Forest fire weather indexes for the fire danger period in Zhejiang Province

SHI Jingjing; ZHANG Chao; YU Shuquan; MAO Shiliang; LI Xiupeng

doi:10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2014.02.011

Volume 31 Issue 2

Mar. 2014

Turn off MathJax

Article Contents

Article Navigation > Journal of Zhejiang A&F University > 2014 > 31(2): 231-237

SHI Jingjing, ZHANG Chao, YU Shuquan, MAO Shiliang, LI Xiupeng. Forest fire weather indexes for the fire danger period in Zhejiang Province[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2014, 31(2): 231-237. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2014.02.011

Citation:

SHI Jingjing, ZHANG Chao, YU Shuquan, MAO Shiliang, LI Xiupeng. Forest fire weather indexes for the fire danger period in Zhejiang Province[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2014, 31(2): 231-237. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2014.02.011

Forest fire weather indexes for the fire danger period in Zhejiang Province

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2014.02.011

1.
School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an 311300, Zhejiang, China
2.
The Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an 311300, Zhejiang, China
3.
Forest Fire Monitorial Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310020, Zhejiang, China
4.
Forest Technology Extension Station of Ningbo City, Ningbo 315000, Zhejiang, China

Received Date: 2013-04-06
Rev Recd Date: 2013-05-14
Publish Date: 2014-04-20

Abstract

Based on forest fire statistics of Zhejiang Province, the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index (CFFWIS) System was used to analyze the changes of forest fire weather indices during the forest fire danger period. Results showed that forest fire frequency of the study area would decrease, but the average area burned per fire would increase during the fire danger period(P<0.01). The Fine Fuels Moisture Code(FFMC) and the initial spread index(ISI) reached a high level and could be used as strong indicators of fire danger in Zhejiang forests(P<0.05). During the fire danger period of the study area, fuel moisture codes, fire behavior indices, and fire severity indices from 1991-2011 increased overall. Combustible dry conditions of the spring fire season had reached a dangerous level and had a higher rate than autumn and winter fire seasons(P<0.05). Therefore, forest fire prevention and control work in the region, especially in spring, is urgently needed.
- forest protection,
- fire danger period,
- forest fire danger,
- fire weather index,
- Zhejiang Province

Relative Article

[1]	HUANG Xiaofen, BAI Ou. Spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of forest villages in Zhejiang Province . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(4): 884-893. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210558
[2]	HE Sixiao, ZHANG Jianguo. Spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of forest health care brand resources in Zhejiang Province . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(1): 180-189. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210103
[3]	ZHANG Jianguo, XU Xian. Research on the spatial distribution of forest parks and tourism development in Zhejiang Province . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(5): 1124-1132. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210252
[4]	GE Yang, ZHANG Jianguo. Spatial distribution features and influence factors of forest towns in Zhejiang Province . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2020, 37(2): 374-381. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2020.02.024
[5]	FENG Xue, WU Dasheng, LUO Wenjian. A multi-depot emergency scheduling algorithm for forest fire prevention . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2013, 30(2): 257-262. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2013.02.016
[6]	JIANG Guangyu, XU Aijun, HUANG Xiaoyin, SHAO Jianlong. Optimal path algorithm for forest fire prevention with constraints . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2013, 30(1): 76-82. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2013.01.011
[7]	ZHANG Jiajia, FU Weijun, DU Qun, ZHANG Guojiang, JIANG Peikun. Determinants of spatial distribution of forest litter carbon densities in Zhejiang Province . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2013, 30(6): 814-820. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2013.06.003
[8]	QIN Fei-fei, TANG Li-hua. Study on synchronization tracking algorithm in remote video monitoring of forest fires based on DEM . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2012, 29(6): 917-922. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2012.06.017
[9]	XU Ai-jun, HUANG Xiao-yin, JIANG Guang-yu, SHAO Jian-long. Precision fire hazard divisions for collective forest in southern China . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2012, 29(1): 65-71. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2012.01.012
[10]	YE Ling-yan, FU Wei-jun, JIANG Pei-kun, LI Yong-fu, ZHANG Guo-jiang, DU Qun. Spatial variation of basic chemical properties and organic carbon storage for forest top-soil in Zhejiang Province . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2012, 29(6): 803-810. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2012.06.001
[11]	HUANG Xiao-yin, XU Ai-jun, ZHANG Chen-hui. Evaluation and optimization methods of forest fire monitoring resources allocation . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2011, 28(4): 583-589. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2011.04.010
[12]	XIN Xiao-ying, JIANG Hong, ZHOU Guo-mo, YU Shu-quan, WANG Yong-he. Canadian forest fire weather index （FWI） system：a review . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2011, 28(2): 314-318. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2011.02.023
[13]	QIU Jin-hong, SHEN Ming-xia, CONG Jing-hua, LI Long-guo. Monocular vision technique based real-time location of fire-point in forest . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2010, 27(5): 651-658. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2010.05.003
[14]	XIA Qi-biao, LI Guang-hui, YIN Jian-xin. Application of percolation theory in forest fire simulation . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2009, 26(2): 233-238.
[15]	ZHANG Fang-gang, ZHANG Yang, WEI Fu-ming, CHEN Zi-lin. Two species and one variety of seed plants new to Zhejiang Province . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2009, 26(1): 145-146.
[16]	CHEN Pei-jin, XU Ai-jun, SHAO Xiang-jun, LIU Ai-jun. Design and implementation of GIS-based forest fire assessment algorithm . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2008, 25(1): 72-77.
[17]	LOU Xiong-wei, FANG Lu-ming, XU Ai-jun, YE Xiang-gen. Data fusion with 3D modeling for forest fire prevention background database . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2008, 25(4): 405-410.
[18]	MA Shui-long, SHI Yu-ming, ZHONG Yue-liang, ZHU Xi, ZHU Jun-wen. Avifauna of Jiulongshan National Forest Park in Zhejiang Province . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2006, 23(4): 449-454.
[19]	HU Shao-qing, FU Jin-yao, CHEN Chun-sheng. On Pseudotaxus chieniie coenology in Zhejiang . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2001, 18(4): 375-379.
[20]	MA Liang-jin, YU Cai-zhu, YING Ting-long, WANG Zu-Liang, ZHONG Zhi-hua. A preliminary report on Cryphonectia parasitica in Zhejiang Province . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2000, 17(1): 63-66.

References

[1]	ZHAO Fengjun, SHU Lifu, TIAN Xiaorui, et al. Change trends of forest fire danger in Yunnan Province in 1957-2007[J]. Chin J Ecol, 2009, 28(11):2333-2338.
[2]	LI Jianhui, LUAN Qing, MA Yali, et al. Study on forest fire danger level warning based on satellite remote sensing[J]. For Resour Manage, 2012(1):91-119.
[3]	DI Xueying, LI Yongfu, SUN Jian, et al. Dynamics of forest fire weather indices in Tahe County of Great Xing'an Mountains region' Heilongjiang Province[J]. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2011, 22(5):1240-1246.
[4]	LYNHAM T J, STOCKS B J. Suitability of the Canadian forest fire danger rating system for use in the Daxing'anling forestry management bureau, Heilongjiang Province, China[C]//MACIVER D C, AULD H, WHITE R. 10th Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology. Ottawa:Forestry Canada and Environment Canada, 1989:232-246.
[5]	ZHAO Fengjun, SHU Lifu, TIAN Xiaorui, et al. The changes of forest fuel dryness conditions under global warming in Inner Mongolia Daxing'anling forest region[J]. Acta Ecol Sin, 2009, 29(4):1914-1920.
[6]	TIAN Xiaorui, DOUGLAS J M, SHU Lifu, et al. Changes of forest fire danger and the evaluation of the FWI system application in the Daxing'anling region[J]. Sci Silv Sin, 2010, 46(5):127-132.
[7]	XIN Xiaoying. Study on the Impacts of Climate Change on Forest Fires and the Evaluation of the FWI System Application in the Zhejiang Province[D]. Lin'an:Zhejiang A & F University, 2011.
[8]	WANG Mingyu, SHU Lifu, ZHAO Fengjun, et al. Characteristics of forest fuel and potential fire behavior in Xishan Mountain of Beijing[J]. Sci Silv Sin, 2010, 46(1):84-90.
[9]	MAO Shiliang, YANG Youping, JIA Weijiang, et al. Study on regularity and trend of forest fire in Zhejiang Province[J]. J Zhejiang For Sci Technol, 2004, 24(1):16-20.
[10]	TIAN Xiaolong. The Relationship between FWI, Climate Conditions and Forest Fuel Fires in Zhejiang[D]. Lin'an:Zhejiang A & F University, 2012.
[11]	XU Aijun, HUANG Xiaoying, JIANG Guangyu, et al. Precision fire hazard divisions for collective forest in southern China[J]. J Zhejiang A & F Univ, 2012, 29(1):65-71.
[12]	LIU Qixia, CHANG Jie, JIANG Bo,et al. The biomass of the evergreen broad-leaved ecological public-welfare forests in Zhejiang, East China[J]. Acta Ecol Sin, 2005, 25(9):2139-2144.

[14]	van WAGNER C E. Development and Structure of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System[M]. Ottawa:Canadian Forest Service, 1987.
[15]	van WAGNER C E, PICKETT T L. Equations and FORTRAN Program for the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System[M]. Ottawa:Canadian Forest Service,1985.

Proportional views

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

Figures(3) / Tables(1)

Get Citation

PDF

XML

Article views(4169) PDF downloads(605) Cited by()

Proportional views

HTML

森林火险是对影响林火的发生、蔓延、难控程度以及火环境中所有因子的综合评价。火险指数(fire danger index)为一个相对数字,用以指示森林火险的严峻程度^[1]。在火灾发生的环境条件中,气象条件在其中起着至关重要的作用,有利的气象条件可使林火很快得到控制,不利的气象条件则会加快火势的蔓延,造成重大的经济损失^[2]。森林火险天气指标是常被用来指示受气象因子变化影响的标准可燃物类型林地上火灾发生危险程度的量化指标^[3]。加拿大森林火险天气指标系统(Canadian forest fire weather index system,CFFWIS)是世界各地广泛应用的相对完善的系统。早在20世纪80年代CFFWIS就引入到中国东北林区并应用于森林火灾的控制和管理,并取得了显著成效^[4]。随后,一些学者在中国的其他地区也相继运用加拿大森林火险天气指标系统开展了对林火天气动态变化的研究,如赵凤君等^[5]利用每日气象数据和加拿大火险天气指数系统(FWI),分析了气候变暖背景下林区可燃物干燥状况的变化及对林火的影响；田晓瑞等^[6]对1987-2006 年大兴安岭的森林火险进行了分析,并重新对火险天气指数系统进行适应性评估；邸雪颖等^[3]利用加拿大火险等级预报系统输出的火险天气指标,定性和定量相结合地分析了气候变化下森林火险天气年际及各火险期动态变化趋势。信晓颖^[7]曾对该系统在浙江省的适用性进行了初步研究,从火险天气指数系统角度研究了气候条件变化对森林火灾的影响,得到了该系统在浙江省有很好的适应性的结论。森林可燃物是森林燃烧的基本条件,天气异常与森林可燃物变化相结合,森林火灾发生危险性有增加的趋势^[8]。近年来,全球气候变化造成极端天气发生频繁,加之浙江省林业发展与生态建设力度不断加大,森林覆盖率不断提高,森林火燃料不断积累,森林火灾成高发态势。国内针对浙江省森林火灾的研究文献比较少,而且主要涉及森林火灾的时空分布分析和火险等级区划研究^[9-11]。笔者分析了1991-2011年气候变化对浙江省森林火灾的影响,并利用加拿大森林火险天气指标系统输出的火险指标分析全球气候变暖背景下浙江省森林火险期火灾的动态变化趋势,可为浙江省未来的森林火灾的防控和监测工作提供理论依据。

1. 研究区概况

浙江省(27°12′~31°31′N,118°01′~123°10′E)地处中国东南沿海、长江三角洲南翼,陆域面积为10.41万km²。浙江省地形复杂,全省以分割破碎的低山和丘陵为主,西南部略高,平均海拔为800 m。该区气候类型为典型的亚热带季风气候,气温适中,光照较强,湿润多雨,雨热同期,四季分明,年日照时数为1 800~2 300 h,年平均降水量为1 000~2 000 mm。植被属于亚热带常绿阔叶林区域—东部(湿润)常绿阔叶林亚区域—中亚热带常绿阔叶林地带^[12]。森林覆盖率达60.5%,森林群落结构比较完整,具有乔木林、灌木林、草本等3层完整结构,森林植被类型、森林类型、乔木林龄组成类型较丰富。

2. 数据来源与研究方法

2.1. 数据来源

C_DATA[1991-2011年每日气象数据来源于国家气象局气象要素共享中心(http://new-cdc.cma.gov.cn)。本研究选取浙江省16个气象站点,选取的气象要素包括：日最高气温、平均相对湿度、平均风速、24 h降水量。1991-2011年浙江省森林火灾数据(包括林火发生时间、扑灭时间、火点地理坐标、过火面积、火因和火灾损失等)来源于浙江省林业厅林火监测中心。

2.2. 火险天气指标

加拿大森林火险天气指标体系(CFFWIS)作为CFFDRS的一个重要子系统,提供了通过可燃物含水率及潜在火行为评价的火灾危险评价体系。该系统的输出仅依赖于日常的气象参数(每天中午测量空气温度,相对湿度,风速和24 h降水量),并不考虑燃料类型或地形的差异,当天的湿度码值由当天测量的气象数据值和前1天的湿度码计算得到^[13]。

输出的前3个指标是可燃物湿度指标,包括细小可燃物湿度码(C_FFM),半腐层湿度码(C_DM)和干旱码(C_D) ,它们分别反映森林凋落物中不同层的湿度。C_FFM代表了地表上部厚度为1.2 cm的枯枝落叶和其他细小可燃物和的含水率,反映森林植被可燃物的引燃程度,其值越大表明当天林火火险等级越高； C_DM表示了半分解较松散的腐殖质上层地表可燃物的含水率,它决定了林火的强度,其值越高表明林地中等下层落叶层可燃物越干燥； C_D代表了森林地被物中深层的细密有机物的含水率,它决定了地下深层燃烧。这3个指数与森林不同层次可燃物的含水率有着直接的联系,C_FFM影响着森林火灾的开始和蔓延,而C_DM和C_D与中下层可燃物的干燥程度有关,从而影响火燃料的潜在消耗。

输出的后3个指标是火行为指标,即初始蔓延指标(I_IS),有效可燃物指标(I_BU)和火险天气指标(I_FW)。 I_IS由C_FFM和风速决定,是反映不同森林类型火灾蔓延等级的一个很好指标； I_BU由C_DM 和C_D决定,反映了森林可燃物对燃烧蔓延的有效性,代表可燃物的潜在燃烧量； I_FW是由I_IS和I_BU所决定的最终指标,表示火线强度,即单位火线长度的能量释放率,也可说明森林火险等级。这3个指标代表了火行为的不同方面,在防火管理应用中至关重要。

不同地点的火险严重程度可以通过日严重指标(daily severity rating,R_DS)进行比较,它可用来描述某时段内1个气象站平均火险或某区域一些气象站观测的平均森林火险,用R_DS = 0. 027 2(I_FW)1. 77计算。防火期内R_DS的平均值为火险期严峻度(seasonal severity rating,RSS),它是防火期平均控制火灾难易度的指标^[14]。 2.3 数据处理本研究使用的火险天气指数系统计算机程序是由Wagner等^[15]在1985年重新研究制定的,通过批量输入1991-2011年日常气候观测数据(日最高气温、平均相对湿度、平均风速、日降水量)计算各气象站每天的I_FW各指数的值,包括3 个可燃物指标值(C_FFM,C_DM,C_D),3 个火行为指标值(I_IS,I_BU,I_FW)和1个火险严重程度指标值(R_DS)。可燃物湿度码初始值设定为C_FFM=85,C_DM=6,C_D=15。

Reference (15)

[1]	赵凤君, 舒立福, 田晓瑞. 957-2007年云南省森林火险变化[J]. 生态学杂志, 2009, 28(11): 2333-2338.	ZHAO Fengjun, SHU Lifu, TIAN Xiaorui. Change trends of forest fire danger in Yunnan Province in 1957-2007[J]. Chin J Ecol, 2009, 28(11): 2333-2338.
[2]	李建辉, 栾青, 马雅丽. 基于卫星遥感的森林火险等级预警研究[J]. 林业资源管理, 2012, (1): 91-119.	LI Jianhui, LUAN Qing, MA Yali. Study on forest fire danger level warning based on satellite remote sensing[J]. For Resour Manage, 2012, (1): 91-119.
[3]	邸雪颖, 李永福, 孙建. 黑龙江省大兴安岭地区塔河县森林火险天气指标动态[J]. 应用生态学报, 2011, 22(5): 1240-1246.	DI Xueying, LI Yongfu, SUN Jian. Dynamics of forest fire weather indices in Tahe County of Great Xing'an Mountains region' Heilongjiang Province[J]. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2011, 22(5): 1240-1246.
[4]	LYNHAM T J, STOCKS B J. Suitability of the Canadian forest fire danger rating system for use in the Daxing'anling forestry management bureau, Heilongjiang Province, China[C]//MACIVER D C, AULD H, WHITE R. 10th Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology. Ottawa:Forestry Canada and Environment Canada, 1989:232-246.
[5]	赵凤君, 舒立福, 田晓瑞. 气候变暖背景下内蒙古大兴安岭林区森林可燃物干燥状况的变化[J]. 生态学报, 2009, 29(4): 1914-1920.	ZHAO Fengjun, SHU Lifu, TIAN Xiaorui. The changes of forest fuel dryness conditions under global warming in Inner Mongolia Daxing'anling forest region[J]. Acta Ecol Sin, 2009, 29(4): 1914-1920.
[6]	田晓瑞, DOUGLASJ M, 舒立福. 大兴安岭地区森林火险变化及FWI适用性评估[J]. 林业科学, 2010, 46(5): 127-132.	TIAN Xiaorui, DOUGLAS J M, SHU Lifu. Changes of forest fire danger and the evaluation of the FWI system application in the Daxing'anling region[J]. Sci Silv Sin, 2010, 46(5): 127-132.
[7]	信晓颖. 气候变化对浙江省森林火灾的影响及FWI适用性研究[D]. 临安:浙江农林大学, 2011.	XIN Xiaoying. Study on the Impacts of Climate Change on Forest Fires and the Evaluation of the FWI System Application in the Zhejiang Province[D]. Lin'an:Zhejiang A & F University, 2011.
[8]	王明玉, 舒立福, 赵凤君. 北京西山可燃物特点及潜在火行为[J]. 林业科学, 2010, 46(1): 84-90.	WANG Mingyu, SHU Lifu, ZHAO Fengjun. Characteristics of forest fuel and potential fire behavior in Xishan Mountain of Beijing[J]. Sci Silv Sin, 2010, 46(1): 84-90.
[9]	茅史亮, 杨幼平, 贾伟江. 浙江森林火灾发生规律与发展趋势研究[J]. 浙江林业科技, 2004, 24(1): 16-20.	MAO Shiliang, YANG Youping, JIA Weijiang. Study on regularity and trend of forest fire in Zhejiang Province[J]. J Zhejiang For Sci Technol, 2004, 24(1): 16-20.
[10]	田小龙. 浙江省火气候指数与火燃料耦合关系的时空动态分析预警[D]. 临安:浙江农林大学, 2012.	TIAN Xiaolong. The Relationship between FWI, Climate Conditions and Forest Fuel Fires in Zhejiang[D]. Lin'an:Zhejiang A & F University, 2012.
[11]	徐爱俊, 黄小银, 姜广宇. 南方林区森林火险精准区划方法[J]. 浙江农林大学学报, 2012, 29(1): 65-71.	XU Aijun, HUANG Xiaoying, JIANG Guangyu. Precision fire hazard divisions for collective forest in southern China[J]. J Zhejiang A & F Univ, 2012, 29(1): 65-71.
[12]	刘其霞, 常杰, 江波. 浙江省常绿阔叶生态公益林生物量[J]. 生态学报, 2005, 25(9): 2139-2144.	LIU Qixia, CHANG Jie, JIANG Bo. The biomass of the evergreen broad-leaved ecological public-welfare forests in Zhejiang, East China[J]. Acta Ecol Sin, 2005, 25(9): 2139-2144.
[13]	信晓颖, 江洪, 周国模. 加拿大森林火险气候指数系统(FWI)的原理及应用[J]. J 浙江农林大学学报, 2011, 28(2): 314-318.
[14]	van WAGNER C E. Development and Structure of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System[M]. Ottawa:Canadian Forest Service, 1987.
[15]	van WAGNER C E, PICKETT T L. Equations and FORTRAN Program for the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System[M]. Ottawa:Canadian Forest Service,1985.

	C_FFM	C_DM	C_D	I_IS	I_BU	I_FW	R_SS
次数	0.894**	0.795*	0.853*	0.848*	0.817*	0.805*	0.773
过火面积	0.841*	0.682	0.750	0.758*	0.706	0.693	0.656
说明: *P<0.01,P<0.05,n=7。

Forest fire weather indexes for the fire danger period in Zhejiang Province

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2014.02.011