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水稻Oryza sativa是中国乃至世界最主要的粮食作物之一,水稻的产量和品质直接影响中国的粮食安全。目前,中国水稻栽培面积稳定,约为3.02×107 hm2,稻谷总产量约2.07×104万t,有超过60%的居住人口以水稻为主要粮食,占口粮消费总量的54.7%[1-2]。然而,中国水稻栽培过程中常遭受各种环境胁迫导致产量严重降低;杂草稻Oryza sativa f. spontanea是直接影响中国水稻产量和品质的环境因素之一,其灾害随着水稻栽培方式向轻简栽培改变以及水稻栽培面积不断扩大而呈爆发趋势。本研究拟对杂草稻的起源、分类和危害进行分析和总结,并调查了中国杂草稻的发生及其原因,总结了杂草稻的主要防控措施,为今后杂草稻的全面有效防治提供理论支撑。
Research progress on biological characteristics, occurrence and control of Oryza sativa f. spontanea
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摘要: 杂草稻Oryza sativa f.spontanea是一种伴生性的稻田恶性杂草,和栽培稻Oryza sativa同属禾本科Poaceae稻属Oryza,具有生长势强、易脱粒、休眠性强、耐逆等特性;其起源主要是由栽培稻品种去驯化而成。杂草稻的发生严重影响栽培稻产量,降低稻米品质,影响稻种纯度,且难以防除。中国杂草稻发生分布不均,在广东、辽宁、宁夏、江苏、江西、黑龙江、安徽、山东、浙江等地均有发生,且发生程度不同。其发生原因主要有农机跨区作业、栽培技术改变、选择性除草剂缺乏等。目前常采用人工拔除,调整栽培方式(套播、直播转变为移栽、机插),实施水旱轮作,施用丙草胺类除草剂等方式防除,但尚未有非常有效的防控措施。此外,由于杂草稻的变异类型丰富,其遗传背景又与栽培稻相似,因此可作为栽培稻改良的重要种质资源。Abstract: As a kind of accompanying notorious weed occurring in rice-planting areas, weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) is taxonomically classified as the same species as cultivated rice (Oryza sativa), with the characteristics of strong growth potential, easy threshing, strong dormancy and stress tolerance; and it is mainly originated from the domestication of cultivated rice. The occurrence of weedy rice seriously affects the yield of cultivated rice, reduces the quality of rice, affects the purity of rice seeds, and is difficult to control. Weedy rice is distributed unevenly in Guangdong, Liaoning, Ningxia, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Heilongjiang, Anhui, Shandong and Zhejiang Provinces. The main causes are cross-regional operation of agricultural machinery, changes in cultivation techniques and lack of selective herbicides. At present, artificial extraction, adjustment of cultivation methods (interplanting, direct seeding into transplanting, machine transplanting), the implementation of drought and flood rotation, the application of herbicides such as propyl oxalamide are used to prevent and control weedy rice, but there are no very effective prevention and control measures. However, due to its rich variation types and similar genetic background with cultivated rice, weedy rice can be used as an important germplasm resource for improvement of cultivated rice.
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Key words:
- botany /
- Oryza sativa f. spontanea /
- biological characteristics /
- damage /
- occurrence /
- control strategy
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