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林产品生长具有一定的地域特征。一些特定地区的林产品因具备某些优秀品质,更受消费者的青睐,然而普通消费者难以通过产品外观或其他物理特性区分特定产地和其他产地的产品。受经济利益的驱使,有些商家伪造产品产地或掺假蒙骗消费者,损害了消费者和原产地的利益,因此,需要一种分析技术能识别林产品的产地,鉴定产品的真伪。稳定同位素技术在溯源和掺假鉴别方面有着较好的优势,目前已应被用于农产品[1]和食品领域[2]。为推动这项技术在林产品领域中的应用,在广泛查阅国内外文献的基础上,对稳定同位素技术在林产品中的溯源和鉴别应用研究进行综述及展望。
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具有相同质子数,不同中子数的同一元素的不同核素互为同位素。其中不具有放射性的同位素称为稳定同位素,其来源有2种:一部分是由放射性同位素衰变之后的稳定产物,例如206Pb和87Sr等;另一部分是自然界本身存在的天然稳定同位素,例如12C和13C,18O和16O等。
利用稳定同位素可以鉴别不同种类的产品以及追溯产地来源的原理:①自然界中的植物因其固碳方式不同,可分为C3植物(如小麦Triticum aestivum,水稻Oryza sativa,大豆Glycine max,棉花Gossypium spp.等),C4植物(如玉米Zea mays,甘蔗Saccharum officinarum,高粱Sorghum bicolor,苋菜Amaranthus tricolor等)和CAM植物(如仙人球Echinopsis tubiflora,芦荟Aloe vera,龙舌兰Agave americana以及景天Sedum erythrostictum等),不同种类的植物碳同位素比值(δ13C)分布不同,其中C4植物为-14‰~-10‰,CAM植物为-30‰~-10‰,C3植物为-35‰~-22‰[3]。②同一种生物体因受气候、环境和生物代谢的影响,导致同位素在生物体内产生分馏,使得不同地区的生物体体内的碳、氢、氧、氮等同位素的丰度不同[4]。
由于稳定同位素在自然界中的含量很低,很难用绝对值来表达同位素的差异,同时人们更加关心的是同位素组成的微小变化,因此国际上常用同位素比值δ表示。公式为:
$$ \delta = ({R_{样品}}/{R_{标准}} - 1) \times 1\;000{\rm{‰ }}。 $$ (1) 式(1)中:R样品为所测样品中的重同位素与轻同位素丰度之比,即:13C/12C,D/H,18O/16O和15N/14N。R标准为国际标准样中,δ13C以维也纳-PeeDee箭石标准(V-PDB)为基准,δ18O和δD以平均海洋水(SMOW)为基准,δ15N以大气中的氮气(N2-atm)为基准。通过同位素质谱仪(IRMS)可以精确地测定同位素比值。
Progress in application of stable isotope in forest product traceability and adulteration detection
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摘要: 稳定同位素技术能够有效应用于林产品的产地溯源和掺假鉴别。利用碳、氢、氧、氮同位素技术,结合线性判别-主成分分析,能够较好地追溯中华猕猴桃Actinidia chinensis,樱桃Cerasus pseudocerasus,橄榄Canarium album油等林产品的产地;采用单一的同位素比例质谱,或者结合高效液相色谱、气相色谱,能够鉴别果汁饮料、保健品、香精香料的掺假;利用氮同位素能认证有机产品。基于国内外学者在林产品溯源、鉴别、有机产品认证等方面的研究工作,总结了稳定同位素技术的基本原理及其在林产品产地溯源和掺假鉴别中的应用研究进展,以期推动稳定同位素技术的更广泛应用,及完善中国林产品的检测技术并构建产品溯源体系。Abstract: Stable isotope technology can be used in forest product traceability and adulteration detection. Combined with LDA-PCA, the isotope ratios (13C/12C, D/H, 18O/16O, 15N/14N) were able to trace the geographical origin of kiwifruit, sweet cherries and extra-virgin olive oils. Stable carbon isotope was applied to authentication of fruit juice, health products and flavours by IRMS, HPLC-IRMS or GC-IRMS. Stable nitrogen isotope can verify the organic product. Based on the research of forest and organic product traceability and adulteration detection, this paper summarized the theory of stable isotope technology and application of stable isotope in forestry adulteration detection and trace ability. This paper aims to promote the application of stable isotope technology and to improve the method of adulteration detection and traceability in forest product.
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Key words:
- food science /
- stable isotope /
- forest product /
- traceability /
- detection /
- organic product /
- review
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