Sources and contamination assessment of heavy metals in the green land soils in Tongzhou District, Beijing

SUN Jingyu; SUN Xiangyang; LI Suyan; WANG Chenchen; YUE Zongwei

doi:10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230435

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SUN Jingyu, SUN Xiangyang, LI Suyan, WANG Chenchen, YUE Zongwei. Sources and contamination assessment of heavy metals in the green land soils in Tongzhou District, Beijing[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230435

Citation:

SUN Jingyu, SUN Xiangyang, LI Suyan, WANG Chenchen, YUE Zongwei. Sources and contamination assessment of heavy metals in the green land soils in Tongzhou District, Beijing[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230435

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Sources and contamination assessment of heavy metals in the green land soils in Tongzhou District, Beijing

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230435

1.
Forestry College, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China

Received Date: 2023-08-25
Accepted Date: 2024-01-09
Rev Recd Date: 2023-12-29

Abstract

Objective The types of land use in Tongzhou District of Beijing have changed greatly. Heavy metals in the soil of green land were investigated, source analysis and risk assessment were carried out to understand whether the current use of green land meets the requirements of cleanliness and safety, and suggestions on risk prevention and control of heavy metals were given. Method The pH values and total amounts of heavy metals including Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, As, Cu, and Zn in 60 surface soil samples from the study area were determined. Source apportionment was carried out using Principal Component Analysis and the Absolute Principal Component Scores-Multiple Linear Regression (APCS-MLR) receptor model. The assessment of heavy metal element pollution was conducted using the Geo-accumulation Index method and the Potential Ecological Risk Assessment method. Result The average contents of 7 heavy metals Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, As, Cu and Zn in the soil were 0.53, 47.87, 11.95, 0.25, 6.71, 4.64 and 51.21 mg·kg⁻¹, while the average content of the remaining elements were below the background. All of the samples’ heavy metal concentrations were less than the screening values for Soil Pollution Risk Control Standards for Agricultural Land (GB 15618−2018). Principal component analysis demonstrated that Cd, Pb, Hg and As were influenced by human sources, including coal combustion, traffic pollution, industrial and agricultural activities pollution; Zn originated from natural sources and was related to the soil parent material; Cu and Cr were mixed sources reaulted by soil parent materials and agricultural pollution. The contribution rates of sources calculated by APCS-MLR were as follows, a certain amount of Cd accumulated on the surface came mostly from human sources (92%); Hg was from source 3 (29%), source 1 (17%), source 4 (13%), and there were also 35% unknown sources, which were suggested as mixed sources. Moreover, sources 1, 3, and 4 were all anthropogenic sources, while source 2 was a natural source. Environmental quality evaluation of green soil was investigated through the ground accumulation index, which illustrated that Cd and Hg performed a higher ecological risk response. Most of the comprehensive potential risk values in the study area were slight and medium potential ecological risks, only few points were belonged to severe ecological risks. Conclusion The study shows that the overall risk level of green land soil in Tongzhou District is in the middle and low risk. The main elements causing the risk are Cd and Hg, which are the priority control elements of ecological risk, and can be controlled from the control of coal burning, traffic and industrial emissions. [Ch, 5 fig. 4 tab. 32 ref.]
- green land soil,
- heavy metal,
- contamination assessment,
- source apportionment

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绿地土壤作为植物生长的介质^[1]，其质量直接影响植物的健康生长和绿地经济效益、景观功能和生态意义的发挥^[2]。近年来，随着金属冶炼、化石燃料使用、交通发展、农业种植等人类活动的增加，有害物质在绿地土壤中不断积累^[3]。绿地土壤作为污染物的汇集地和净化器^[4]，受污染情况是值得关注的环境问题。重金属因不能被微生物降解且容易积累，生物毒性强^[5]，成为了重点关注的土壤污染物之一。重金属会抑制土壤微生物的生长代谢，破坏微生物群落，降低生物多样性和活性，从而降低土壤质量和影响植物生长，降低生物多样性，对生态系统造成危害^[6]。重金属还可以通过食物链循环和人体接触等危害人体健康^[7]。因此对绿地土壤进行重金属风险评估及源解析，可为改善和规划治理绿地生态环境提供重要依据。关于绿地土壤重金属的研究多集中在污染特征^[8]、风险评价^[9]和源解析^[10]等。

通州区在2018年被选为北京城市发展副中心，启动了国家森林城市建设。根据2019年数据，通州区林木绿化率达36.99%，城市绿地率达46.43%，人均绿地面积达到42.96 m^2[11]。伴随新城开发建设、大规模的企业工厂拆迁腾退，以及造林工程实施等，该区域大量低污染产业被淘汰改建成城市绿地，农田变更为林地，这使该地区土地利用类型变化较大，这些变化影响了该区土壤重金属元素质量分数^[12]。绿地土壤的安全性和作为北京东南部生态屏障的通州区是否能发挥生态效益紧密相关，也和当地居民健康相关，因此，对该区域绿地土壤进行重金属调查和风险评价，可以为绿地土壤重金属源解析研究提供参考，也能为重金属污染防治和修复提供理论依据。

3. 讨论

从重金属水平来看，研究区绿地土壤重金属质量分数较低，均未超标，绿地土壤环境整体处于清洁状态。但Cd和Hg的平均质量分数分别超出北京市土壤背景值3.4和2.1倍，可见有除土壤母质之外的来源。综合重金属风险评价结果来看，Cd和Hg在表层土壤中有一定累积，存在潜在生态风险。张沁瑞等^[20]也指出北京东南郊表层土壤Cd和Hg质量分数相对较高。

本研究主成分分析表明：第1主成分与Cd、Pb相关，Hg也有一定载荷。已有研究表明该区域大气干湿沉降中Cd、Pb和Hg通量密度较高^[21]。Pb常被认为是交通污染的标志性元素，汽车尾气和轮胎磨损也会造成Cd和Hg在土壤中累积^[22]。Cd和Pb在苗圃、城市绿地和平原造林的水平都较高，这3种类型绿地比果园有更强的交通流通性，果园种植密集，且位置远离道路，机动车尾气污染相对少。随着无铅汽油的推广使用，2000年之后Pb主要来源为煤炭和冶金^[23]。通州区近10 a能源消费为200~300万t·a⁻¹标准煤。煤炭燃烧产生的Hg会吸附于飞灰表面，而Cd和Pb会富集于炉渣，最后都可通过大气沉降进入土壤。因此，可认为第1主成分来自交通和燃煤源。第2主成分中载荷较高的有Cr、Zn和Cu。土壤Cr主要来源于成土母质^[24]；Cu和Zn质量分数远低于北京市土壤背景值，因此，可认为第2主成分是自然源。Cr质量分数超出背景值0.6倍，有除成土母质之外的来源。Cr的主要用途是制造合金和电镀，在合金和电镀生产过程中会产生含Cr的废气和废水^[25]。本研究Cr质量分数高的2个采样点在果园，其附近有电气设备厂、燃机配件厂和电线电缆厂等，含Cr废气可能通过大气沉降落到附近土壤表层。第3主成分与As和Cd相关。其中As有较大载荷，土壤中的As主要来源于成土母质。有色金属冶炼^[26]、塑料稳定剂制作等工业生产活动也会产生Cd，并随粉尘通过大气沉降积累到土壤中^[27]。Cd和As质量分数都高的采样点位于研究区北部，该区域分布有大量小型工业企业，土壤易受工业生产的影响。因此可以确定第3主成分为工业源。第4主成分的主要构成元素有Cu、Hg和As，其中Cu的质量分数远低于北京土壤背景值，不构成重金属污染。有机质富含Hg高亲和能力的官能团，过多施用有机肥会导致Cu、Hg和As局部地区水平偏高^[28]，受农业活动干扰Hg和Cu的变异系数也会偏高。有研究表明：畜禽粪便和农药是土壤中Cu的主要来源^[29]；除草剂、杀虫剂等含As农药以及磷肥的使用也会影响土壤As水平^[30]。通州区2021年肥料使用量超过6 000 t，包括磷肥和有机肥；农药使用量超过300 t^[17]，包含除草剂、杀虫剂。因此可认为第4主成分是农业污染源。

根据PCA/APCS源解析计算，发现在土壤表层有一定积累的Cd大部分来自人为源(92%)，Cd的累积和人类活动密切相关，在人为源中主要来自燃煤和交通源(59%)，还有工业源(22%)和农业源(11%)。Hg分别来自工业源(29%)、燃煤和交通源(17%)、农业源(13%)，还有35%的未知源。引起土壤Hg污染的人为活动主要包括工业生产、农业生产和日常生活等，Hg有很强的挥发性，容易受自然风化、人为排放和大气沉降影响^[31]，未知源可能与自然源和人为排放有关。Cr主要来自自然源(43%)，人为源占28%。Pb大部分来自人为源。As、Cu和Zn来自人为源的比例分别是来自自然源的2.60、2.95和3.95倍。

地积累指数和潜在生态风险指数评价结果相似，均认为Cd和Hg对绿地土壤污染的贡献较大。地积累指数还显示Cr和As分别有65.00%和8.33%处于轻微污染等级，潜在生态风险指数显示Cr和As处于清洁水平。2种评价方法显示的差异性源于地积累指数评价是基于重金属质量分数与基准值(土壤背景值)的对比，侧重于重金属水平；而潜在生态风险评价结果受毒性响应系数影响较大^[32]。研究区综合生态风险指数等级整体处于中低风险，绿地土壤相对清洁安全，但位于城市绿地的1个点位处于重度生态风险等级，需要引起警惕并重点监测。Cd和Hg为生态风险优先控制元素，可从控制燃煤、交通和工业排放方面进行控制。

4. 结论

北京通州区绿地土壤中 Cd、Cr、Pb、Hg、As、Cu和Zn的质量分数分别是0.53、47.87、11.95、0.25、6.71、4.64、51.21 mg·kg⁻¹，各项重金属质量分数均未超过GB 15618—2018《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》中相应用地类型的风险筛选值(均为总量筛选值)。通州区绿地土壤重金属污染源有燃煤和交通源、自然源(土壤母质)、工业源和农业源，对土壤重金属富集的贡献率分别为27.1%、24.9%、16.3%和14.8%，人为源的贡献率大于自然源。在土壤表层有一定累积的Cd有92%来自人为源，Hg有60%来自人为源，有35%来自未知源，推测Cd来源属于混合源。通州区绿地土壤质量整体处于中低风险等级。地积累指数指明有少量点位土壤Cd和Hg存在中度和重度污染，Zn有个别点位处于轻度污染；潜在生态风险评价指明少量点位Cd和Hg存在中等度到强度不同程度的生态风险，2种评价结果基本一致。建议合理燃煤和交通排放，监测督促工业污染的净化排放，科学开展农业活动，从管控陆地风险源来防止重金属污染，保障绿地土壤洁净安全。

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级别	地积累污染指数		潜在生态风险指数
级别	I_geo	污染等级	$E_{\rm{r}}^i$	I_R	风险等级
1	I_geo≤0	无污染	$E_{\rm{r}}^i$≤40	I_R≤150	低
2	0＜I_geo≤1	轻度污染	40＜$E_{\rm{r}}^i$≤80	150＜I_R≤300	中
3	1＜I_geo≤2	中度污染	80＜$E_{\rm{r}}^i$≤160	300＜I_R≤600	偏高
4	2＜I_geo≤3	重度污染	160＜$E_{\rm{r}}^i$≤320	600＜I_R≤1 200	高
5	I_geo＞3	严重污染	$E_{\rm{r}}^i$＞320	I_R＞1 200	极高

重金属	取值范围/ (mg·kg⁻¹)	平均值/ (mg·kg⁻¹)	标准差	变异系数	偏度	峰度	P(K-S检验)	背景值/ (mg·kg⁻¹)	农业用地风险值/ (mg·kg⁻¹)
Cd	0.03~2.35	0.53	0.25	0.472	2.990	16.107	0.000	0.12	0.6
Cr	38.78~62.70	47.87	5.45	0.114	0.621	0.095	0.000	29.80	250.0
Pb	1.68~31.20	11.95	5.80	0.485	0.880	2.037	0.000	24.60	170.0
Hg	0.06~1.30	0.25	0.24	0.953	2.636	7.360	0.000	0.08	25.0
As	1.83~12.50	6.71	2.65	0.395	0.148	−0.518	0.000	7.09	3.4
Cu	0.05~18.32	4.64	4.21	0.907	1.514	2.591	0.000	23.60	100.0
Zn	24.62~84.06	51.21	13.85	0.270	0.501	0.025	0.000	102.60	300.0

重金属	Cd	Cr	Pb	As	Hg	Cu
Cr	−0.052
Pb	0.754**	−0.153
As	0.141	−0.035	0.152
Hg	−0.114	−0.211	−0.139	−0.305*
Cu	−0.052	0.081	0.083	0.117	0.039
Zn	0.033	0.579**	−0.030	−0.077	−0.163	0.240
说明：*表示在 0.01 水平(双侧)上显著相关，表示在 0.05 水平(双侧)上显著相关。

重金属	成分矩阵				旋转成分矩阵
重金属	PC1	PC2	PC3	PC4	PC1	PC2	PC3	PC4
Cd	0.870	0.049	0.317	−0.158	0.935	0.020	0.061	−0.071
Cr	−0.206	0.820	0.078	−0.239	−0.109	0.870	0.083	−0.036
Pb	0.896	−0.001	0.285	0.022	0.928	−0.083	0.093	0.087
Hg	0.420	0.127	−0.709	0.310	0.072	−0.189	0.833	0.241
As	−0.325	−0.460	0.595	0.275	−0.096	−0.308	−0.767	0.232
Cu	0.028	0.355	0.143	0.883	0.011	0.136	0.030	0.953
Zn	−0.101	0.845	0.277	−0.027	0.048	0.869	−0.034	0.205
特征值	1.895	1.741	1.142	1.035	1.765	1.669	1.303	1.076
贡献率/%	27.07	24.88	16.32	14.79	25.22	23.85	18.62	15.37
累计贡献率/%	27.07	51.94	68.26	83.05	25.22	49.07	67.68	83.05

Sources and contamination assessment of heavy metals in the green land soils in Tongzhou District, Beijing

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230435

Abstract

References

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

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