2006 Vol. 23, No. 3
2006, 23(3): 237-241.
Abstract:
The effects of final treatment techniques on the properties of hot pressing cement particle board (CPB) mat were studied with poplar particles of certain size as raw materials , number 42.5 level common silicate cement as glues and Na2SiO3 as fast curing additives .The results were :1)The direct steam curing after the unloading of hot pressing CPB could greatly accelerate thc hydration of cement .2)The eight hourssteam curing with 80 ℃ temperature and 80 % relative humidity equalled to eight daysnatural curing , which could greatly reduce the production time .3)The offects of steam curing after eight daysnatural curing having no obvious effects on the properties of CPB showed that the hydration of cement mainly completed after eight days natural curing so steam curing could not accelerate the cement hydration because the afterwards hydration was slowly carried on .4) The factors of steam curing were :temperature of 80 ℃, air relative humidity of 80 % and time of 8 , 16 and 24 h .The factors need further optimization .[ Ch , 5 tab.9 ref .]
The effects of final treatment techniques on the properties of hot pressing cement particle board (CPB) mat were studied with poplar particles of certain size as raw materials , number 42.5 level common silicate cement as glues and Na2SiO3 as fast curing additives .The results were :1)The direct steam curing after the unloading of hot pressing CPB could greatly accelerate thc hydration of cement .2)The eight hourssteam curing with 80 ℃ temperature and 80 % relative humidity equalled to eight daysnatural curing , which could greatly reduce the production time .3)The offects of steam curing after eight daysnatural curing having no obvious effects on the properties of CPB showed that the hydration of cement mainly completed after eight days natural curing so steam curing could not accelerate the cement hydration because the afterwards hydration was slowly carried on .4) The factors of steam curing were :temperature of 80 ℃, air relative humidity of 80 % and time of 8 , 16 and 24 h .The factors need further optimization .[ Ch , 5 tab.9 ref .]
2006, 23(3): 242-247.
Abstract:
The purpose is to investigate the status and evolution of soil nutrients when traditional practice shifted to intensive one in Phyllostachys praecox plantation .Soil samples under 4 , 6 , 8 and 10-years intensive management respectively were collected .A fertilizer trial including different types and rates of fertilizer was conducted from August 2003 to June 2004, six treatments were respectively controled , including three mixture treatments of different amount of manure and mineral fertilizer and two pure treatments of single mineral fertilizer but different in rates , soils were sampled every two months .The results showd that the contents of soil total organic carbon (TOC), total phosphorous (TP), available phosphorous (AP) and ratio of TOC to TN (C N)were increasing with prolong of intensive practice (from 4 to 10 years).TOC were elevated under all the treatments after one-year trial with an average of 10.42 %, especially in three mixture treatments .In comparison of three mixture treatments , soil TN , TP , AP and hydrolysable nitrogen (HN)apparently augmented with the increasing of fertilizer amount .As for the two pure treatments of single mineral fertilizer , significant differences in TP and AP between lower and higher amount of mineral fertilizer were observed , but not in TN and HN .The seasonal dynamic of soil nutrients appeared in wave curve , soil nutrients were at relative lower level from August to December , increased from December to February of next year , and then declined again until the end of experiment in June .Soil TP and AP were elevated by an average of 10.19% and 15.31 %respectively for all the treatments after one-year's trial , however , soil TN and HN increased only in the three mixture treatment (to 3.03 % and 2.84 % respectively), declined (to 15.94 % and 73.47 % respectively)in the two pure treatments .[ Ch , 3 tab .9 ref .]
The purpose is to investigate the status and evolution of soil nutrients when traditional practice shifted to intensive one in Phyllostachys praecox plantation .Soil samples under 4 , 6 , 8 and 10-years intensive management respectively were collected .A fertilizer trial including different types and rates of fertilizer was conducted from August 2003 to June 2004, six treatments were respectively controled , including three mixture treatments of different amount of manure and mineral fertilizer and two pure treatments of single mineral fertilizer but different in rates , soils were sampled every two months .The results showd that the contents of soil total organic carbon (TOC), total phosphorous (TP), available phosphorous (AP) and ratio of TOC to TN (C N)were increasing with prolong of intensive practice (from 4 to 10 years).TOC were elevated under all the treatments after one-year trial with an average of 10.42 %, especially in three mixture treatments .In comparison of three mixture treatments , soil TN , TP , AP and hydrolysable nitrogen (HN)apparently augmented with the increasing of fertilizer amount .As for the two pure treatments of single mineral fertilizer , significant differences in TP and AP between lower and higher amount of mineral fertilizer were observed , but not in TN and HN .The seasonal dynamic of soil nutrients appeared in wave curve , soil nutrients were at relative lower level from August to December , increased from December to February of next year , and then declined again until the end of experiment in June .Soil TP and AP were elevated by an average of 10.19% and 15.31 %respectively for all the treatments after one-year's trial , however , soil TN and HN increased only in the three mixture treatment (to 3.03 % and 2.84 % respectively), declined (to 15.94 % and 73.47 % respectively)in the two pure treatments .[ Ch , 3 tab .9 ref .]
2006, 23(3): 248-254.
Abstract:
The characteristics of seasonal changes in the mass fractions of organic carbon and total nitrogen at three different layers of soil in different Phyllostachys pubescens stands were studied by the orientation research method . The results showed that the mass fractions of soil organic carbon (12.9 -38.9 gkg-1)in the reclaimed pure Phyllostachys pubescens stands in autumn and winter were higher than in spring and summer .The mass fractions of soil organic carbon (7.5 -31.2 gkg-1)in the non-reclaimed pure Phyllostachys pubescens stands in spring and summer were higher than in autumn and winter .The mass fraction of soil organic carbon (7.5 -40.2 gkg-1)in the Schima superba stands was highest in winter and lowest in spring , which was different from that in the pure Phyllostachys pubescens stands .The mass fraction of soil total nitrogen (0.8 -2.4 g kg-1)in reclaimed pure Phyllostachys pubescens stands was highest in summer and lowest in spring , that (1.3 -3.0 gkg-1)in the nonreclaimed pure Phyllostachys pubescens stands was highest in spring and lowest in autumn and that (0.9 -3.2 gkg-1)in Schima superba stands was highest in summer and lowest in autumn .The C N ratio in the reclaimed pure Phyllostachys pubescens stands was between 8.49 -46.03 , that in the non-reclaimed pure Phyllostachys pubescens stands was between 5.84 -11.99 , that in the Schima superba stands was between 3.43 -15.02 .The results of variance analysis showed that the mass fractions of soil total nitrogen were not significantly different in different stands , significantly different between spring and autumn , not significantly different between autumn and winter , much significantly different between the layers of 0 -10 cm and 30 -50 cm , significantly different between the layers of 0 -10 cm and 10 -30 cm.The mass fractions of soil organic carbon were not significantly different in different seasons and different stands , much significantly different among the layers of 0 -10 cm, 10 -30 cm and 30 -50 cm .Therefore , the mass fractions of soil carbon and nitrogen in different stands were comparatively different in different seasons and different soil layers .[ Ch , 4 tab .16 ref .]
The characteristics of seasonal changes in the mass fractions of organic carbon and total nitrogen at three different layers of soil in different Phyllostachys pubescens stands were studied by the orientation research method . The results showed that the mass fractions of soil organic carbon (12.9 -38.9 gkg-1)in the reclaimed pure Phyllostachys pubescens stands in autumn and winter were higher than in spring and summer .The mass fractions of soil organic carbon (7.5 -31.2 gkg-1)in the non-reclaimed pure Phyllostachys pubescens stands in spring and summer were higher than in autumn and winter .The mass fraction of soil organic carbon (7.5 -40.2 gkg-1)in the Schima superba stands was highest in winter and lowest in spring , which was different from that in the pure Phyllostachys pubescens stands .The mass fraction of soil total nitrogen (0.8 -2.4 g kg-1)in reclaimed pure Phyllostachys pubescens stands was highest in summer and lowest in spring , that (1.3 -3.0 gkg-1)in the nonreclaimed pure Phyllostachys pubescens stands was highest in spring and lowest in autumn and that (0.9 -3.2 gkg-1)in Schima superba stands was highest in summer and lowest in autumn .The C N ratio in the reclaimed pure Phyllostachys pubescens stands was between 8.49 -46.03 , that in the non-reclaimed pure Phyllostachys pubescens stands was between 5.84 -11.99 , that in the Schima superba stands was between 3.43 -15.02 .The results of variance analysis showed that the mass fractions of soil total nitrogen were not significantly different in different stands , significantly different between spring and autumn , not significantly different between autumn and winter , much significantly different between the layers of 0 -10 cm and 30 -50 cm , significantly different between the layers of 0 -10 cm and 10 -30 cm.The mass fractions of soil organic carbon were not significantly different in different seasons and different stands , much significantly different among the layers of 0 -10 cm, 10 -30 cm and 30 -50 cm .Therefore , the mass fractions of soil carbon and nitrogen in different stands were comparatively different in different seasons and different soil layers .[ Ch , 4 tab .16 ref .]
2006, 23(3): 255-258.
Abstract:
The purpose is to explore the function of microbes in the litter decompose and its change in different air temperatures .The seasonal dynamics of quantity of bacteria , fungi and actinomycetes f rom different litters (Vatica mangachapoi , Schima superba and the mixed)of tropical evergreen seasonal rain forest of Jianfengling were studied by litter bag .The results showed that in the mixed and Schima superba leaf litters , the quantity of bacteria was the most , the quantities of actinomycetes and fungi were less .In Vatica mangachapoi leaf litter , the number of bacteria is the most , fungi is the next , and actinomyces is the smallest .The total microbial amount of the mixed was the most , the next in order was Schima superba and Vatica mangachapoi .There was distinctive seasonal change in quantity of each microbial group .[ Ch , 2 tab .9 ref .]
The purpose is to explore the function of microbes in the litter decompose and its change in different air temperatures .The seasonal dynamics of quantity of bacteria , fungi and actinomycetes f rom different litters (Vatica mangachapoi , Schima superba and the mixed)of tropical evergreen seasonal rain forest of Jianfengling were studied by litter bag .The results showed that in the mixed and Schima superba leaf litters , the quantity of bacteria was the most , the quantities of actinomycetes and fungi were less .In Vatica mangachapoi leaf litter , the number of bacteria is the most , fungi is the next , and actinomyces is the smallest .The total microbial amount of the mixed was the most , the next in order was Schima superba and Vatica mangachapoi .There was distinctive seasonal change in quantity of each microbial group .[ Ch , 2 tab .9 ref .]
2006, 23(3): 259-264.
Abstract:
The research was on progenies of open-pollinated families from clonal seed orchards of Cupressus funebris at age of 15 .It is showed that the average growth of the height , diameter at breast height and stem volume of offspring in clonal seed orchards were 13.12 %, 13.69 % and 30.85 % higher than the control group respectively , and their average genetic gains were 7.82 %, 7.69 % and 17.03 % higher than the control group respectively . Eleven superior families were selected according to their timber traits with the methods of the Least Significant Range , the trait performance analysis and the estimation of breeding value .Their real gains were between 46.35 % and 108.65 %with the average value of 64.21 %;their genetic gains were between 25.58 % and 59.96 %with the average value of 35.44 %.Good breeding benefits could be acquired from the application of the superior families in the production .[ Ch , 3 tab .22 ref .]
The research was on progenies of open-pollinated families from clonal seed orchards of Cupressus funebris at age of 15 .It is showed that the average growth of the height , diameter at breast height and stem volume of offspring in clonal seed orchards were 13.12 %, 13.69 % and 30.85 % higher than the control group respectively , and their average genetic gains were 7.82 %, 7.69 % and 17.03 % higher than the control group respectively . Eleven superior families were selected according to their timber traits with the methods of the Least Significant Range , the trait performance analysis and the estimation of breeding value .Their real gains were between 46.35 % and 108.65 %with the average value of 64.21 %;their genetic gains were between 25.58 % and 59.96 %with the average value of 35.44 %.Good breeding benefits could be acquired from the application of the superior families in the production .[ Ch , 3 tab .22 ref .]
2006, 23(3): 265-269.
Abstract:
To establish the maps of two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis , the dwarfing mechanism of the mutant in Cunninghamia lanceolata was analyzed .The leaves from normal and dwarf plants were ground into powder with liquid nitrogen .The total proteins were extracted with the modified TCA-acetone method , labeled with CY2 or CY3 respectively , analyzed by 2D-DIGE .After electrophoresing , the gels were respectively imaged by Typhoon 9400 using different emission filter and spot-features were analyzed by DeCyder software in each paired normal/dwarf comparison .The results showed that 14 unique proteins the had a 2.2-fold increase and 15 proteins that had a 3.0-fold decrease were found in dwarfed plants .These 29 proteins might be associated with the dwarfing .[ Ch , 3 fig .3 tab .9 ref .]
To establish the maps of two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis , the dwarfing mechanism of the mutant in Cunninghamia lanceolata was analyzed .The leaves from normal and dwarf plants were ground into powder with liquid nitrogen .The total proteins were extracted with the modified TCA-acetone method , labeled with CY2 or CY3 respectively , analyzed by 2D-DIGE .After electrophoresing , the gels were respectively imaged by Typhoon 9400 using different emission filter and spot-features were analyzed by DeCyder software in each paired normal/dwarf comparison .The results showed that 14 unique proteins the had a 2.2-fold increase and 15 proteins that had a 3.0-fold decrease were found in dwarfed plants .These 29 proteins might be associated with the dwarfing .[ Ch , 3 fig .3 tab .9 ref .]
2006, 23(3): 270-274.
Abstract:
The pollen viability were tested by means of TTC , inorganic acid and germination in vitro .The results showed that only when in vitro mediumwas added PEG , the pollen germiation rate could be improved and represent the pollen viability .The best molecularweight and cocentration of PEG for germination were 6 000 and 300 gkg-1respectively .The effect of the medium of 300 gkg-1 PEG 6 000 and 100mgL-1H3BO3 on pollen germination was the best in this test .The cultivars of Chimonanthus praecox were different in pollen viability .The life-span of pollen in room condition was 18 to 19 d , and was about 2 months in cold storage (4 2)℃.[ Ch , 3 fig .2 tab . 11 ref .]
The pollen viability were tested by means of TTC , inorganic acid and germination in vitro .The results showed that only when in vitro mediumwas added PEG , the pollen germiation rate could be improved and represent the pollen viability .The best molecularweight and cocentration of PEG for germination were 6 000 and 300 gkg-1respectively .The effect of the medium of 300 gkg-1 PEG 6 000 and 100mgL-1H3BO3 on pollen germination was the best in this test .The cultivars of Chimonanthus praecox were different in pollen viability .The life-span of pollen in room condition was 18 to 19 d , and was about 2 months in cold storage (4 2)℃.[ Ch , 3 fig .2 tab . 11 ref .]
2006, 23(3): 275-279.
Abstract:
The cambium of Camptotheca acuminata is non-stratified .In the subsequent development of cambium, with the increasing stem age , the length of fusiform initials increases and the length of ray initials decreases .The cambial activity is similar to that in most trees of diffuse-porous wood and with an evident periodicity .InMarch , the cambial activity starts after bud sprouting , and it becomes the most vigorous in April and May .After October , it begins dormancy .Increasing and decreasing of stored starch are closely related to the periodicity of cambial activity . After cambial activity is resumed in March , starch decreases progressively until it disappears .In August , starch accumulates progressively and disappears quickly in September .The stored starch accumulates again in November until the next March , and starts to decrease after that .[ Ch , 1 fig .1 tab .12 ref .]
The cambium of Camptotheca acuminata is non-stratified .In the subsequent development of cambium, with the increasing stem age , the length of fusiform initials increases and the length of ray initials decreases .The cambial activity is similar to that in most trees of diffuse-porous wood and with an evident periodicity .InMarch , the cambial activity starts after bud sprouting , and it becomes the most vigorous in April and May .After October , it begins dormancy .Increasing and decreasing of stored starch are closely related to the periodicity of cambial activity . After cambial activity is resumed in March , starch decreases progressively until it disappears .In August , starch accumulates progressively and disappears quickly in September .The stored starch accumulates again in November until the next March , and starts to decrease after that .[ Ch , 1 fig .1 tab .12 ref .]
2006, 23(3): 280-284.
Abstract:
Camptothecin is produced by Camptotheca acuminata , which is a secondary metabolite with strong antitumor activity .To sustain a stable production of camptothecin , a number of attempts have been made for production of camptothecin by cell culture with Camptotheca acuminata .Effects of light on the contents of soluble protein , soluble carbohydrate , anthocyanins , activities of peroxidase (POD) and camptothecin accumulation in Camptotheca acuminata tissue callus were examined .The results showed that the contents of soluble protein , soluble carbohydrate were changed almost identical , and up to the peak after three weeks , and the contents of anthocyanins was increased remarkably in light (300 molm-2s-1) condition .The results also showed that the light had effects on physiology in Camptotheca acuminata cell line , and a little promotion on camptothecin accumulation with those in darkness .[ Ch , 5 fig .1 tab .14 ref .]
Camptothecin is produced by Camptotheca acuminata , which is a secondary metabolite with strong antitumor activity .To sustain a stable production of camptothecin , a number of attempts have been made for production of camptothecin by cell culture with Camptotheca acuminata .Effects of light on the contents of soluble protein , soluble carbohydrate , anthocyanins , activities of peroxidase (POD) and camptothecin accumulation in Camptotheca acuminata tissue callus were examined .The results showed that the contents of soluble protein , soluble carbohydrate were changed almost identical , and up to the peak after three weeks , and the contents of anthocyanins was increased remarkably in light (300 molm-2s-1) condition .The results also showed that the light had effects on physiology in Camptotheca acuminata cell line , and a little promotion on camptothecin accumulation with those in darkness .[ Ch , 5 fig .1 tab .14 ref .]
2006, 23(3): 285-289.
Abstract:
Electric conductivities were used to measure the ability of 24 evergreen broad-leaved tree species to withstand the rigors of cold temperature .These plants such as Cinnamomum camphora , Ilex latifolia and Cyclobalanopsis gracilis that naturally distributed over the north limit of differently subtropical latitudes were introduced to the open in Nanjing .Electric conductivities of excised-branches under simulated freezing treatment were measured and lethal temperature 50 were calculated .The results could correctly indicate low temperature tolerance of these trees in quantitative determination , and be corresponding to observation of wintering in Nanjing . The results are conducive to predicting the low temperature tolerance of evergreen trees and the reasonable cultivation of them in landscape architecture of higher latitude regions .[ Ch , 1 fig .2 tab .18 ref .]
Electric conductivities were used to measure the ability of 24 evergreen broad-leaved tree species to withstand the rigors of cold temperature .These plants such as Cinnamomum camphora , Ilex latifolia and Cyclobalanopsis gracilis that naturally distributed over the north limit of differently subtropical latitudes were introduced to the open in Nanjing .Electric conductivities of excised-branches under simulated freezing treatment were measured and lethal temperature 50 were calculated .The results could correctly indicate low temperature tolerance of these trees in quantitative determination , and be corresponding to observation of wintering in Nanjing . The results are conducive to predicting the low temperature tolerance of evergreen trees and the reasonable cultivation of them in landscape architecture of higher latitude regions .[ Ch , 1 fig .2 tab .18 ref .]
2006, 23(3): 290-296.
Abstract:
Based on the investigation of Juglans mandshurica community by the sample plots , its structure and species diversity are analyzed .It turns out that there are 156 vascular species in the Juglans mandshurica community , belonging to 55 families 111 genera , among which Temperate distribution compositions make significant dominant , accounting for 35.14 % of total genera ;and the East Asia and Extensive tropical distribution compositions are remarkably little .There are 13 species in the tree layer , and 53 species in the community belonging to Hemicryptophytes, which are in majority among all the life forms , and the least species are included in the Chamaephytes .The species diversity is little in tree layer , highest in herbage layer , and the species diversity of the community has negative correlation with the important value of J uglans mandshurica , but it is not remarkable ; and Dioscorea nipponica has the remarkable correlation with Carex lanceolata and Agrimonia pilosa respectively in the community .[ Ch , 7 tab .20 ref .]
Based on the investigation of Juglans mandshurica community by the sample plots , its structure and species diversity are analyzed .It turns out that there are 156 vascular species in the Juglans mandshurica community , belonging to 55 families 111 genera , among which Temperate distribution compositions make significant dominant , accounting for 35.14 % of total genera ;and the East Asia and Extensive tropical distribution compositions are remarkably little .There are 13 species in the tree layer , and 53 species in the community belonging to Hemicryptophytes, which are in majority among all the life forms , and the least species are included in the Chamaephytes .The species diversity is little in tree layer , highest in herbage layer , and the species diversity of the community has negative correlation with the important value of J uglans mandshurica , but it is not remarkable ; and Dioscorea nipponica has the remarkable correlation with Carex lanceolata and Agrimonia pilosa respectively in the community .[ Ch , 7 tab .20 ref .]
2006, 23(3): 297-300.
Abstract:
To overcome the sharp conflicts between the expansion of Phyllostachys pubescens stands and the protection of the biodiversity in National Nature Reserve of Mount Tianmn , the areas of Phyllostachys pubescens stands in the nature reserve in 1985 , 1991 and 2003 were monitored respectively by the remote sensing and GIS technology .The result showed that the area of the Phyllostachys pubescens stands increased at the average rate of 4.47 hm2a-1 , the stands encroaching on the virgin vegetation , especially on the broadleaved forest , which to a great extent disturbed the biodiversity and endangered species in the nature reserve .The rapid expansion of the Phyllostachys pubescens stands was caused by few human interventions , large canopy (79 %)of the stands and difficult rejuvenation of other vegetation under the stands .Finally , some suggestions on the protection of the biodiversity were put forward .[ Ch , 2 fig .1 tab .8 ref .]
To overcome the sharp conflicts between the expansion of Phyllostachys pubescens stands and the protection of the biodiversity in National Nature Reserve of Mount Tianmn , the areas of Phyllostachys pubescens stands in the nature reserve in 1985 , 1991 and 2003 were monitored respectively by the remote sensing and GIS technology .The result showed that the area of the Phyllostachys pubescens stands increased at the average rate of 4.47 hm2a-1 , the stands encroaching on the virgin vegetation , especially on the broadleaved forest , which to a great extent disturbed the biodiversity and endangered species in the nature reserve .The rapid expansion of the Phyllostachys pubescens stands was caused by few human interventions , large canopy (79 %)of the stands and difficult rejuvenation of other vegetation under the stands .Finally , some suggestions on the protection of the biodiversity were put forward .[ Ch , 2 fig .1 tab .8 ref .]
2006, 23(3): 301-305.
Abstract:
The results of the field survey of the tourism resources in Linzhi of Tibet showed that the tourism resources in this area were characterized by large quantity , diversified types , distinct features , good taste and good integration.The attraction tropism of the ecological tourism resources could be divided into international type , domestic type and provincial type .Based on the unique tourism resources in Linzhi , the national evaluation criteria for tourism resources and the analysis of target customers of the tourism markets , a fuzzy classification of the attraction tropism of the ecological tourism resources in Linzhi was put forward for the reference of the development decision .It was suggested when developing the tourism in Linzhi , great importance should be attached to the international market and one or two famous international tourism routes should be opened up to attract more tourists . [ Ch , 1 fig .2 tab .15 ref .]
The results of the field survey of the tourism resources in Linzhi of Tibet showed that the tourism resources in this area were characterized by large quantity , diversified types , distinct features , good taste and good integration.The attraction tropism of the ecological tourism resources could be divided into international type , domestic type and provincial type .Based on the unique tourism resources in Linzhi , the national evaluation criteria for tourism resources and the analysis of target customers of the tourism markets , a fuzzy classification of the attraction tropism of the ecological tourism resources in Linzhi was put forward for the reference of the development decision .It was suggested when developing the tourism in Linzhi , great importance should be attached to the international market and one or two famous international tourism routes should be opened up to attract more tourists . [ Ch , 1 fig .2 tab .15 ref .]
2006, 23(3): 306-310.
Abstract:
Heptacodium miconioides is a rare and endangered plant .Different organs of Heptacodium miconioides including flowers , leaves , and so on , were extracted with different solvents such as 70 % ethanol , 60 %acetone and boiled water .The anti-bacterial activity of the extracts was detected on 4 experimental strains , such as Staphylococcus aureus , Bacillus thuringiensis , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli .The results showed that in terms of the diameter of anti-bacterial zone of extracts from leaves and flowers with different solvents , the anti-bacterial activity of ethanol extract was the highest , while that of acetone extract took the second place and that of boiled water extract was the lowest .Anti-bacterial activity could be detected in the extracts of different organs of Heptacodium miconioides , and those from leaves and flowers were relatively higher while those from old stem and old root were relatively lower .The diameter of the anti-bacterial zone of ethanol extracts from leaves on 4 experimental strains was 7.67 , 9.67 , 10.00 and 100.00 mm , respectively , while that from flowers was 10.00 , 12.70 , 11.00 and 11.00 mm , respectively .Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC )of flowers and leaves on Bacillus thuringensis and Escherichia coli were all 50 gL-1 and those on Staphylococcus aureus were all 100 gL-1 .Those on Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 50 and 100 gL-1 , respectively .The anti-bacterial activity of ethanol extracts from leaves and flowers ranked in turns :Bacillus thuringiensis , Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Staphylococcus aureus .[ Ch , 4 tab .14 ref .]
Heptacodium miconioides is a rare and endangered plant .Different organs of Heptacodium miconioides including flowers , leaves , and so on , were extracted with different solvents such as 70 % ethanol , 60 %acetone and boiled water .The anti-bacterial activity of the extracts was detected on 4 experimental strains , such as Staphylococcus aureus , Bacillus thuringiensis , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli .The results showed that in terms of the diameter of anti-bacterial zone of extracts from leaves and flowers with different solvents , the anti-bacterial activity of ethanol extract was the highest , while that of acetone extract took the second place and that of boiled water extract was the lowest .Anti-bacterial activity could be detected in the extracts of different organs of Heptacodium miconioides , and those from leaves and flowers were relatively higher while those from old stem and old root were relatively lower .The diameter of the anti-bacterial zone of ethanol extracts from leaves on 4 experimental strains was 7.67 , 9.67 , 10.00 and 100.00 mm , respectively , while that from flowers was 10.00 , 12.70 , 11.00 and 11.00 mm , respectively .Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC )of flowers and leaves on Bacillus thuringensis and Escherichia coli were all 50 gL-1 and those on Staphylococcus aureus were all 100 gL-1 .Those on Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 50 and 100 gL-1 , respectively .The anti-bacterial activity of ethanol extracts from leaves and flowers ranked in turns :Bacillus thuringiensis , Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Staphylococcus aureus .[ Ch , 4 tab .14 ref .]
2006, 23(3): 311-315.
Abstract:
Frogs of Kaloula verrucosa annually are revival before rainy season beginning and hibernate after rainy season ended .Their habit is especial compared with other species of anuran .In order to know the reproductive behaviour of Kaloula verrucosa , its reproductive ecology is studied by observation in field and dissection in lab . The results indicate that the reproductive period of Kaloula verrucosa is related to the beginning of rainy season , duration and interval of raining etc .They usually mate and spawn from the night to the morning of next day .The sexual ratio at pre-reproductive , reproductive and post-reproductive periods is 1∶4 and 1∶7 and 3∶2 .There is notable relation between the spawn quantity and the body length of female in reproductive periods .The females whose body length is larger than 47 mm annually spawn twice , then smaller than 47 mm only spawn once .Eggs are laid in batches and each batch only includes about 30 eggs .Spawn time can be influenced by the activities of human being .The authors consider that sexual ratio changes of Kaloula verrucosa are related to that males enter reproductive places several times during reproduction and that males hibernate earlier than females .That laying a small quantity of eggs each batch and laying eggs several times during reproduction is an adaptive behavior for avoiding death of a mass of eggs and tadpoles caused by seasonal pond drying up .Floating eggs are in favor of hatching and accelerate growth , which can avoid the menace of population survival caused by temporary pond drying up .The reproductive habits among Kaloula verrucosa , K .boreals and K .rugifera resemble .There is also dissimilarity of habits among three different species because separation of their ecological behavior and the discrepancy of the abi1ity of interference rejection , such as frogs of K .boreals aren't affected by human activity during spawn .[ Ch , 4 tab .15 ref .]
Frogs of Kaloula verrucosa annually are revival before rainy season beginning and hibernate after rainy season ended .Their habit is especial compared with other species of anuran .In order to know the reproductive behaviour of Kaloula verrucosa , its reproductive ecology is studied by observation in field and dissection in lab . The results indicate that the reproductive period of Kaloula verrucosa is related to the beginning of rainy season , duration and interval of raining etc .They usually mate and spawn from the night to the morning of next day .The sexual ratio at pre-reproductive , reproductive and post-reproductive periods is 1∶4 and 1∶7 and 3∶2 .There is notable relation between the spawn quantity and the body length of female in reproductive periods .The females whose body length is larger than 47 mm annually spawn twice , then smaller than 47 mm only spawn once .Eggs are laid in batches and each batch only includes about 30 eggs .Spawn time can be influenced by the activities of human being .The authors consider that sexual ratio changes of Kaloula verrucosa are related to that males enter reproductive places several times during reproduction and that males hibernate earlier than females .That laying a small quantity of eggs each batch and laying eggs several times during reproduction is an adaptive behavior for avoiding death of a mass of eggs and tadpoles caused by seasonal pond drying up .Floating eggs are in favor of hatching and accelerate growth , which can avoid the menace of population survival caused by temporary pond drying up .The reproductive habits among Kaloula verrucosa , K .boreals and K .rugifera resemble .There is also dissimilarity of habits among three different species because separation of their ecological behavior and the discrepancy of the abi1ity of interference rejection , such as frogs of K .boreals aren't affected by human activity during spawn .[ Ch , 4 tab .15 ref .]
2006, 23(3): 316-322.
Abstract:
Orthopteran diversities of 10 ecosystems were investigated by sweep netting method in dry-hot valley of Yuanmou , Yunnan .349 orthopteran samples including 25 species were collected .Among them , Acridoidea was the most abundant , with 19 species occupying 76.0 % of the total species .Punica granatum plantation was richest in species , while Dodonaea angustifolia-Heteropogonetea contortus scrub and grass clump were poorest in species by species richness S and Margalef index .The maximum of Shannon-Wiener diversity index was found in the Punica granatum plantation , and the minimum was in the scrub and grass clump .The Orthopterans diversity was lower in Pinus yunnanensis plantation and the scrub and grass clump by Shannon-Wiener index , Simpson index , Pielou index and Atatalo index .With diversity ranking using Patil and Taillies right-tail-sum method , the diversity of many sample communities couldnt be compared with each other .The diversity in the Punica granatum plantation was higher than others except the Mangifera indica plantation , and the diversity was lowest in Pinus yunnanensis forest and the scrub and grass clump .Azadirachta indica-Schleichera oleosa plantation and Punica granatum plantation had the greatest similarity coefficient showed by Jaccard indices , The smallest similarity coefficient was found in Pinus yunnanensis plantation and Pinus yunnanensis-Quercus forest .Dimocarpus longan plantation and Punica granatum plantation had the greatest , while Pinus yunnanensis-Quercus forest and the scrub and grass clump had the smallest similarity coefficient showed by Morista-Horn indices .Jaccard indices were more efficient than Morista-Horn indices in this study .The Orthopterans communities in the 10 sample plots were divided into 5 types using cluster analysis .The habitat of Pinus yunnanensis-Quercus forest was stable .Through more than 30 years' restoration, Pinus yunnanensis-Quercus forest was relative stable .Azadirachta indica-Dodonaea angustifolia plantation was becoming stable after 5 years' restoration .Others were not stable .The scrub and grass clump were degraded , and their vegetation needed to be restored [ Ch , 2 fig .4 tab .22 ref .]
Orthopteran diversities of 10 ecosystems were investigated by sweep netting method in dry-hot valley of Yuanmou , Yunnan .349 orthopteran samples including 25 species were collected .Among them , Acridoidea was the most abundant , with 19 species occupying 76.0 % of the total species .Punica granatum plantation was richest in species , while Dodonaea angustifolia-Heteropogonetea contortus scrub and grass clump were poorest in species by species richness S and Margalef index .The maximum of Shannon-Wiener diversity index was found in the Punica granatum plantation , and the minimum was in the scrub and grass clump .The Orthopterans diversity was lower in Pinus yunnanensis plantation and the scrub and grass clump by Shannon-Wiener index , Simpson index , Pielou index and Atatalo index .With diversity ranking using Patil and Taillies right-tail-sum method , the diversity of many sample communities couldnt be compared with each other .The diversity in the Punica granatum plantation was higher than others except the Mangifera indica plantation , and the diversity was lowest in Pinus yunnanensis forest and the scrub and grass clump .Azadirachta indica-Schleichera oleosa plantation and Punica granatum plantation had the greatest similarity coefficient showed by Jaccard indices , The smallest similarity coefficient was found in Pinus yunnanensis plantation and Pinus yunnanensis-Quercus forest .Dimocarpus longan plantation and Punica granatum plantation had the greatest , while Pinus yunnanensis-Quercus forest and the scrub and grass clump had the smallest similarity coefficient showed by Morista-Horn indices .Jaccard indices were more efficient than Morista-Horn indices in this study .The Orthopterans communities in the 10 sample plots were divided into 5 types using cluster analysis .The habitat of Pinus yunnanensis-Quercus forest was stable .Through more than 30 years' restoration, Pinus yunnanensis-Quercus forest was relative stable .Azadirachta indica-Dodonaea angustifolia plantation was becoming stable after 5 years' restoration .Others were not stable .The scrub and grass clump were degraded , and their vegetation needed to be restored [ Ch , 2 fig .4 tab .22 ref .]
2006, 23(3): 323-327.
Abstract:
Bioacoustics is an interdisciplinary course of ethology and physical acoustics .Bioacoustics enters a new research phase and shows powerful vitality with multidisciplinary penetration , communication and promotion . Birdsong is one of the most active domains in bioacoustics .The development process , methods , domains and applications of birdsong are briefly introduced .Methods of recording and analyzing birdsong are improved by using more and more convenient and practical equipments .The research contents expand into more areas such as ethology , anatomy , acoustics , neurophysiology , systematics and so on .To apply birdsong into monitoring wildlife , dispersing hazardous birds in agriculture , forestry , fishery and birdstrike , touring is prosperous .Finally , aspects in birdsong for further study in China were summarized .[ Ch , 54 ref .]
Bioacoustics is an interdisciplinary course of ethology and physical acoustics .Bioacoustics enters a new research phase and shows powerful vitality with multidisciplinary penetration , communication and promotion . Birdsong is one of the most active domains in bioacoustics .The development process , methods , domains and applications of birdsong are briefly introduced .Methods of recording and analyzing birdsong are improved by using more and more convenient and practical equipments .The research contents expand into more areas such as ethology , anatomy , acoustics , neurophysiology , systematics and so on .To apply birdsong into monitoring wildlife , dispersing hazardous birds in agriculture , forestry , fishery and birdstrike , touring is prosperous .Finally , aspects in birdsong for further study in China were summarized .[ Ch , 54 ref .]
2006, 23(3): 328-333.
Abstract:
Wetland has great ecological and environmental value .Every country attaches much importance to the protection and management of the wetland .There have been seven international meetings , of which the Fifth , the Sixth , and the Seventh are more important .To protect the wetland , countries such as the USA , Canada and Australia have put forward corresponding wetland protection policies and made a large number of researches on the fields of water resources comprehensive management , wetland monitoring technique , resuming and rebuilding of degraded wetland , evaluation of wetland effect , protective plans on important wetland , etc ., The protection and management of wetland in China can be divided into three stages .Macroscopical studies are mainly focused on seven aspects such as wetland protection and developing , etc ., while microscopical studies are mainly on swamps , lakes , rivers and coastal wetland .Based on a full account of studies made at home and abroad , this paper explores into the aspects of wetland natural reserve construction , wetland protection and development , wetland monitoring system construction , and wetland legislation , etc ..It also points out that measures should be taken to strengthen wetland protection and management :(1)water resources comprehensive management ;(2)the acting of Action Plans of China Wetland Protection ; (3) rescuing protection of important wetland ;(4) the combination of protection management and resuming and rebuilding of degraded wetland ;(5) promoting the legislation of wetland protection and management .[ Ch , 39 ref .]
Wetland has great ecological and environmental value .Every country attaches much importance to the protection and management of the wetland .There have been seven international meetings , of which the Fifth , the Sixth , and the Seventh are more important .To protect the wetland , countries such as the USA , Canada and Australia have put forward corresponding wetland protection policies and made a large number of researches on the fields of water resources comprehensive management , wetland monitoring technique , resuming and rebuilding of degraded wetland , evaluation of wetland effect , protective plans on important wetland , etc ., The protection and management of wetland in China can be divided into three stages .Macroscopical studies are mainly focused on seven aspects such as wetland protection and developing , etc ., while microscopical studies are mainly on swamps , lakes , rivers and coastal wetland .Based on a full account of studies made at home and abroad , this paper explores into the aspects of wetland natural reserve construction , wetland protection and development , wetland monitoring system construction , and wetland legislation , etc ..It also points out that measures should be taken to strengthen wetland protection and management :(1)water resources comprehensive management ;(2)the acting of Action Plans of China Wetland Protection ; (3) rescuing protection of important wetland ;(4) the combination of protection management and resuming and rebuilding of degraded wetland ;(5) promoting the legislation of wetland protection and management .[ Ch , 39 ref .]
2006, 23(3): 334-337.
Abstract:
Torreya grandis 'Merrillii' , which only produced in China , is an elite cultivar for its high economic and ecological values .In order to get a clear prospect of the development future of T. grandis 'Merrillii' in Hangzhou , an investigation into the current plantation was carried out .It was found out that there were several advantages to develop T. grandis 'Merrilliiproduction in Hangzhou :rich wild resources , successful plantation in Jiande and Lin'an , and farmer's positive attitude .Also , four strategies were proposed against the common production problems .The strategies were good development planning , improving seedling culture , adaptive management , and increasing input and good service .[ Ch , 1 tab .10 ref .]
Torreya grandis 'Merrillii' , which only produced in China , is an elite cultivar for its high economic and ecological values .In order to get a clear prospect of the development future of T. grandis 'Merrillii' in Hangzhou , an investigation into the current plantation was carried out .It was found out that there were several advantages to develop T. grandis 'Merrilliiproduction in Hangzhou :rich wild resources , successful plantation in Jiande and Lin'an , and farmer's positive attitude .Also , four strategies were proposed against the common production problems .The strategies were good development planning , improving seedling culture , adaptive management , and increasing input and good service .[ Ch , 1 tab .10 ref .]
2006, 23(3): 338-341.
Abstract:
Since 1980 , the property right of the state-owned forest had changed enormously in Zhejiang .As far as the range and scale were concerned , the property rights were changing constantly and the forms were becoming more diversified .The changes were composed of two types :simultaneous changes in property right of forest environment and ownership of forest land and simultaneous changes in usufruct of forest land and property right of forest environment.The compensation of lost rights was priced by negotiation .There were some limitations in the arrangement of the property rights alteration such as non-standard operation procedure , the management system of forest resource asset having not been established yet and the imperfect laws and regulations .To improve the management of the alteration of forest resources property rights , it was suggested that the owners of the property rights and their powers should be defined clearly ;the management system of forest resources should be improved ; the transaction of property rights of forest resources should be improved ;the construction of market for property rights transaction should be strengthened ;laws and regulations should be improved .[ Ch , 7 ref .]
Since 1980 , the property right of the state-owned forest had changed enormously in Zhejiang .As far as the range and scale were concerned , the property rights were changing constantly and the forms were becoming more diversified .The changes were composed of two types :simultaneous changes in property right of forest environment and ownership of forest land and simultaneous changes in usufruct of forest land and property right of forest environment.The compensation of lost rights was priced by negotiation .There were some limitations in the arrangement of the property rights alteration such as non-standard operation procedure , the management system of forest resource asset having not been established yet and the imperfect laws and regulations .To improve the management of the alteration of forest resources property rights , it was suggested that the owners of the property rights and their powers should be defined clearly ;the management system of forest resources should be improved ; the transaction of property rights of forest resources should be improved ;the construction of market for property rights transaction should be strengthened ;laws and regulations should be improved .[ Ch , 7 ref .]
2006, 23(3): 342-346.
Abstract:
Through investigations into a portion of Chinese ancient books , it was discovered that the emergence of Chinese ancient grafting was enlightened by the phenomenon of two branches of different trees twined together in nature .Before the WesternHan Dynasty (206 BC -25 AD), grafting was had been applied in production .Ancient people used it to shorten productive cycle , keep special character of species and expand reproduce coefficient . Ancient people also summarized four methods and six methods from grafting practice , and discovered many factors impacting on the survival rate of grafting such as selection of scion and stock , grafting time and grafting technique .The ancients put forward the conception of gas and liquid to explain the survival principle , and posed the view that plants with close relation applied in grafting are easy to survive on the base of summarizing a great deal of grafting practise .[ Ch , 18 ref .]
Through investigations into a portion of Chinese ancient books , it was discovered that the emergence of Chinese ancient grafting was enlightened by the phenomenon of two branches of different trees twined together in nature .Before the WesternHan Dynasty (206 BC -25 AD), grafting was had been applied in production .Ancient people used it to shorten productive cycle , keep special character of species and expand reproduce coefficient . Ancient people also summarized four methods and six methods from grafting practice , and discovered many factors impacting on the survival rate of grafting such as selection of scion and stock , grafting time and grafting technique .The ancients put forward the conception of gas and liquid to explain the survival principle , and posed the view that plants with close relation applied in grafting are easy to survive on the base of summarizing a great deal of grafting practise .[ Ch , 18 ref .]
2006, 23(3): 347-350.
Abstract:
The bulb segments of Lycoris albiflora were cultured in vitro onMS mediums supplemented with different concentrations of BA and NAA .The results showed that the highest induction frequency (100 %)was obtained on the medium of MS +BA (1.0 mgL-1) +NAA (0.1 mgL-1)and MS +BA (5.0 mgL-1) +NAA (2.0 mgL-1)was most ideal proliferated medium , its proliferation multiple was 15 .While MS medium supplemented with BA (1.0 mgL-1) +NAA (2.0 mgL-1)was effective for rooting .[ Ch , 5 tab .11 ref .]
The bulb segments of Lycoris albiflora were cultured in vitro onMS mediums supplemented with different concentrations of BA and NAA .The results showed that the highest induction frequency (100 %)was obtained on the medium of MS +BA (1.0 mgL-1) +NAA (0.1 mgL-1)and MS +BA (5.0 mgL-1) +NAA (2.0 mgL-1)was most ideal proliferated medium , its proliferation multiple was 15 .While MS medium supplemented with BA (1.0 mgL-1) +NAA (2.0 mgL-1)was effective for rooting .[ Ch , 5 tab .11 ref .]
2006, 23(3): 351-356.
Abstract:
With the method of full-light and auto-interval mist cutting , the internal factors affecting rooting of cutting hardwood of Picea balfouriana were studied systematically .The effects of the hormone , wood types , wood length , direction of cutting , cut treatment and ring cutting on the rooting ability of cutting wood of Picea balfouriana were studied respectively .The results showed that applying the cutting wood with 200 mgkg-1 ABT No.1 rooting powder for 3 hours or 500 mgkg-1 ABT No.1 rooting powder for 1 hour or dipping them with 1 000 mgk-1 IBA quickly had good effects on the cutting , the rooting rates being 81.0 %, 76.2 % and 78.6 %respectively .The best cutting length was between 12 cm and 20 cm .There was no difference in rooting ratio among different wood directions and four wood cut treatments .The rooting ratio of cutting wood treated by ringing was lower than those without ringing .[ Ch , 3 tab .18 ref .]
With the method of full-light and auto-interval mist cutting , the internal factors affecting rooting of cutting hardwood of Picea balfouriana were studied systematically .The effects of the hormone , wood types , wood length , direction of cutting , cut treatment and ring cutting on the rooting ability of cutting wood of Picea balfouriana were studied respectively .The results showed that applying the cutting wood with 200 mgkg-1 ABT No.1 rooting powder for 3 hours or 500 mgkg-1 ABT No.1 rooting powder for 1 hour or dipping them with 1 000 mgk-1 IBA quickly had good effects on the cutting , the rooting rates being 81.0 %, 76.2 % and 78.6 %respectively .The best cutting length was between 12 cm and 20 cm .There was no difference in rooting ratio among different wood directions and four wood cut treatments .The rooting ratio of cutting wood treated by ringing was lower than those without ringing .[ Ch , 3 tab .18 ref .]
