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木质林产品的使用可以减缓气候变化[1],木质林产品的碳储量变化对森林生态系统和大气之间的自然碳平衡起着至关重要的作用,且这也包含在国家温室气体清单报告中[2-3]。此外,由于木质林产品最终作为垃圾填埋则可以将碳长期保存,并且木质林产品在一些领域可以替代化石燃料和钢铁或水泥等能源密集型产品的环保特性而使其在温室气体减缓领域备受青睐[4-5]。利用木质林产品的碳储量增加可以抵消部分温室气体排放,也是减少温室气体排放的一种具有潜力的方法,政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)特别报告对此也予以肯定[6]。木质林产品碳储量对于评价温室气体的减排潜力和提交国家温室气体排放清单有着重要意义[4]。因此,研究木质林产品碳流动已经成为许多国家关注的问题。目前已有研究证明全球木质林产品的碳储量一直在增长,即使碳储量增加不明显,该库的增长潜力也相当大[7]。政府间气候变化专门委员会第2次评估报告估计每年全球木质林产品碳储量增加26.00 Mt·a-1[8]。目前,关于国家水平的碳流动研究主要是在缺省参数下完成的,国内外一些学者在缺省参数条件下利用储量变化法和大气流动法对木质林产品的碳储量进行了估算。Pingoud等[9]利用联合国粮农组织(FAO)统计数据估计全球木质林产品的碳储量增长为40.00 Mt·a-1;1998年达喀尔会议报告指出全球木质林产品碳库增长140.00 Mt·a-1,产品碳吸收相当于全球化石燃料碳排放的2%[2];Winjum等[3]利用大气流动法和储量变化法估算1990年全球森林采伐和木质林产品使用的碳排放量是980 Mt。林俊成[10]利用储量变化法和大气流动法对中国台湾地区的木质林产品碳储量进行了估算,阮宇等[11]假设产品的分解率符合指数变化,并利用IPCC缺省值估算了中国木质林产品的碳储量,但是利用IPCC缺省值估算中国木质林产品的碳储量有可能给估算结果带来潜在的不确定性。白彦锋等[12-13]利用中国的不同参数估算了中国木质林产品的碳储量以及替代钢筋水泥方面的减排潜力。本研究结合《联合国气候变化框架公约》(UNFCCC)主要缔约方提交的有关木质林产品议题的案文报告,选择在森林资源和产品国际贸易方面具有代表性的美国、加拿大、德国、芬兰、澳大利亚、巴西、加蓬、巴布亚新几内亚、日本、马来西亚和中国等国家的木质林产品碳流动为研究对象,对比分析了不同碳计量方法下这11个国家木质林产品的碳排放和碳储量及其变化,研究结果以期为将来参与国际气候变化谈判提供支撑。
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为使结果具有可比性,本研究涉及到11个国家的原木和木质林产品的生产和贸易数据均来自联合国粮农组织(FAO)的统计数据。由于联合国粮农组织缺乏1961年以前的原木、锯材、人造板、纸和纸板以及其他工业原木产品的生产量、进出口量数据,并且1961年以前人口数量和经济发展与现在相比差别很大,故政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)建议可以将1961年以前的产品碳储量忽略不计;此外,关于薪材的统计数据大多是推算而来,且薪材一般在采伐当年被消耗掉,因此,假设薪材的碳储量为0。假设产品的分解率随时间变化而恒定[3-4],估算过程中没有考虑回收和垃圾填埋的情况。各个转化因子见表 1。
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木质林产品碳流动的估算是基于政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)1996年提出的IPCC缺省法和1998年达喀尔会议上确立的用于估算木质林产品碳储量的碳计量方法:储量变化法、生产法和大气流动法[12-14]。
International comparison of carbon flows of harvested wood products
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摘要: 木质林产品碳流动对维持森林生态系统和大气之间的自然碳平衡发挥着重要作用,为支持中国参加气候变化谈判,亟须掌握主要缔约国木质林产品的碳流动及其变化。分别采用政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)缺省法、储量变化法、生产法和大气流动法等方法估算了包括中国在内的11个国家木质林产品的碳排放和碳储量,以及不同转化因子对其碳储量变化的影响。结果表明:美国、中国、巴西和加拿大等4个国家木质林产品的碳排放和碳储量结果均较高,中国的木质林产品是一个不断增长的碳库;采用的计量方法不同也将导致结果差异,储量变化法和生产法估算日本产品是一个碳库,但大气流动法的结果却相反;此外不同的转化因子将造成碳储量变化的结果差异。Abstract: Carbon flow of harvested wood products (HWP) plays a very important role to maintain the natural carbon balance between forest and atmosphere. To facilitate China's participation in the climate change negotiation,it is important to understand the carbon flows and the changes of HWP in the countries involved. Through the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) default approach,the stock change approach,the production approach, and the atmospheric flow approach,this paper analyzed the data on carbon emission and stock of HWP in eleven countries including China,and the influence of different conversion factors on carbon stock change. The results showed that carbon emission and stock of HWP in the United States, China, Brazil and Canada were higher than those in other countries. The wood products in China were a carbon pool. Different approaches would lead to different results. Both the stock change approach and production approach indicated that HWP in Japan was a carbon pool, however,the atmospheric flow approach indicated the opposite conclusion. Different conversion factors would affect the measure results of carbon stock change.
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Key words:
- harvested wood products /
- carbon stock /
- carbon emission /
- conversion factor /
- carbon accounting
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https://zlxb.zafu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2014.01.011