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野生蔬菜,简称野菜,是指自然生长、未经人工驯化栽培,整株或部分可食的野生植物[1],也有把野生食用菌归入野菜中[2],本研究仅指野生植物。野菜在中国具有悠久的使用历史,《诗经》《尔雅》等书中已有相关记载,明清时期的《救荒本草》《野菜谱》《养生八笺》等对野菜种类和功能进行了介绍。野菜在中国分布广泛,总体上呈南多北少的趋势,据不完全统计,约213科1 822种,其中可食用的400余种[3]。早期,野菜多作为饮食补充;随着研究的深入,野菜中的特殊营养物质和药用成分被逐步发掘出来,使其成为天然生物活性物质的重要来源,被用于预防和治疗各种疾病[4-5]。目前有关野菜资源分布、基本营养成分和生物活性物质测定等方面已有一些研究,本研究因此对野菜的功能性成分及其生物活性进行了综述,为进一步开展野菜活性成分研究以及食品工业原料、天然药物成分开发等提供理论基础。
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许多野菜中存在多酚类化合物、萜类化合物等生物活性物质(表1),在抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗菌和抗病毒等方面表现出了良好功效[41-42]。
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野菜含有丰富萜类和生物碱类等化合物,这些物质具有抗炎活性。如马齿苋[43]中提取出的儿茶酚型四氢异喹啉类生物碱可抑制炎性介质(TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和PGE2)的产生;WANG等[44]在掌叶蜂斗菜Petasites tatewakianus中分离出的13种倍半萜烯对LPS诱导的小鼠胶质BV-2细胞中NO产生较强的抑制作用。HAN等[45]首次报道了猴腿蹄盖蕨Athyrium multidentatum提取物的抗炎活性,发现其主要机制是通过促使IκB抗体高表达,进而抑制NO、前列腺素E2(PEG2)和促炎介质的产生,从而达到预防急性肺损伤的功效,并认为其抗炎活性可能与植物体中的高水平黄酮(36.09 mg·g−1)密切相关。
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野菜中存在多种具有自由基清除能力的活性物质,如马齿苋的叶、茎和花中的抗坏血酸和β-胡萝卜素能够中和自由基,在清除DPPH自由基方面具有显著效果[46];KYUNG等[47]发现夏枯草、蜂斗菜Petasites japonicas等5种野菜的总酚提取物具有较高的铁离子还原能力和DPPH自由基清除活性,其中夏枯草提取物铁还原抗氧化能力(FRAP)值达166.85 mmol·L−1;见霜黄Blumea lacera和刺桐的DPPH自由基清除活性分别达75.11%和89.27%,进一步研究后确认酚类化合物是这2种野菜中最主要的生物活性物质[7]。
此外,野菜的抗氧化活性还受发育阶段和组织部位的影响。如野茭白在发芽期具有更好的抗氧化能力[37];吊帚兰Corema album不同部位显示出不同的抗氧化活性,叶片的DPPH清除能力(38.9 μmol·g−1)最好,其次为果实、花朵和种子,ABTS自由基清除和铁还原能力的试验结果与DPPH具有很强的正相关性,根据随后进行的核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)实验数据判断,研究者们认为大部分抗氧化能力可能与酚酸,尤其是羟基肉桂酸有关[48]。
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已发现一些野菜的提取物具有良好的抗癌、抗肿瘤功效,如蒲公英中的黄酮、酚酸[49-50]、萜醇[51],桔梗Platycodon grandiflorus中的皂苷[52]等均能较好地抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖;桔梗多糖和蕨Pteridium aquilinum多糖等在促进如宫颈癌、肝癌、肠癌等肿瘤细胞凋亡方面具有良好的功效[53-54];BILUŠIĆ等[55]研究发现:野生芦笋Asparagus acutifolius中酚类化合物(槲皮素、异鼠李素-3-O-芸香糖苷)对膀胱癌细胞(T24)和肺癌细胞(A549)具有抗增殖和促凋亡能力;OLIVEIRA等[56]报道了吊帚兰中总叶蛋白对结肠癌(HT29)细胞中MMP-2和MMP-9有抑制活性;ABU等[57]发现野生蓟Gundelia tournefortii的甲醇和己烷提取物对HCT-116癌细胞具有显著的抗肿瘤活性,并通过气质谱联用技术(GC-MS)确定了提取物中谷甾醇、豆甾醇、羽扇豆醇、α-香豆素和青蒿素等活性物质的存在;野洋葱Allium cepa甲醇提取物也在抑制人肝癌(HepG2)和肺癌(A549)细胞的增殖方面有较好的能力,并能保护正常人成纤维细胞(MRC-5)免受阿霉素(Dox)细胞毒性的影响,其作用可能归因于槲皮素和异鼠李素[58]。
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有研究发现苦苣菜提取物(总酚、类黄酮)对大肠埃希菌Escherichia coli,肠道沙门氏菌Salmonella enteritidis、副溶血弧菌Vibrio parahaemolyticus和金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus等有较好的抑制作用,且其抗菌活性与黄酮含量呈正相关[59];JOSHI等[60]报道了大叶火筒树Leea macrophylla乙醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、弗氏志贺菌Shigella flexneri和铜绿假单胞菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa的抑菌效果突出,这种抗微生物活性可能与在植物化学物的积累有关,这些物质会对微生物细胞膜造成损害,从而导致其死亡;PETROPOULOS等[61]研究发现:9种菊科Asteraceae野菜提取物对抗蜡样芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌Salmonella typhimurium和青霉菌Penicillium有显著的抗菌活性;高宁[62]研究发现:老山芹Heracleum dissectum黄酮能够有效抑制多种菌的生长特别是革兰氏阳性菌(枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis和金黄色葡萄球菌),原因可能为革兰氏阳性菌的细胞壁结构简单,而黄酮类化合物对菌体的细胞壁及细胞膜的破坏更有效。
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野菜中含有的酚类、萜类和生物碱类等多种化合物对抗病毒的研究具有重大意义。有报道金银花Lonicera japonica水提物在抑制小鼠感染登革热病毒(DENV)[63]和预防石斑鱼虹膜病毒(SGIV-Gx)感染等方面具有良好的效果[64];鱼腥草Houttuynia cordata多糖对肠道病毒71型(EV71)、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)和柯萨奇病毒B3(CV-B3)等多种病毒具有一定的体外抗病毒活性,且抑制效果与多糖纯度呈正相关[65];SONG等[66]发现甘草Glycyrrhiza uralensis根中的齐墩果烷型三萜皂苷类物质在浓度为100 μmol·L−1时对H1N1病毒有抑制活性,抑制率为47.5%~82.5%,其中甘草次酸还表现为抑制艾滋病病毒(HIV)活性的能力;YOU等[67]研究发现:香椿叶水提物可以通过下调黏附分子和趋化因子(VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin, IL-8和fractalkine)抑制病毒附着在对H1N1病毒的替代治疗和预防上可能起到重要作用。
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野菜中的活性物质对降血糖、调节免疫等也具有良好的功效。如马齿苋水提取物可诱导血清肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)和多效性细胞因子(IL-6)水平降低,从而促使小鼠血糖水平显著下降[68];ZHAO等[69]报道桔梗多糖能够提高淋巴细胞增殖活性,进而增强免疫功能。
表 1 野菜生物活性成分及其功效
Table 1. Bioactive components of wild edible vegetables and their efficacy
功效 物质成分 野菜种类 部位 参考文献 化合物 主要物质 抗炎 萜类化合物 倍半萜烯 掌叶蜂斗菜Petasites tatewakianus 叶 [44] 生物碱类物质 儿茶酚型四氢异喹喹啉类 马齿苋Portulaca oleracea 全株 [43] 酚酸类物质 总黄酮 猴腿蹄盖蕨Athyrium multidentatum [45] 抗氧化 有机酸 抗坏血酸 马齿苋 [46] 酚酸类物质 总酚、总黄酮 见霜黄Blumea lacera、刺桐、夏枯草等 叶 [7,47] 对香豆酸、香草酸、阿魏酸和芥子酸等 野茭白Zizania latifolia 发芽种子 [37] 其他 β-胡萝卜素 马齿苋 [46] 抗癌、抗肿瘤 总蛋白提取物 吊帚兰Corema album 叶 [56] 多糖 桔梗Platycodon grandiflorus、蕨Pteridium aquilinum [53−54] 萜类化合物 萜醇 蒲公英 [51] 谷甾醇、豆甾醇和羽扇豆醇等 蓟Gundelia tournefortii [57] 酚酸类物质 槲皮素和异鼠李素-3-O-芸香糖苷等 野生芦笋Asparagus acutifolius 整株 [55] 抗菌 酚酸类物质 总酚 苦苣菜 叶 [59] 单宁、绿原酸 大叶火筒树Leea macrophylla 块根 [60] 抗病毒 多糖 鱼腥草Houttuynia cordata 整株 [65] 萜类化合物 甘草酸及其衍生物 甘草Glycyrrhiza uralensis 根 [66] 酚酸类物质 没食子酸、槲皮素和芦丁等 香椿Toona sinensis 叶 [67] 降血糖 酚酸类物质 儿茶素、绿原素、水杨酸和迷迭香酸等 马齿苋 地上部 [68] 调节免疫 多糖 桔梗 [69] -
如表2所示:目前野菜矿质元素测定的常见方法主要有原子吸收分光光度法、电感耦合等离子体光谱法(ICP-OES)和电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS),其中ICP-OES和ICP-MS在微量元素或极低浓度元素的检测方面有较多应用[70-72];脂肪酸一般通过GC-MS进行分析[24];氨基酸组分分析和生育酚则多采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)[11, 72];紫外-可见分光光度法是总酚、总黄酮、多糖和类胡萝卜素等化合物常用的定量方法,但在涉及化合物结构鉴定或特定化合物分析时则一般采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)和质谱法[30, 73];抗坏血酸的测定方法较多,其中国外发表的研究报道中以超高效液相色谱法(UPLC)和分光光度法较为多见[7, 21, 22],国内则更多使用国标中的分光光度法和2, 6-二氯靛酚滴定法[62];此外,有机酸基本采用UPLC和HPLC法进行分析[72, 74]。野菜中物质成分的分析和鉴定对其活性成分研究非常关键,相关的检测分析方法与技术在某种程度上限制了该领域研究的发展。总体上,相关分析方法正在往快速、痕量和精准化发展,色谱技术和光谱技术以及联用技术在未来或会得到更广泛的应用。
表 2 常见野菜营养及活性成分测定方法和技术
Table 2. Methods and techniques for determination of nutrition and active components in common wild edible vegetables
成分 方法和技术 野菜种类 参考文献 矿质元素 ICP-MS、ICP-OES 菊花脑Dendranthema indicum、香椿、蒲公英、马兰Kalimeris indica等 [70] 原子吸收分光光度法 皱果苋Amaranthus viridis和马齿苋等 [71,72] 脂肪酸 GC-MS 猫爪草Ranunculus ternatus [24] 氨基酸 HPLC 牛膝Achyranthes bidentata、白花败酱Patrinia villosa、鸭儿芹Cryptotaenia
japonica、马兰、白花鬼针草Bidens pilosa和马齿苋等[11,72] 总酚,类胡萝卜素,
总黄酮,多糖紫外分光光度法,
HPLC马齿苋 [30,73] 抗坏血酸 UPLC 野生莴苣Lactuca sativa [22] 分光光度法 见霜黄、印度田菁Sesbania sesban和刺苋Amaranthus spinosus等 [7,21] 2, 6-二氯靛酚滴定法 老山芹Heracleum dissectum [62] 生育酚 HPLC 马齿苋和脐景天Umbilicus rupestris等 [72,74] 有机酸 UPLC、HPLC 脐景天等 [72,74]
Research progress on functional components and biological activities of wild edible vegetables
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摘要: 野菜在中国有悠久的使用历史,是栽培蔬菜的重要补充,也是人类获取矿质元素、氨基酸、维生素、多糖、黄酮类化合物等多种功能性成分的重要来源之一,开展野菜的基本成分研究对全面了解其营养物质和生物活性具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。本研究综述了野菜的主要营养与功能性成分,总结了当前野菜生物活性方面的主要研究成果,内容包括:①野菜基本营养成分;②野菜功能成分;③野菜活性成分分析及其功效性;④常见检测分析方法与技术。主要结论为:野菜含有丰富的基本营养成分和生物活性物质,其中维生素、酚类和萜类等化合物在抗菌、抗氧化、抗肿瘤和抗炎症等方面具有良好功效,今后野生蔬菜的研究可聚焦于功能性成分及生物活性分离提取与功能鉴定,为后续的开发应用提供参考。表2参74Abstract: There is a long history of use of wild edible vegetables in China. They have abundant functional components, including mineral elements, amino acids, vitamins, polysaccharides, flavonoids and so on. It has important scientific significance and application value to study the basic components of wild edible vegetables for a comprehensive understanding of the nutrients and biological activities. We listed the main nutritional and functional components, summarized the current main research results in the biological activity, including: (1) the content of basic nutrients in wild edible vegetables; (2) the profiles of functional compounds in wild edible vegetables; (3) analysis of active components and efficacy of wild edible vegetables; (4) common methods and technologies to component analysis of wild edible vegetables. Wild edible vegetables are rich in basic nutrients and bioactive substances, including vitamins, phenols and terpenes, which have good activities in antibacterial, antioxidant, antitumor and anti-inflammatory. Future research should focus on functional components and biological activities, and serves as a reference for subsequent development and application. [Ch, 2 tab. 74 ref.]
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表 1 野菜生物活性成分及其功效
Table 1. Bioactive components of wild edible vegetables and their efficacy
功效 物质成分 野菜种类 部位 参考文献 化合物 主要物质 抗炎 萜类化合物 倍半萜烯 掌叶蜂斗菜Petasites tatewakianus 叶 [44] 生物碱类物质 儿茶酚型四氢异喹喹啉类 马齿苋Portulaca oleracea 全株 [43] 酚酸类物质 总黄酮 猴腿蹄盖蕨Athyrium multidentatum [45] 抗氧化 有机酸 抗坏血酸 马齿苋 [46] 酚酸类物质 总酚、总黄酮 见霜黄Blumea lacera、刺桐、夏枯草等 叶 [7,47] 对香豆酸、香草酸、阿魏酸和芥子酸等 野茭白Zizania latifolia 发芽种子 [37] 其他 β-胡萝卜素 马齿苋 [46] 抗癌、抗肿瘤 总蛋白提取物 吊帚兰Corema album 叶 [56] 多糖 桔梗Platycodon grandiflorus、蕨Pteridium aquilinum [53−54] 萜类化合物 萜醇 蒲公英 [51] 谷甾醇、豆甾醇和羽扇豆醇等 蓟Gundelia tournefortii [57] 酚酸类物质 槲皮素和异鼠李素-3-O-芸香糖苷等 野生芦笋Asparagus acutifolius 整株 [55] 抗菌 酚酸类物质 总酚 苦苣菜 叶 [59] 单宁、绿原酸 大叶火筒树Leea macrophylla 块根 [60] 抗病毒 多糖 鱼腥草Houttuynia cordata 整株 [65] 萜类化合物 甘草酸及其衍生物 甘草Glycyrrhiza uralensis 根 [66] 酚酸类物质 没食子酸、槲皮素和芦丁等 香椿Toona sinensis 叶 [67] 降血糖 酚酸类物质 儿茶素、绿原素、水杨酸和迷迭香酸等 马齿苋 地上部 [68] 调节免疫 多糖 桔梗 [69] 表 2 常见野菜营养及活性成分测定方法和技术
Table 2. Methods and techniques for determination of nutrition and active components in common wild edible vegetables
成分 方法和技术 野菜种类 参考文献 矿质元素 ICP-MS、ICP-OES 菊花脑Dendranthema indicum、香椿、蒲公英、马兰Kalimeris indica等 [70] 原子吸收分光光度法 皱果苋Amaranthus viridis和马齿苋等 [71,72] 脂肪酸 GC-MS 猫爪草Ranunculus ternatus [24] 氨基酸 HPLC 牛膝Achyranthes bidentata、白花败酱Patrinia villosa、鸭儿芹Cryptotaenia
japonica、马兰、白花鬼针草Bidens pilosa和马齿苋等[11,72] 总酚,类胡萝卜素,
总黄酮,多糖紫外分光光度法,
HPLC马齿苋 [30,73] 抗坏血酸 UPLC 野生莴苣Lactuca sativa [22] 分光光度法 见霜黄、印度田菁Sesbania sesban和刺苋Amaranthus spinosus等 [7,21] 2, 6-二氯靛酚滴定法 老山芹Heracleum dissectum [62] 生育酚 HPLC 马齿苋和脐景天Umbilicus rupestris等 [72,74] 有机酸 UPLC、HPLC 脐景天等 [72,74] -
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