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沙棘Hippophae rhamnoides为胡颓子科Elaeagnaceae沙棘属Hippophae植物,是一种广泛分布于亚洲、欧洲和北美洲的落叶树种。在中国,沙棘天然分布于华北、西北、西南等半干旱地区,后经人工引种至东北地区[1]。沙棘不但适应性好,固氮能力强[2],具有良好的改良土壤和水土保持功能,而且沙棘果实及叶子中富含的多种营养成分和生物活性物质,具有医药及日化等工业前景[3-5],是一种生态效益、社会效益与经济效益均十分显著的优良树种[6]。虽然沙棘在长期的进化中已经具备多种抗旱的结构特性和生理机制,但是水分仍然是沙棘生长和发挥功能的主要限制因子。所以,培育生态价值和经济价值高的沙棘品种依然是林业生态建设的焦点。沙棘品种的抗旱性对于其价值的实现具有重要作用。一些学者不仅对沙棘的抗旱表型进行了研究,还探讨了干旱胁迫下沙棘光合作用和生理生化等特性的变化[7-9],并以这些指标作为抗旱性强弱的评价依据,对沙棘品种间的抗旱性进行了比较[10-14]。但其试验方案多采用人为控制土壤含水量不变的方法,不能保证补充散失水分过程中土壤水分均衡和模拟自然环境中动态的土壤干旱过程,同时缺少干旱胁迫后复水过程。本研究减少人为对水分的干预,模拟自然环境中土壤干旱及复水过程,观察中国沙棘‘丰宁’H. rhamnoides subsp. sinensis‘Fengning’和引进品种‘向阳’H. rhamnoides subsp. mongolia‘Xiangyang’在不同土壤含水量的表型变化,以及对不同干旱程度的植株水分关系和光合生理特性,通过数据分析,比较2个品种对水分变化响应的差异性和共性,从而为沙棘抗旱树种的筛选和育林的补水时间提供科学依据。
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本研究将土壤体积含水量作为土壤干旱的分级标准[20],控水后的土壤体积含水量的变化如图 1所示。‘丰宁’对照组和‘向阳’对照组的体积含水量保持在最大体积含水量75%~80%的正常水分条件,而‘丰宁’试验组和‘向阳’试验组的体积含水量呈现下降趋势并且趋势相同。在自然干旱第7天,2个试验组分别26.37%和28.09%,达到轻度干旱。干旱至第19天,体积含水量分别为19.90%和21.78%,为中度干旱。在第22天观测到‘向阳’有叶片开始变黄,体积含水量约为19.40%。第33天开始对试验组复水至浇透,复水前体积含水量为11.66%和11.63%,为重度干旱,达到‘丰宁’所能耐受的最低含水量。在该水分下植株叶片开始变黄、枯萎。
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对‘丰宁’和‘向阳’不同控水天数叶片水势的测定(表 1)发现,‘丰宁’试验组与‘向阳’试验组与对照组相比叶片水势降低,其中‘丰宁’试验组下降明显,在第13天达到显著差异水平(P<0.05),第19天达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。‘向阳’试验组下降趋势缓慢,在第25天达到显著差异,第33天达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。在重度干旱情况下,虽然‘丰宁’差值(0.77)高于‘向阳’(0.45),但是‘丰宁’试验组(-2.36)和‘向阳’试验组(-2.31)的大小差异不显著。复水后沙棘叶片水势快速上升,在第3天,‘向阳’恢复正常水平,而‘丰宁’第5天才恢复。
表 1 2个沙棘品种不同控水天数叶片水势的变化
Table 1. Changes of leaf water potential of two Hippophae rhamnoides cultivars in different days
控水
天数/d水势/MPa ‘丰宁'
对照组‘丰宁'
试验组‘向阳'
对照组‘向阳'
试验组1 -1.66±0.23 a -1.80±0.12 a -1.84±0.10 A -2.03±0.04 A 7 -1.65±0.06 a -1.86±0.29 a -1.82±0.29 A -1.95±0.09 A 13 -1.59±0.20 a -1.96±0.07 b -1.82±0.07 A -1.95±0.18 A 19 -1.53±0.09 a -2.03±0.26 b -1.85±0.33 A -2.02±0.17 A 25 -1.72±0.09 a -2.35±0.03 b -1.77±0.08 A -2.14±0.08 B 33 -1.59±0.19 a -2.36±0.40 b -1.86±0.10 A -2.31±0.10 B 36 -1.53±0.19 a -1.64±0.09 a -1.82±0.31 A -1.83±0.12 A 38 -1.56±0.08 a -1.51±0.05 a -1.85±0.23 A -1.8 ±0.05 A 说明:同一列不同小写字母表示‘丰宁'对照组与‘丰宁'试验组差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示‘向阳'对照组与‘向阳'试验组差异显著(P<0.05)。 -
从图 2可以看出:‘丰宁’对照组和‘向阳’对照组叶绿素相对含量总体呈现稳定趋势,但‘丰宁’对照组在后期有微量上升。两者相比,‘向阳’要高于‘丰宁’。‘丰宁’试验组和‘向阳’试验组叶绿素相对含量分别要高于对照组,在总体趋势上随着干旱程度增强上升,在第33天重度干旱下达到最大增长幅度,分别是10.33%和2.39%,干旱胁迫对‘丰宁’叶绿素相对含量的影响高于‘向阳’。复水后‘向阳’下降至对照组水平,而‘丰宁’仍高于对照组。
绿色植物主要的生命活动之一是光合作用,干旱胁迫对光合作用有重要影响。从表 2可以看出:随着控水时间延长,干旱程度增强,净光合速率(Pn),蒸腾速率(Tr),气孔导度(Cond)总体呈现出下降趋势,复水后恢复或者超过正常水平。‘丰宁’试验组和‘向阳’试验组与对照组相比,在轻度干旱和中度干旱阶段Pn下降趋势不明显,在控水后第33天达到重度干旱,都降到最低值,分别是对照组的32.2%和34.6%,具有显著差异(P<0.05),‘向阳’是‘丰宁’的1.4倍。复水第2天,‘向阳’的Pn稍微上升,复水第3天,超过对照组。而‘丰宁’在复水第3天才出现上升,第5天与对照组没有显著差异;‘丰宁’试验组的Tr呈现下降趋势,与对照组的差异逐渐增加,第25天土壤体积含水量为15.51%时,具有显著差异(P<0.05),在第33天达到最低值,为对照组的16.38%。复水后开始上升,但没有恢复正常水平。‘向阳’试验组变化趋势与‘丰宁’试验组大体相同,但‘向阳’试验组的下降趋势更平缓,在第33天达到显著差异水平(P<0.05),为对照组的48.02%。复水后第3天超过正常水平;‘丰宁’试验组和‘向阳’试验组的Cond变化趋势是随着干旱程度增强而下降,重度干旱程度具有显著差异,分别是对照组的13.75%和36.89%,复水后上升,但是‘向阳’试验组迅速恢复,而‘丰宁’试验组则需要更长时间。Pn与Tr比值为植物水分利用效率(EWU),沙棘在不同的土壤水分条件和生长时期,EWU有很大差异。随着干旱时间的延长,实验组与对照相比先有较大上升,随后出现下降,其中在中度干旱下沙棘的EWU最高,‘丰宁’试验组与‘丰宁’对照组相比增加35%,而‘向阳’试验组与‘向阳’对照组相比增加31%。重度干旱下沙棘生长受抑制,物质积累减少,因此EWU降低。
表 2 2个沙棘品种不同控水天数光合生理特性的变化
Table 2. Changes of photosynthetic characteristic of two Hippophae rhamnoides cultivars in different days
控水
天数/d净光合速率/(μmol·m-2·s-1) 控水
天数/d蒸腾速率/(mmol·m-2·s-1) ‘丰宁'
对照组‘丰宁'
试验组‘向阳'
对照组‘向阳'
试验组‘丰宁'
对照组‘丰宁'
试验组‘向阳'
对照组‘向阳'
试验组7 5.94±1.53a 6.5±1.95a 6.54±1.11A 6.63±0.86A 7 1.089±0.197a 1.1±0.264a 1.265±0.236A 1.082±0.030A 13 6.01 ±0.79a 6.48±1.53a 6.9±2.88A 6.33±1.11A 13 0.688±0.044a 0.575±0.145a 0.792±0.179A 0.559±0.093A 19 5.81±0.75a 5.18±2.45a 6.64±2.57A 6.61±1.75A 19 0.738±0.131a 0.486±0.134a 0.789±0.33A 0.601±0.118A 25 4.2±0.72a 4.1±0.81a 5.59±0.59A 4.43±1.82A 25 1.165±0.236a 0.539±0.209b 1.126±0.179A 0.884±0.330A 33 4.85±0.49a 1.56±0.74b 6.3±1.65A 2.18±1.5A 33 1.545±0.409a 0.253±0.243b 2.176±0.499A 1.045±0.590B 34 4.85±0.49a 1.23±0.45b 6.3±1.65A 2.76±1.68A 34 1.545±0.409a 0.289±0.079b 2.176±0.499A 0.923±0.413B 36 4.85±0.84a 2.24±1.81b 5.43±2.17A 5.78±1.81A 36 1.582±0.457a 0.845±0.178b 1.879±0.427A 2.027±0.355A 38 5.51±1.61a 4.11±1.20a 3.89±1.49A 5.36±0.31A 38 1.918±0.307a 0.98±0.258b 1.567±0.349A 1.635±0.506A 控水
天数/d气孔导度/(μmol·m-2·s-1) ‘丰宁'对照组 ‘丰宁'试验组 ‘向阳'对照组 ‘向阳'试验组 7 0.036±0.006 a 0.047±0.008 a 0.043±0.009 A 0.036±0.001 A 13 0.019±0.001 a 0.015±0.004 a 0.022±0.005 A 0.015±0.005 A 19 0.020±0.004 a 0.013±0.004 a 0.022±0.010 A 0.014±0.001 A 25 0.034±0.007 a 0.015±0.006 a 0.036±0.005 A 0.024±0.008 A 33 0.080±0.026 a 0.011±0.010 b 0.122±0.016 A 0.045±0.028 B 34 0.078±0.026 a 0.016±0.005 b 0.122±0.016 A 0.074±0.021 B 36 0.097±0.036 a 0.034±0.009 b 0.114±0.034 A 0.120±0.023 A 38 0.119±0.024 a 0.044±0.019 b 0.086±0.022 A 0.096±0.038 A 说明:同一列不同小写字母表示‘丰宁'对照组与‘丰宁'试验组差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示‘向阳'对照组与‘向阳'试验组差异显著(P<0.05)。 -
为了全面阐明不同干旱胁迫程度对植物光合作用的影响,除了测定了上述的光合生理特性,还测定了不同控水阶段的光响应曲线。其结果如图 3所示。对光响应曲线拟合后,利用分段式函数[21]计算出净光合最大速度(Pnmax),光饱和点(PLS),表观量子效率(EAQ),光补偿点(PLC),暗呼吸速率(Rd)数值,如表 3所示。由图 3可以看出:所有的光响应曲线呈现二次方程的形式,光合有效辐射为0~400 μmol·m-2·s-1,Pn随着光合有效辐射增加而增加,增幅较大。光照有效辐射进一步增加,Pn增幅变缓,增加到PLS后,Pn不再增加,符合光响应曲线的一般规律。从表 3中看出在第13天轻度干旱阶段,‘丰宁’试验组和‘向阳’试验组与对照组相比,Pnmax,PLS,EAQ都出现下降趋势,而PLC上升。‘丰宁’试验组的Rd出现先下降后恢复趋势,而‘向阳’试验组出现先不变后上升。随着控水时间延长,第33天重度干旱下降趋势更加明显,差异更大。复水第8天后,‘丰宁’试验组的Pnmax和PLS超过对照组,EAQ,PLC和Rd与对照组大体一致。而‘向阳’试验组的Pnmax和PLC没有恢复到正常水平,其他恢复正常。
图 3 控水第13天、第33天和复水第8天的光响应曲线
Figure 3. Light response curve of 13, 33 d after water control and 8 d after rehydration
表 3 2个沙棘品种不同控水天数光响应特性值的变化
Table 3. Changes of response characteristics to light of two Hippophae rhamnoides cultivars in different days
控水时间/d 分组 最大净光合速率/
(μmol·m-2·s-1)光饱和点/
(μmol·m-2·s-1)表观量子效率 光补偿点/
(μmol·m-2·s-1)暗呼吸速率/
(μmol·m-2·s-1)13 ‘丰宁’对照组 7.26 1 312.5 0.025 5 10.20 -0, 83 ‘丰宁’试验组 5.61 1 125.0 0.017 6 12.84 -0, 46 ‘向阳’对照组 9.57 1 350.0 0.018 7 7.21 -0, 85 ‘向阳’试验组 8.63 1 260.0 0.017 6 23.70 -0, 88 33 ‘丰宁’对照组 6.13 1 433.3 0.021 8 6.24 -0, 66 ‘丰宁’试验组 1.57 465.0 0.008 6 14 19 -0, 62 ‘向阳’对照组 7.32 1 300.0 0.023 4 18.46 -093 ‘向阳’试验组 3.67 1 000.0 0.017 3 38 84 -1.28 8(复水后) ‘丰宁’对照组 3.87 693.8 0.015 5 13.55 -0 58 ‘丰宁’试验组 4.53 1 500.0 0.013 7 14 13 -0 62 ‘向阳’对照组 2.96 700.0 0.015 0 34.13 -1 00 ‘向阳’试验组 2.62 700.0 0.014 9 42 01 -1 01
Leaf water potential and photosynthetic characteristics of two Hippophae rhamnoides cultivars with soil drought
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摘要: 为了研究干旱胁迫对沙棘Hippophae rhamnoides生长的影响,通过模拟土壤自然干旱和复水过程,研究不同程度土壤干旱下中国沙棘H.rhamnoides subsp.sinensis品种‘丰宁’‘Fengning’和蒙古沙棘H.rhamnoides subsp.mongolia品种‘向阳’‘Xiangyang’2个品种叶片水势和光合特性。结果表明:蒙古沙棘‘向阳’在控水第22天(19.40%)左右出现叶片干缩,而中国沙棘‘丰宁’在第33天(11.66%)左右出现,说明‘丰宁’的抗旱性要高于‘向阳’。随着土壤体积含水量的降低,2个沙棘品种的叶片水势下降,增加了对水分的吸收能力,并且‘丰宁’下降幅度要大于‘向阳’。与光合生理相关的最大净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、光饱和点、表观量子效率均随着干旱程度加深而下降,而叶绿素相对含量和光补偿点出现上升,水分利用效率先上升后下降,‘丰宁’试验组的暗呼吸速率出现先下降后恢复趋势,而‘向阳’试验组先不变后上升。复水后各生理指标出现不同程度的恢复。因此,在人工林的培育过程中出现极度干旱,沙棘叶片干缩,要及时灌溉,以免对沙棘生长造成不可恢复的伤害。‘丰宁’比‘向阳’更适合作为选育良种的亲本。Abstract: To study the effects of drought stress on the growth of Hippophae rhamnoides in a natural environment, plant water relations and photosynthetic characteristics of two cultivars:H. rhamnoides subsp.sinensis 'Fengning' and H. rhamnoides subsp.mongolia 'Xiangyang' with different degrees of drought were studied by simulating natural soil drought conditions and water recovery processes. Results showed that leaves, experiencing drought treatment, initially shrunk at 22nd (19.40%) for the exotic species 'Xiangyang' and 33rd (11.66%) for the native species 'Fengning'. Also, 'Fengning' had stronger drought resistance compared to 'Xiangyang'. In addition, with increasing drought stress, the leaf water potential of both species decreased (0.77 and 0.45) and the moisture absorption ability increased. The maximum net photosynthetic rate, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, light saturation point, and apparent quantum yield decreased with increasing drought stress; whereas, the relative content of chlorophyll and the light compensation point increased. Also, water efficiency rose after falling. The dark respiration rate of 'Fengning' treatment group decreased first and then recovered, but 'Xiangyang' treatment group was unchanged and then increased. After rehydration, the physiological indexes appeared in different degrees of recovery. Therefore, when extreme drought occurred in the process of cultivating a plantation, the leaves shrunk and need timely irrigation to avoid unrecoverable damage with 'Fengning' being more suitable than 'Xiangyang' as a breeding parent.
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Key words:
- botany /
- Hippophae rhamnoides /
- drought stress /
- water relations /
- photosynthetic physiology
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表 1 2个沙棘品种不同控水天数叶片水势的变化
Table 1. Changes of leaf water potential of two Hippophae rhamnoides cultivars in different days
控水
天数/d水势/MPa ‘丰宁'
对照组‘丰宁'
试验组‘向阳'
对照组‘向阳'
试验组1 -1.66±0.23 a -1.80±0.12 a -1.84±0.10 A -2.03±0.04 A 7 -1.65±0.06 a -1.86±0.29 a -1.82±0.29 A -1.95±0.09 A 13 -1.59±0.20 a -1.96±0.07 b -1.82±0.07 A -1.95±0.18 A 19 -1.53±0.09 a -2.03±0.26 b -1.85±0.33 A -2.02±0.17 A 25 -1.72±0.09 a -2.35±0.03 b -1.77±0.08 A -2.14±0.08 B 33 -1.59±0.19 a -2.36±0.40 b -1.86±0.10 A -2.31±0.10 B 36 -1.53±0.19 a -1.64±0.09 a -1.82±0.31 A -1.83±0.12 A 38 -1.56±0.08 a -1.51±0.05 a -1.85±0.23 A -1.8 ±0.05 A 说明:同一列不同小写字母表示‘丰宁'对照组与‘丰宁'试验组差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示‘向阳'对照组与‘向阳'试验组差异显著(P<0.05)。 表 2 2个沙棘品种不同控水天数光合生理特性的变化
Table 2. Changes of photosynthetic characteristic of two Hippophae rhamnoides cultivars in different days
控水
天数/d净光合速率/(μmol·m-2·s-1) 控水
天数/d蒸腾速率/(mmol·m-2·s-1) ‘丰宁'
对照组‘丰宁'
试验组‘向阳'
对照组‘向阳'
试验组‘丰宁'
对照组‘丰宁'
试验组‘向阳'
对照组‘向阳'
试验组7 5.94±1.53a 6.5±1.95a 6.54±1.11A 6.63±0.86A 7 1.089±0.197a 1.1±0.264a 1.265±0.236A 1.082±0.030A 13 6.01 ±0.79a 6.48±1.53a 6.9±2.88A 6.33±1.11A 13 0.688±0.044a 0.575±0.145a 0.792±0.179A 0.559±0.093A 19 5.81±0.75a 5.18±2.45a 6.64±2.57A 6.61±1.75A 19 0.738±0.131a 0.486±0.134a 0.789±0.33A 0.601±0.118A 25 4.2±0.72a 4.1±0.81a 5.59±0.59A 4.43±1.82A 25 1.165±0.236a 0.539±0.209b 1.126±0.179A 0.884±0.330A 33 4.85±0.49a 1.56±0.74b 6.3±1.65A 2.18±1.5A 33 1.545±0.409a 0.253±0.243b 2.176±0.499A 1.045±0.590B 34 4.85±0.49a 1.23±0.45b 6.3±1.65A 2.76±1.68A 34 1.545±0.409a 0.289±0.079b 2.176±0.499A 0.923±0.413B 36 4.85±0.84a 2.24±1.81b 5.43±2.17A 5.78±1.81A 36 1.582±0.457a 0.845±0.178b 1.879±0.427A 2.027±0.355A 38 5.51±1.61a 4.11±1.20a 3.89±1.49A 5.36±0.31A 38 1.918±0.307a 0.98±0.258b 1.567±0.349A 1.635±0.506A 控水
天数/d气孔导度/(μmol·m-2·s-1) ‘丰宁'对照组 ‘丰宁'试验组 ‘向阳'对照组 ‘向阳'试验组 7 0.036±0.006 a 0.047±0.008 a 0.043±0.009 A 0.036±0.001 A 13 0.019±0.001 a 0.015±0.004 a 0.022±0.005 A 0.015±0.005 A 19 0.020±0.004 a 0.013±0.004 a 0.022±0.010 A 0.014±0.001 A 25 0.034±0.007 a 0.015±0.006 a 0.036±0.005 A 0.024±0.008 A 33 0.080±0.026 a 0.011±0.010 b 0.122±0.016 A 0.045±0.028 B 34 0.078±0.026 a 0.016±0.005 b 0.122±0.016 A 0.074±0.021 B 36 0.097±0.036 a 0.034±0.009 b 0.114±0.034 A 0.120±0.023 A 38 0.119±0.024 a 0.044±0.019 b 0.086±0.022 A 0.096±0.038 A 说明:同一列不同小写字母表示‘丰宁'对照组与‘丰宁'试验组差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示‘向阳'对照组与‘向阳'试验组差异显著(P<0.05)。 表 3 2个沙棘品种不同控水天数光响应特性值的变化
Table 3. Changes of response characteristics to light of two Hippophae rhamnoides cultivars in different days
控水时间/d 分组 最大净光合速率/
(μmol·m-2·s-1)光饱和点/
(μmol·m-2·s-1)表观量子效率 光补偿点/
(μmol·m-2·s-1)暗呼吸速率/
(μmol·m-2·s-1)13 ‘丰宁’对照组 7.26 1 312.5 0.025 5 10.20 -0, 83 ‘丰宁’试验组 5.61 1 125.0 0.017 6 12.84 -0, 46 ‘向阳’对照组 9.57 1 350.0 0.018 7 7.21 -0, 85 ‘向阳’试验组 8.63 1 260.0 0.017 6 23.70 -0, 88 33 ‘丰宁’对照组 6.13 1 433.3 0.021 8 6.24 -0, 66 ‘丰宁’试验组 1.57 465.0 0.008 6 14 19 -0, 62 ‘向阳’对照组 7.32 1 300.0 0.023 4 18.46 -093 ‘向阳’试验组 3.67 1 000.0 0.017 3 38 84 -1.28 8(复水后) ‘丰宁’对照组 3.87 693.8 0.015 5 13.55 -0 58 ‘丰宁’试验组 4.53 1 500.0 0.013 7 14 13 -0 62 ‘向阳’对照组 2.96 700.0 0.015 0 34.13 -1 00 ‘向阳’试验组 2.62 700.0 0.014 9 42 01 -1 01 -
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