Growth differences and selection of Chinese fir families in young plantations with different site conditions

HE Guiping; XU Jinliang; XU Yongqin; CHEN Yonghui; SHEN Fengqiang; XU Luyu

doi:10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2018.03.008

Volume 35 Issue 3

May 2018

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HE Guiping, XU Jinliang, XU Yongqin, CHEN Yonghui, SHEN Fengqiang, XU Luyu. Growth differences and selection of Chinese fir families in young plantations with different site conditions[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2018, 35(3): 453-458. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2018.03.008

Citation:

HE Guiping, XU Jinliang, XU Yongqin, CHEN Yonghui, SHEN Fengqiang, XU Luyu. Growth differences and selection of Chinese fir families in young plantations with different site conditions[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2018, 35(3): 453-458. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2018.03.008

Growth differences and selection of Chinese fir families in young plantations with different site conditions

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2018.03.008

1.
Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang, China
2.
Forest Farm of Kaihua County of Zhejiang Province, Kaihua 324300, Zhejiang, China
3.
Changle Forest Farm of Yuhang District of Hangzhou City, Hangzhou 311123, Zhejiang, China

Received Date: 2017-05-18
Rev Recd Date: 2017-07-24
Publish Date: 2018-06-20

Abstract

To screen the fast-growing Chinese fir family for steady traits and strong adaptability for extension, growth differences of 21 Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) families were compared for different site conditions and the interactions between growth traits and sites were discussed. Two sites treatments in Changle Forest Farm and Kaihua Forest Farm, and a control in the second generation seed orchard, with randomized block design and eight replications, were set in Zhejiang Province. Tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH) of 3-year-old Chinese fir families were investigated for each tree. A one-way analysis of variance followed by Duncan's multiple comparison test was used to determine statistical significance of growth triats across two sites. Results showed significant differences(P < 0.01) on tree height and DBH with Chinese fir in the same family for different sites and for different blocks of the same site. Chinese fir planted in cutover land of Pinus massoniana at Changle Farm had higher tree height (37.77%) and greater DBH (86.58%) than that on cutover land of Chinese fir at Kaihua Farm. Tree height also showed significant differences(P < 0.01) among families. According to the analysis on growth rate, stability, and adaptability of tree height and DBH, seven families of Chinese fir grown at two sites which showed favorable traits at the young plantation stage were selected. These seven families could be widely planted in these two sites as well as in other sites having similar conditions.
- silviculture,
- Cunninghamia lanceolata,
- family,
- site,
- growth difference,
- selection

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[19]	Chen Dongji, Zheng Meizhu. Effect of Atmospheric Pollution on Growth of Chinese Fir . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 1993, 10(2): 169-178.
[20]	Zheng Deliang, Gao Lin, Qian Lianfang. Experiments and Selection ot Commercial Tree Species in Northern Zhejiang . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 1993, 10(1): 106-112.

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沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

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杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata为中国南方林区重要的速生用材树种，因生长快、产量高、材质优、适应性较强、经济效益好而成为山区的主要造林树种。目前，中国南方各省区杉木人工林基地面积已达800万hm²，20世纪80年代和90年代中期以前营造的杉木人工林大部分已到采伐林龄，现在造林的立地多为杉木或马尾松Pinus massoniana林采伐迹地，特别是在杉木采伐迹地上再营造杉木纯林时，由于林地土壤肥力下降，对杉木林的生长有一定影响^[1-6]。杉木遗传改良已进行了几十年，从1代良种到现在的3代良种，林木生长量已得到显著提高^[7-9]。目前造林地普遍为二茬杉木林地，这给杉木的遗传改良及新品种选育提出了较高的要求，要求选择出生长快、材质优，且对立地适应性强的品种。本研究以杉木2代种子园中选出的部分优良家系为材料^[8]，在杉木林和马尾松林采伐迹地上进行杉木家系造林试验，研究杉木家系在不同立地上幼林的生长适应性，旨在研究杉木家系与立地的互作效应，同时选出适应性较强的杉木品系，为生产和育种提供优良材料。

1. 试验点概况

试验点1为浙江省杭州市余杭区长乐林场西山林区(余杭点，E1)，30°15′N，119°58′E，海拔为100 m，年平均气温为15.8 ℃，年均降水量为1 478.0 mm，年均日照时数为1 782.9 h，无霜期为221 d，四季分明，属北亚热带季风气候。林地为马尾松纯林采伐迹地，土壤为红壤，土层厚度80 cm以上，坡向西南，坡度15°左右，0~30 cm土层土壤理化性质为pH 4.73，有机质25.26 g·kg^-1，全氮1.26 g·kg^-1，全磷0.34 g·kg^-1，碱解氮86.25 mg·kg^-1，速效磷1.22 mg·kg^-1，速效钾72.23 mg·kg^-1，肥力中等。试验点2为浙江省衢州市开化县林场城关分场岙滩(开化点，E2)，29°25′N，118°25′E，海拔为230 m，年均气温为16.4 ℃，年均降水量为1 814.0 mm，日照时数为1 712.5 h，无霜期为252 d，属北亚热带湿润季风气候，四季分明。林地为杉木纯林采伐迹地，土壤为红黄壤，土层厚80 cm以上，坡向东南，坡度约25°，对0~30 cm土层进行了土壤取样(分下坡、中坡、上坡混合而成)分析，土壤理化性质为pH 4.83，有机质22.07 g·kg^-1，全氮1.12 g·kg^-1，全磷0.29 g·kg^-1，碱解氮76.45 mg·kg^-1，速效磷1.12 mg·kg^-1，速效钾65.42 mg·kg^-1，肥力中等偏下。

2. 材料与方法

2.1. 试验材料和试验设计

试验材料来自浙江省龙泉市林科院杉木2代种子园中自由授粉家系，2011年秋采种，2012年春在开化县进行大田育苗，2013年3月在开化和余杭两地进行试验林营造。试验材料为杉木2代种子园中选出的21个较优良家系，对照(ck)为浙江杉木2代种子园混种。试验采用随机区组设计，余杭点为4株单行小区，8次重复，林地为马尾松林采伐迹地。整地方式为挖机全垦后(深30 cm以上，并挖出伐兜)直接定点造林，造林密度为2 m × 2 m。开化点为6株单行小区，8次重复，林地为杉木林采伐迹地，经炼山后挖大穴(40 cm × 40 cm × 40 cm)，造林密度为2 m × 2 m。

2.2. 研究方法

2015年12月对两地试验林进行每木调查，调查因子为树高、胸径。采用小区平均值进行性状方差分析，方差分析模型为Y_ijkl=u+L_i+B(L)_j(i)+P_k+LP_ik+B(L)P_j(i)k+e_ijkl。其中：Y_ijkl为多点试验第i地点内第j区组第k家系第l小区平均值；u为群体平均效应；L_i为第i地点效应；B(L)_j(i)为第i地点内第j区组效应；P_k为第k家系效应；LP_ik为第k家系和第i地点互作效应；B(L)P_j(i)k为第i地点内第j区组和第k家系的互作效应；e_ijkl为机误。

树高和胸径2个生长性状在两地的速生性、稳定性及适应性分析的计算方法如下：①速生性参数的计算方法为：各家系的树高(或胸径)值为各家系树高(或胸径)两地的平均值，各家系的树高(或胸径)效应值为各家系的树高(或胸径)两地平均值减去两地家系树高(或胸径)的总平均值。②稳定性参数的计算方法为：各家系的树高(或胸径)方差为各家系树高(或胸径)两地重复间的方差，各家系的树高(或胸径)变异度为各家系的树高(或胸径)的方差开平方除以各家系的树高(或胸径)平均值。③适应性参数的计算方法为：各家系的树高(或胸径)的回归系数为各家系树高(或胸径)平均值与环境指数(各地点的树高或胸径总平均值)进行回归分析计算的b值。各家系树高和胸径2个生长性状在两地的速生性、稳定性及适应性综合分析及评价是以各家系树高(或胸径)在两地的平均值的高低(或效应值的大小)为基础，结合其稳定性中的变异度和适应性中的回归系数(b值)进行综合分析。

采用DPS软件^[10]对性状进行方差分析和家系的稳定性分析。

3. 结果与分析

3.1. 不同立地杉木家系3年生时树高、胸径差异及联合方差分析

两地杉木家系3年生时树高、胸径经同质检验后，试验点误差均方均不显著，可进行两地联合方差分析。从表 1和表 2可以看出：试验地点间和试验地点内区组间在树高和胸径上均表现出极显著差异，而在家系间只有树高表现出极显著差异水平，胸径则未达显著差异；在家系×试验点互作间，胸径达到差异显著水平，树高则未达差异显著水平。表明不同立地条件(或坡位)对杉木家系的生长影响明显，树高在家系间表现出显著差异，但树高在家系与地点间没有显著的交互效应，而胸径的交互效应显著，即不同家系的胸径生长在不同环境条件下的表现存在显著差异，而树高生长则不显著。

变异来源	自由度	树高		胸径
变异来源	自由度	均方	F	均方	F
地点	1	68.279 2	549.98^**	351.920 0	596.15^**
地点内区组	14	0.670 7	5.40^**	3.132 0	5.30^**
家系	21	0.285 3	2.30^**	0.831 8	1.41
家系×地点	21	0.183 3	1.48	1.057 6	1.97^*
机误	294	0.1241		0.590 3
说明：按完全随机区组模型设计分析。^*表示差异极显著，^表示差异显著

Table 1. Combined ANOVA results of tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH) of 3-year-old Chinese fir families in 2 sites

家系号	余杭		开化
家系号	树高/m	胸径/cm	树高/m	胸径/cm
A76	3.24	4.51	2.34	2.45
B49	3.09	4.11	2.26	2.30
B10	3.39	4.48	2.68	2.65
C25	3.29	4.71	2.11	2.00
A20	3.26	4.74	2.15	1.88
A09	3.21	4.28	2.57	2.51
B148	3.29	4.35	2.52	2.70
B121	3.26	4.24	2.52	2.74
B13	3.30	4.75	2.48	2.34
B01	3.08	4.19	2.38	2.43
C44	3.38	4.78	2.22	2.08
B42	3.10	4.15	2.31	2.33
A77	2.78	3.30	2.22	2.20
B56	3.10	3.81	2.25	2.33
C28	3.24	4.46	2.08	1.91
B105	3.33	4.51	2.45	2.41
B111	3.41	4.50	2.16	1.98
B164	3.07	4.03	2.23	2.08
B163	2.88	3.61	2.33	2.36
B11	3.15	3.95	2.20	2.25
L15	3.61	5.09	2.37	2.30
对照(ck)	3.24	4.36	2.47	2.70
平均值	3.21	4.31	2.33	2.31
变幅	2.78~3.61	3.30~5.09	2.11~2.68	1.88~2.74
变异系数/%	5.59	9.60	6.93	11.03

Table 2. Average values of tree height, diameter at breast height(DBH) of 3-year-old Chinese fir families in 2 sites

3.2. 不同立地对3年生杉木家系树高、胸径生长的影响

从表 3中可知：两地间树高和胸径的试验总平均值差异较大，余杭点(树高为3.21 m，胸径为4.31 cm)明显大于开化点(树高为2.33 m，胸径为2.31 cm)，余杭点平均树高和平均胸径分别比开化点高出37.77%和86.58%。表明虽然参试家系相同，但在不同地点树高和胸径生长量表现出明显的差异，这可能与两地立地条件的不同有较大关系(两地气候条件近似)，余杭点造林前茬为马尾松林，且坡度较小，立地条件为中等，而开化点造林前茬为杉木纯林，对林地肥力消耗较大，使土壤肥力明显下降，立地条件则为中等偏下。同一地点内不同区组也因处于不同坡位，使树高和胸径生长量差异明显，一般山坡下部土层较厚，水肥条件相对较好，因此杉木生长快，而在同一山坡中上部，则因土层相对较薄，水肥条件相对较差，因此杉木生长慢。余杭点以第7区、第1区组生长相对较好，开化点则是第1区，第3区和第5区组生长相对较好。表明立地条件对杉木的生长有明显影响，特别是在杉木采伐迹地上再营造杉木林时，林分生长量有明显下降。

区组	余杭点		区组	开化点
区组	树高/m	胸径/cm	区组	树高/m	胸径/cm
7	3.47 A	4.90 A	1	2.56 A	2.80 A
1	3.40 A	4.88 A	3	2.49 A	2.59 AB
8	3.30 AB	4.42 AB	5	2.46 AB	2.60 AB
2	3.22 AB	4.19 AB	4	2.42 AB	2.53 AB
3	3.15AB	3.87 B	6	2.28 AB	2.18 AB
4	3.10AB	3.97 B	7	2.22 AB	2.09 AB
5	3.03 B	4.13 AB	2	2.17 B	1.94 B
6	3.01 B	4.15 AB	8	2.04 B	1.79 B
平均值	3.21	4.31	平均值	2.33	2.31

Table 3. Average values of tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH) of 3-year-old Chinese fir families among different blocks in 2 sites

3.3. 不同立地杉木家系3年生时树高、胸径生长性状速生性、稳定性及适应性分析

由于杉木家系树高性状在两地点间差异明显，以及胸径在家系与试验点间有明显的交互效应，有必要对各家系两生长性状进行稳定性分析。从两地3年生杉木家系树高、胸径的速生性、稳定性及适应性综合分析(表 4和表 5)可以看出，在两地树高生长性状表现很好和好的家系有8个，它们是B10，L15，B148，B121，A09，B13，B105和ck，在两地胸径生长性状表现很好和好的家系有9个，它们是L15，B10，B13，ck，B148，B121，A76，B105和A09，综合树高和胸径2个生长性状，在两地均表现好的家系为7个(除浙江杉木2代种子园混种ck外)，它们是B10，L15，B148，B121，A09，B13和B105，可在这两地及相似地区推广应用。

家系号	速生性参数		稳定性参数		适应地区及评价
家系号	树高/m	效应	方差	变异度	回归系数	地点	评价
B10	3.03	0.262	0.015	4.040	0.803 2	E1, E2	很好
L15	2.99	0.220	0.065	8.549	1.410 6	E1, E2	很好
B148	2.90	0.132	0.006	2.760	0.871 3	E1, E2	好
B121	2.89	0.121	0.010	3.443	0.840 1	E1, E2	好
A09	2.89	0.118	0.028	5.741	0.733 7	E1, E2	好
B13	2.89	0.116	0.002	1.368	0.936 6	E1, E2	好
B105	2.89	0.114	0	0.052	0.997 6	E1, E2	好
ck	2.85	0.080	0.006	2.718	0.875 6	E1, E2	好
C44	2.80	0.023	0.039	7.062	1.316 9	E1, E2	较好
A76	2.79	0.018	0	0.359	1.016 1	E1, E2	较好
B111	2.79	0.016	0.068	9.364	1.419 1	E1, E2	较好
B01	2.73	-0.045	0.017	4.787	0.790 4	E1, E2	较好
A20	2.71	-0.066	0.027	6.121	1.265 8	E1, E2	一般
B42	2.71	-0.066	0.004	2.375	0.896 9	E1, E2	一般
C25	2.70	-0.071	0.043	7.669	1.332 5	E1, E2	一般
B49	2.68	-0.096	0.002	1.509	0.935 2	E1, E2	一般
B11	2.675	-0.097	0.002	1.828	1.078 5	E1, E2	一般
B56	2.67	-0.097	0	0.783	0.966 4	E1, E2	一般
C28	2.66	-0.112	0.038	7.323	1.312 6	E1, E2	一般
B164	2.65	-0.125	0.001	1.325	0.943 7	E1, E2	一般
B163	2.60	-0.171	0.055	9.030	0.623 0	E1, E2	一般
A77	2.50	-0.276	0.052	9.126	0.634 3	E1, E2	较差
说明：E1为余杭点，E2为开化点

Table 4. Fast growth, stability and adaptability analysis of tree height of 3-year-old Chinese fir families

家系	速生性参数		稳定性参数		适应地区综合评价
家系	胸径/cm	效应	方差	变异度	回归系数	地点	评价
L15	3.69	0.380	0.310	15.080	1.393 9	E1	好
B10	3.56	0.249	0.015	3.469	0.912 6	E1, E2	很好
B13	3.54	0.230	0.085	8.235	1.206 4	E1, E2	好
ck	3.53	0.218	0.057	6.754	0.831 3	E1, E2	好
B148	3.53	0.211	0.061	7.016	0.825 1	E1, E2	好
B121	3.49	0.176	0.127	10.227	0.747 6	E1, E2	好
A76	3.48	0.168	0.002	1.274	1.0314	E1, E2	好
B105	3.46	0.149	0.005	2.047	1.050 1	E1, E2	好
C44	3.43	0.111	0.245	14.457	1.350 2	E1	较好
A09	3.39	0.080	0.028	4.944	0.881 4	E1, E2	好
C25	3.36	0.043	0.254	15.016	1.356 4	E1	一般
A20	3.31	-0.008	0.372	18.451	1.431 4	E1	一般
B01	3.31	-0.008	0.028	5.074	0.881 4	E1, E2	较好
B42	3.24	-0.076	0.015	3.817	0.912 6	E1, E2	较好
B111	3.24	-0.076	0.138	11.472	1.262 6	E1, E2	较好
B49	3.21	-0.108	0.018	4.130	0.906 4	E1, E2	较好
C28	3.19	-0.126	0.151	12.206	1.275 1	E1, E2	较好
B11	3.10	-0.214	0.045	6.838	0.850 1	E1, E2	一般
B56	3.07	-0.245	0.131	11.804	0.743 8	E1, E2	一般
B164	3.05	-0.264	0.001	1.154	0.975 1	E1, E2	一般
B163	2.99	-0.326	0.281	17.746	0.625 1	E2	较差
A77	2.75	-0.564	0.405	23.136	0.550 1	E2	不好
说明：E1为余杭点，E2为开化点

Table 5. The fast growth, stability and adaptability analysis of diameter at breast height(DBH) of 3-year-old Chinese fir families

4. 结论与讨论

影响林木生长的因素除不同气候条件外还有立地条件。杉木作为中国南方林区主要用材树种，对立地条件有一定的要求，一般要求选择中等以上立地造林(Ⅰ和Ⅱ类地，立地指数要求在14以上)，才能获得较好的丰产效果。现在大多数林区营造杉木林多为杉木二茬林，林地土壤肥力有所下降，在这样的背景下进行杉木新品种选育，除要研究杉木生长和材质性状外，杉木品种的适应性研究也较为重要。

从本试验结果看，不同立地条件下杉木家系幼林生长差异较大，特别是在杉木林采伐迹地上再营造杉木林时，与马尾松林采伐迹地相比，树高和胸径生长量下降明显，3年生时平均树高和平均胸径余杭点比开化点分别高出37.77%和86.58%；同一地点不同坡位上，杉木家系的生长差异也很明显，表明杉木对立地的反应较为敏感。杉木连栽会使后林地土壤肥力下降明显^[1-6]，但同时也有研究证明，在杉木采伐迹地上营造杉阔混交林能提高林地土壤肥力，促进杉木的生长^[11-13]。

林木品系(基因型)与环境存在明显互作效应^[14-15]。本研究中胸径与地点间也存在显著的互作效应，说明环境显著影响着杉木胸径生长性状的表现。同时树高生长性状在家系间有显著差异，综合两地杉木家系树高和胸径速生性、稳定性和适应性分析评价，选择出7个在幼林期生长表现较好的杉木家系，可在两地及相似地区进行推广造林。

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Growth differences and selection of Chinese fir families in young plantations with different site conditions

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2018.03.008