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植物更新是指群落中的种群个体被同物种的个体取代的过程[1],包括由于自然或人类活动造成植物种群破坏后的再生过程[2]。与人工更新相对应,森林自然更新则是森林资源再生产的一个自然的不受人类控制的生物学过程[3]。森林的更新保证了种群的持续生存与繁衍、维持了群落组成与结构稳定,对未来森林群落的结构及其生物学多样性具有重要影响,是一个极为重要的生态学过程,也是植被动态研究的热点。近年来,对森林价值的重新认识使得人们越来越重视森林的可持续利用和其生态系统服务功能[4]。同时,伴随着对森林管理向多目标化经营模式的转变[5],人们逐渐开始强调自然过程所达到稳定、自维持的森林生态系统,因此,自然状态下的更新过程成为学者关注的焦点[6]。由于气候变化引起的森林自然更新障碍逐渐受到了重视,对濒危珍稀物种的保护也需要掌握其自然更新的规律,因此掌握树木更新阶段的基本特性,探讨森林自然更新可为森林经营和生态恢复提供理论依据,为林业生产应对气候变化以及珍稀濒危植物的保护提供参考,对森林的可持续利用,维护生态系统平衡,保护生物多样性具有重要意义。本研究从更新的方式、更新的过程等方面入手,探讨了影响森林自然更新的因子,并对此领域存在的问题进行了总结和为以后的自然更新研究做了展望。
Research review on forests natural regeneration
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摘要: 森林自然更新是一个复杂的生态学过程,它保证了种群的繁衍、维持了群落结构稳定,对森林群落的发展具有重要意义,是森林生态学研究的热点。伴随着森林经营向多目标化和生态系统经营模式的转变,人们逐渐开始强调自然过程所达到稳定的森林生态系统,对自然更新的研究也开始关注在自然状态下的更新过程。综述了森林自然更新的方式以及影响森林自然更新的生物和非生物因子,讨论了火、采伐和林窗等干扰对森林自然更新的影响。对森林自然更新的研究大多从野外调查资料和现象对自然更新过程进行描述性分析,很少从生理生态方面揭示森林自然更新的机制。研究对象多是主要的森林类型,局限于林窗的更新及森林群落的建群种,主要以种群为研究对象。对干扰频发森林中的萌生更新重视不够,促进自然更新困难树种更新的对策研究不足。森林自然更新的范围和深度尚待扩展和加深。对森林自然更新的研究应加强以下几个方面:①综合研究各种因子的作用;②扩展自然更新的研究尺度;③深入研究萌生更新的生理机制和生态作用;④重视加大更新困难树种以及珍惜濒危物种和生态脆弱区的更新研究力度;⑤开展种子幼苗对于二氧化碳浓度升高,水热条件变化的生理响应;⑥加强各种类型不同强度和频度干扰对种子幼苗影响的研究。⑦加强森林群落更新与生物多样性的关系研究,进一步揭示森林群落的更新规律。总结了森林自然更新研究的现状和问题,并为今后的研究提出了建议,旨在为森林经营和生态恢复准备理论,为林业生产应对气候变化以及珍稀濒危植物的保护提供参考,为森林的可持续利用、维护生态系统平衡和保护生物多样性提供依据。Abstract: Natural regeneration of forests is a complex ecological process which ensures the reproduction of the population and maintains the structure stability of forests communities. It is a hot issue of forest ecology playing an ecosystem management mode, people gradually began to emphasize the stable forest ecosystem and natural important role in forest dynamic. But with the change of forest management to multi-objectives and process, researchers began to pay attention to the natural regeneration process. In this review, we discussed the manners, and studied the effect of disturbances including fire, wood harvesting and forest gap. The most current studies of forest regeneration were based on descriptive analysis of natural regeneration from field data and phenomena, and few findings revealed the mechanisms of forest natural regeneration in terms of physiology and ecology. The research subjects mainly focused on forest types, restricted to forest gap renewal and species groups in forest communities. Insufficient attention has been paid to the regeneration of forest in frequent disturbance, and the countermeasures to promote the regeneration of natural regeneration species were insufficient. The scale of forest natural regeneration should be expanded and deepened. In studies of forest natural regeneration, researchers should strengthen the following aspects:(1) the role of various factors should be studied synthetically; (2) the scale of research should be extended; (3) the physiological mechanism and ecological function should be studied; (4) emphasis should be placed on increasing the regeneration of difficult species, the regeneration of endangered species and ecologically fragile areas; (5) physiological responses of seed seedlings to elevated CO2 and changes in hydrothermal conditions should be carried out; (6) study on the effects of various types, intensities and frequency interference on seed seedlings should be enhanced; (7) study on the relationship between the regeneration of forest community and biodiversity to further reveal the update of forest community should be enhanced. In conclusion, this paper summarized the current situation and problems of natural forest regeneration, and put forward some suggestions for future research, which can provide the theoretical basis for forest management and ecological restoration, and provide reference for the protection of climate change, forestry production of rare and endangered plants. Meanwhile, the work has important significance on sustainable development of forests, the balance of the ecological system and the conservation of biological diversity.
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Key words:
- forest ecology /
- natural regeneration /
- disturbance /
- gap /
- regeneration dynamic /
- review
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