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磷是植物生长和发育的必需营养元素,通过多种途径参与植物的代谢过程,对植物的生长发育起到关键作用[1]。在植物生长发育过程中,植物体所需的养分、水分主要通过植物根部进行吸收和运输供应。根部作为直接接触土壤或基质的器官,在低磷逆境中最先受到胁迫[2]。为了适应低磷环境,植物根在进化过程中形成了多种调节磷的吸收以及平衡策略。例如,植物根系会分泌大量的酸性磷酸酶与有机酸,其通过根系,降低土壤的pH,使植物在低磷的土壤中能够活化、动员有机磷[3],进而提高了有效磷质量分数,促进了植物对土壤中磷的吸收;并且,酸性磷酸酶还可以促进植物体内的磷脂化合物发生水解,并促进植物体内磷的循环,促进有机磷的重复利用[4]。
在正常情况下,植物体细胞内活性氧(ROS)的产生和清除处于一种相对稳定的平衡状态[5],但在低磷胁迫时,ROS原有的状态被打破,其过量产生会使植物细胞发生膜脂过氧化,并且生成有害物质,破坏细胞膜的结构并影响其功能[6]。ROS的增加导致丙二醛(MDA)过量生产,MDA作为植物细胞膜脂过氧化的产物之一,其含量高低可以反映膜脂过氧化的水平以及细胞膜的损伤程度,可视为植物抗逆性的重要指标。为了消除活性氧对植物造成的伤害,植物自身进化出了一系列措施,包括超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)等主要的抗氧化酶等协同作用的抗氧化体系,从而维持了植物细胞膜的稳定性,提高了植物低磷胁迫下的生理抗性;同时,植物还会通过提高根系活力等共同参与调节,以应对低磷胁迫所带来的损伤[7]。
马尾松Pinus massoniana是重要的用材树种,主要分布在中国的亚热带和热带地区,占中国森林总面积的3.6%,是中国亚热带地区荒坡造林的主要先锋树种。马尾松适应能力强,具有耐干旱、耐瘠薄、速生丰产等特点,同时在保持水土、涵养水源、维持区域生态平衡等方面发挥巨大作用[8−9]。然而,在中国南方热带和亚热带地区的酸性土壤中,磷易与铁、铝等金属元素及土壤黏粒等通过吸附、固定等方式保持不溶形式,使土壤中有效磷转化为难溶性磷,最终加重土壤磷对植物的限制[10],因此,中国南方黄红壤普遍存在pH低、有效磷缺乏等问题[11]。近年来,大气氮沉降逐渐加剧,土壤环境中的氮素有效性随之增加,造成原有低磷土壤中的有效磷水平相对更低,这不但扰乱了土壤的养分平衡,还使得植物对土壤有限磷素的吸收和利用受到影响[12−14]。
结合全国土壤调查和全国第2次土壤普查养分分级标准得知:土壤磷素在马尾松人工林中存在严重亏缺,马尾松林地土壤有效磷在0~20和20~40 cm土层中分别处于缺和极缺状态[15−16]。对全国马尾松林调查发现:大部分地区马尾松并未表现出缺磷症状并且生长依旧良好,这说明马尾松对低磷胁迫的适应有应对机制[17]。而马尾松幼苗对低磷胁迫研究所设置的磷质量分数多高于马尾松生长的实际磷质量分数,如谢钰容等[18]对不同种源的马尾松盆栽低磷胁迫的研究中设置0~100 mg·kg−1的有效磷添加;唐敏[19]对不同种源马尾松种子及幼苗的低磷胁迫响应中设置磷质量分数为0~20 mg·kg−1;徐向华等[17]对马尾松低磷胁迫下生理生化响应研究中设置磷质量分数为0~31 mg·kg−1。以上研究相较于大量样地调查(马尾松分布区14个省32个研究地点113个样地)和文献资料分析所得的磷质量分数(2.250 0 mg·kg−1)要高很多[16]。鉴于此,本研究选择易控制的马尾松幼苗为对象,通过研究幼苗根系生理变化和根抗氧化酶系统的响应,探究马尾松应对低磷胁迫的生理生化特征,以期为阐明其耐低磷的机制提供支持。
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由图1A可知:不同磷质量分数处理下马尾松幼苗根ACP活性在不同采样时间差异极显著(P<0.01)。2个采样时间的马尾松幼苗根ACP活性随磷质量分数的增加而降低。在8月,P1、P2、P3处理的ACP活性与ck相比均无显著差异;P0处理的ACP活性显著高于ck (P<0.05),是ck的1.45倍;P4处理的ACP活性显著低于ck (P<0.05),相较ck降低了60.92%。而随着胁迫处理时间的增加,9月P3和P4处理的ACP活性均显著低于ck (P<0.05),而P0、P1、P2处理与ck无显著差异。
图 1 不同磷质量分数下马尾松幼苗根ACP活性和有机酸质量摩尔浓度
Figure 1. ACP activity and organic acid content in root of P. massoniana seedlings in different phosphorus concentrations
由图1B可知:不同磷质量分数下马尾松幼苗根有机酸质量摩尔浓度存在显著差异(P<0.05),而不同采样时间差异不显著,且磷质量分数与采样时间对有机酸质量摩尔浓度无交互影响。其中,P2、P3处理的根有机酸质量摩尔浓度与ck差异不显著;P0、P1处理的有机酸质量摩尔浓度显著高于ck (P<0.05),分别是ck的1.25、1.14倍,P4处理的有机酸质量摩尔浓度显著低于ck (P<0.05),相比于ck降低了12.53%。整体而言,根系有机酸总量随着磷质量分数的增加呈下降趋势。说明在低磷条件下,马尾松幼苗根系可通过自身调节提高ACP活性,增加有机酸质量摩尔浓度以提高对磷的利用效率,从而适应低磷胁迫环境。
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由图2可见:不同磷质量分数处理间的马尾松幼苗根系活力在不同采样时间下存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。其中:在8月,ck处理的马尾松幼苗根系活力与P2处理无显著差异;P0、P1、P3、P4处理的根系活力显著高于ck (P<0.05),分别是ck的1.82、1.35、1.49、1.34倍。而在9月,ck处理与P2、P3处理差异不显著;P0和P1处理的根系活力显著低于ck (P<0.05);仅P4处理根系活力显著高于ck (P<0.05),是ck的1.25倍。在9月,马尾松幼苗根系活力表现出随磷质量分数的升高而增强。综上所述,在低磷胁迫前期,根系活力虽然保持较高水平,但随着胁迫时间的增加,根系活力急剧下降。
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MDA是植物经受逆境情况下产生的,是一种广泛使用的损伤标志物,其质量摩尔浓度随胁迫程度发生变化[23]。从图3A可以看出:马尾松幼苗根MDA质量摩尔浓度在不同磷质量分数间和不同采样时间下存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。ck处理的MDA质量摩尔浓度与P1、P2、P3处理无显著差异,马尾松幼苗根MDA质量摩尔浓度随着磷质量分数的降低呈不同程度的增加,尤其在P0处理下,MDA质量摩尔浓度显著高于ck (P<0.05),是ck的1.37倍,P4处理则显著低于ck (P<0.05),相比于ck降低了18.98%。同时,随着时间的推移,MDA质量摩尔浓度也明显增加,9月马尾松幼苗根MDA质量摩尔浓度显著高于8月(P<0.05),涨幅为21.34%。由此可见,缺磷导致MDA积累增加,植物损伤程度增强,且随着胁迫时间增加,MDA也不断积累。MDA积累是马尾松幼苗应答低磷环境的生理变化之一。
图 3 不同磷质量分数下马尾松幼苗根MDA质量摩尔浓度及SOD、CAT、POD活性差异
Figure 3. MDA content and the SOD、CAT and POD activity in root of P. massoniana seedlings in different phosphorus concentrations
不同磷质量分数处理下的马尾松幼苗根SOD、CAT和POD活性均存在极显著差异(图3,P<0.01),MDA质量摩尔浓度以及SOD、CAT、POD活性随着磷质量分数的增加而降低。P2、P3、P4处理的SOD、POD、CAT活性均与ck无显著差异,P0、P1处理的SOD、POD、CAT活性显著高于ck (P<0.05)。其中:P0、P1处理的SOD活性分别是ck的1.67、1.47倍(图3B);相较于ck处理,P0、P1处理的POD活性分别增加了66.11%和54.43%(图3C);P0、P1处理的CAT活性分别是ck的1.47、1.26倍(图3D)。
同时,随着处理时间的增加,MDA质量摩尔浓度和POD活性显著增加了21.34%、26.15%(P<0.05)。SOD、CAT活性在不同采样时间无差异,而POD活性在9月显著高于8月(P<0.05),是8月的1.26倍。上述结果说明马尾松幼苗可通过提高抗氧化酶的活性来应对低磷胁迫。
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由表1可知:马尾松幼苗根ACP活性与有机酸质量摩尔浓度相关系数为0.472,呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),即有机酸质量摩尔浓度的增加有利于ACP活性的提高;MDA质量摩尔浓度与SOD、POD、CAT活性相关系数分别为0.695、0.694、0.712,呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),即在低磷胁迫下膜脂过氧化产物MAD质量摩尔浓度增加,使细胞膜受到破坏,SOD、POD、CAT酶活性增强以适应低磷胁迫的损伤;根系活力与ACP活性呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与POD活性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。
表 1 不同磷质量分数下马尾松幼苗根生理变化指标的Pearson相关性分析
Table 1. Pearson correlation analysis of the physiological indexes of P. massoniana seedlings under different phosphorus concentrations
指标 有机酸总量 根系活力 MDA SOD活性 POD活性 CAT活性 ACP活性 0.472** 0.392* 0.215 0.466** 0.287 0.415* 有机酸总量 1 −0.190 0.702** 0.658** 0.577** 0.640** 根系活力 1 −0.308 −0.095 −0.432** −0.162 MDA 1 0.695** 0.694** 0.712** SOD活性 1 0.670** 0.671** POD活性 1 0.672** 说明:*表示相关显著(P<0.05);**表示相关极显著(P<0.01)
Physiological and biochemical responses of seedling roots of Pinus massoniana to different phosphorus concentrations
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摘要:
目的 研究不同质量分数度下马尾松Pinus massoniana幼苗根系生理生化特征,以探究马尾松应对磷胁迫的生理生化机制,为低磷区域的马尾松人工林经营提供理论支持。 方法 以2年生马尾松幼苗为材料,采用石英砂盆栽的方法,基于全国马尾松林土壤有效磷质量分数(2.250 0 mg·kg−1),设计0 (P0)、0.562 5 (P1)、1.125 0 (P2)、2.250 0 (ck)、4.500 0 (P3)、9.000 0 (P4) mg·kg−1共6个有效质量分数度,分析了2个采样时间[8月(处理1.5个月)与9月(处理3.0个月后)]马尾松幼苗根系活力及酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性、有机酸质量摩尔浓度、丙二醛(MDA)质量摩尔浓度以及3种抗氧化保护酶活性[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)]的差异。 结果 ①随着磷质量分数的增加,ACP活性与有机酸质量摩尔浓度均呈下降趋势。其中,P0处理的ACP活性在8和9月均显著高于ck (P<0.05),P4处理的ACP活性在8和9月均显著低于ck (P<0.05);在9月,P3处理的ACP活性也显著低于ck (P<0.05);在2个采样时间段,P0和P1处理的有机酸质量摩尔浓度显著高于ck (P<0.05),P4处理的有机酸质量摩尔浓度显著低于ck (P<0.05)。②8月ck的根系活力显著低于P0、P1、P3、P4处理(P<0.05),而9月根系活力随磷质量分数的增加而增加。③MDA随着磷质量分数的降低而增加,P0处理显著高于ck (P<0.05),P4处理则显著低于ck (P<0.05)。仅P0和P1处理的3种抗氧化保护酶活性处理显著高于ck (P<0.05)。 结论 低磷胁迫会使马尾松幼苗根系MAD增加并影响其根系活力,但是马尾松幼苗通过增加根ACP活性与有机酸质量摩尔浓度以及抗氧化系统酶活性来应对低磷胁迫的影响。图3表1参39 Abstract:Objective This study, with an investigation of the physiological and biochemical responses of roots in Pinus massoniana seedlings to different phosphorus (P) concentrations, is aimed to explore the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of P. massoniana in response to low P stress, so as to provide theoretical support for the managements of P. massoniana plantations in low phosphorus area. Method First, two-year-old seedlings of P. massoniana planted in potted with quartz sand were treated with six available P concentrations, including 0 (P0)、0.562 5 (P1)、1.125 0 (P2)、2.250 0 (ck)、4.500 0 (P3)、9.000 0 (P4) mg·kg−1 before a control check (ck, 2.250 0 mg·kg−1) with the effective phosphorus content of the national P. massoniana forest soil survey. Then, the physiological and biochemical characteristics of roots, including activities of acid phosphatase (ACP), total organic acid content (TOC), root vigor, malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of three antioxidant protective enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), were determined and analyzed in both 1.5 and 3.0 months after treatments. Result (1) Both ACP activity and organic acid content decreased with the increase of phosphorus concentration with the ACP activity of P0 in August and September being significantly higher than that of ck (P<0.05), and the ACP activity of P4 being significantly lower than ck both in August and September (P<0.05) whereas in September, the ACP activity of P3 was also significantly lower than that of ck (P<0.05) with the organic acid content in P0 and P1, and organic acid content in P4 being significantly lower than in ck (P<0.05) in two sampling times. (2) In August, the root vigor in ck was significantly lower than in P0, P1, P3 and P4 (P<0.05), and in September, the root vigor increased with the increase of phosphorus concentration. (3) The root MDA content increased with the decrease of phosphorus concentration with the MDA content in P0 being significantly higher than that in ck (P<0.05), and the MDA content in P4 being significantly lower than that in ck (P<0.05). The antioxidant enzyme activities showed a tendency of increasing as phosphorus concentration decreased whereas SOD, POD and CAT were significantly higher in P0 and P1 than that in ck (P<0.05) though their activities showed no significant variation among ck, P2, P3 and P4 treatments. Conclusion In response to low P stress, P. massoniana seedlings had their MAD, ACP, TOC and antioxidant system enzyme activities increased in roots with the root vigor regulated. [Ch, 3 fig. 1 tab. 39 ref.] -
Key words:
- Pinus massoniana seedlings /
- phosphorus /
- root vigor /
- antioxidant protective enzymes
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表 1 不同磷质量分数下马尾松幼苗根生理变化指标的Pearson相关性分析
Table 1. Pearson correlation analysis of the physiological indexes of P. massoniana seedlings under different phosphorus concentrations
指标 有机酸总量 根系活力 MDA SOD活性 POD活性 CAT活性 ACP活性 0.472** 0.392* 0.215 0.466** 0.287 0.415* 有机酸总量 1 −0.190 0.702** 0.658** 0.577** 0.640** 根系活力 1 −0.308 −0.095 −0.432** −0.162 MDA 1 0.695** 0.694** 0.712** SOD活性 1 0.670** 0.671** POD活性 1 0.672** 说明:*表示相关显著(P<0.05);**表示相关极显著(P<0.01) -
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