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森林旅游是森林继木材收获、林下经济外的第三大利用方式,正在成为各国林业支柱产业。以美国为例,2000年美国森林服务项目为其国内生产总值创造了1 307亿美元的增加值,约占其国内生产总值的2%;其中以游憩、运动为主的森林旅游收入达978亿美元,约占全部森林服务项目产值的75%,稳坐美国林业收入头把交椅。在中国,2017年中国森林旅游游客量达13.9亿人次,约占国内旅游总人数的28%;森林旅游直接收入为1 400亿元,创造社会综合产值11 500亿元,约占全国林业总产值的17%。当前,中国社会的主要矛盾是人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾,体现在森林旅游上,即森林旅游产品供给与游客消费需求升级之间的矛盾。当前研究将森林作为一个整体,森林旅游产品以森林资源为基础,仅涵盖“树木”亚类下的“林地、丛树和独树”3个基本类型[1];强调森林的整体性景观,但忽略其内部结构属性,公众从“种树”“砍树”到“看树”“看生态”的转变需求无法满足;强调森林空间的自然性,忽略人类利用与森林互动的社会性[2],森林旅游从“林木生产空间”向旅游消费空间的转变无法实现;公众对森林水平空间(如树种类型、林分密度、树间距等)、垂直空间(地被物高低、枝下高等)、全空间(如颜色、光线等)等森林结构属性偏好存在差异性,如何对接好旅游活动和公众审美偏好是森林结构属性研究的重要问题之一。传统的森林结构主要以林木生产、维护生物多样性为主,凸显人与森林的自然互动。随着人与森林社会互动的逐渐增加,森林观赏价值及游憩价值应得到更多关注,而从森林游憩视角出发对森林结构属性公众偏好的系统性研究甚少。因此,开展森林结构属性的公众偏好研究,并以此为基础构建森林结构属性旅游吸引物框架,不仅具有一定的理论创新价值,同时也为解决森林旅游产品供给侧矛盾提供新的思路。
Literature review on public preference for forest structure attributes
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摘要: 为研究森林结构属性的公众偏好,以Science Direct与中国知网(www.cnki.net)为文献来源数据库,以“forest structure attribute” “public preference”与“林内景观”为关键词,检索国内外森林结构属性研究的基本概况。就树种、树的大小、林木空间分布变化、采伐与林木覆盖范围、地被物与枯树倒木、可视性、林缘的自然性、沿森林小径行走时的林分变化等10个森林结构属性的公众偏好进行了综述。构建了基于水平空间、垂直空间和全空间为一体的林内森林结构属性旅游吸引物框架体系,并就未来公众对森林结构属性偏好的研究提出思考。Abstract: From the database of Science Direct and China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI), this paper took the public preference for forest structure attributes as the object, used forest structure attribute, public preference and intra-forest landscape as key words, and focused on public preferences for 10 major forest structural attributes, for instance, number of tree species, size of trees, tree spacing, clear-cuts, extent of tree cover, ground cover, deadwood (standing and fallen), visual penetration through stand, 'Naturalness' of forest edges, and variation between stands along a trail through forest. Then, an intra-forest structural attribute tourism attraction framework system was constructed according to the attributes distributed in the horizontal, vertical and full space in the forest. And the comments put forward were great of significance to better carry out the new forestry development concept and promote the sustainable development of forest tourism in China in the future.
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