

    • 了解物种空间生态位与分布格局可为种群动态消长、预测物种实际分布和潜在分布提供重要参考依据。本研究结果表明:在寄主红松上,云杉花墨天牛幼虫的数量远超褐梗天牛幼虫的数量。该结果与袁源等[18]在辽宁省抚顺市松材线虫入侵松林内对天牛种类及数量的调查结果类似。这说明在当地红松中,云杉花墨天牛相对褐梗天牛处于优势地位。

      本研究发现:云杉花墨天牛幼虫在红松上的生态位宽度达0.694 4,在树干垂直空间上较广泛分布,80~120 cm高度处幼虫数量最多,且在树干上有着在一定高度以上随高度增加数量逐渐减少的趋势,垂直高度上呈正偏态分布。这与时勇等[12]的研究结果类似。云杉花墨天牛幼虫主要分布在树干的中下部,这与松墨天牛[19]、锈色粒肩天牛Apriona swainsoni [20]等种类的天牛幼虫在寄主树干上的分布规律相同。褐梗天牛幼虫在红松上的生态位宽度达0.757 6,树干垂直空间分布较云杉花墨天牛幼虫广,在垂直空间上分布较为均匀,200~280 cm高度处幼虫数量最多。赵建文等[21]研究表明:死亡1 或2 a的黑松枯立木上褐梗天牛幼虫多存在于0~1 m处,而在衰弱树上褐梗天牛幼虫在3~4 m高度处数量最多。天牛虫害发生与多种因素有关,寄主植物、植物生理状态、林龄、地点的不同及林缘小气候条件都可能使天牛产卵高度受到影响。

      在4 m以上高度,云杉花墨天牛和褐梗天牛幼虫数量都很少。推测随着树木高度增加,树干直径减小,可供成虫产卵的树体表面积及体积也随之减小,成虫产卵量降低,且捕食昆虫的鸟类会在较高处活动,可能影响天牛成虫活动,从而造成在高处产卵量降低。本研究发现:在红松树干0~40 cm高度处均有云杉花墨天牛幼虫与褐梗天牛幼虫分布,在地下部分均未发现这2种天牛幼虫,故在红松林间防控时,应尽量降低伐桩高度,但是否对疫木伐桩进行伐除或者覆膜处理,还需进一步研究。

      生态位宽度可反映物种对特定小生境的占据程度,但不能反映数量的多少,结合研究对象的平均虫口密度,更能反映出其对同一资源的利用程度。褐梗天牛幼虫生态位宽度略高于云杉花墨天牛幼虫,分布更为均匀,但平均每株树内云杉花墨天牛幼虫数量更多,可见云杉花墨天牛对红松的资源利用程度更高。两者的生态位重叠值超过0.8,说明两者在红松垂直空间上有较高重叠,对空间资源的共享程度较高,其生态特性相似度比较高,一定程度上反映了两者存在较大竞争关系。云杉花墨天牛与褐梗天牛在红松林内的竞争激烈程度,还与其资源丰富度以及种群密度有关。李㛃等[15]认为:资源量与供求比以及资源满足生物需要的程度对研究生态位重叠与竞争的关系是非常重要的,生态位有较大重叠的不同物种,随着种群密度的增加,可利用的资源越匮乏,竞争越激烈。研究发现:用人工饲料喂养地中海实蝇Ceratitis capitata与橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis,只有在种群密度很高的情况下,它们物种间才表现出激烈竞争[22]。刘慧等[23]对橘小实蝇和番石榴实蝇B. orrecta幼虫之间的竞争机制研究表明:它们的幼虫生态位重叠指数高,且寄主选择高度一致,随着种群密度的增加,种间竞争加剧,对番石榴实蝇的存活率有较大消极影响。

      天牛与其他钻蛀性昆虫之间也存在竞争关系。宋冀营等[24]研究发现:马尾松P. massoniana中松墨天牛与马尾松角胫象Shirahoshizo patruelis、横坑切梢小蠹Blastophagus minor、黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus等3种昆虫都有较高的生态位相似性,利用共同的空间和营养资源,相互竞争,达到暂时共存。严晓素等[25]对染病黑松上的钻蛀性昆虫的物种组成及生态位进行研究发现:松墨天牛与马尾松角胫象、横坑切梢小蠹、纵坑切梢小蠹Tomicus Piniperda的生态位重叠指数均较高。本次研究中,在红松受害木树干80 cm以下的树干中,还发现存在大量松六齿小蠹Ips acuminatus、松瘤象甲Sipalus gigas幼虫等害虫,猜测可能与云杉花墨天牛、褐梗天牛幼虫争夺生存资源,但其他蛀干害虫对云杉花墨天牛和褐梗天牛幼虫在红松上的生态位分布影响还不清楚,有待进一步调查。

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