Origin and evolution of Xerinae

ZHENG Fangdong; BAO Qimin; LIN Lisi; ZHANG Shusheng; LIU Xi

doi:10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2015.05.021

Volume 32 Issue 5

Sep. 2015

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ZHENG Fangdong, BAO Qimin, LIN Lisi, ZHANG Shusheng, LIU Xi. Origin and evolution of Xerinae[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2015, 32(5): 797-802. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2015.05.021

Citation:

ZHENG Fangdong, BAO Qimin, LIN Lisi, ZHANG Shusheng, LIU Xi. Origin and evolution of Xerinae[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2015, 32(5): 797-802. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2015.05.021

Origin and evolution of Xerinae

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2015.05.021

1.
Management Office, Wuyanling National Nature Reserve, Taishun 325500, Zhejiang, China

Received Date: 2014-06-25
Rev Recd Date: 2015-01-06
Publish Date: 2015-10-20

Abstract

The origin and evolution of Xerinae, a subfamily of squirrels, were chronicled revealing that their high biodiversity and wide distribution were due to the Africa-Eurasia Land Bridge and the Bering Land Bridge which facilitated dispersal and adaptive radiation. Both fossil and molecular evidence showed that Xerinae originated in Eurasia around the early-Oligocene epoch and soon evolved into three clades. Clade 1 dispersed to Africa via the Africa-Eurasia Land Bridge when it was first formed about 19 million years （Ma） ago. Since there was no competition from tree squirrels, Clade 1 gradually evolved into the Protoxerini. Clade 2 dispersed to Africa with the second formation of the Africa-Eurasia Land Bridge about 14 Ma evolving into Atlantoxerus and Xerus. Clade 3 was the ancestor of the Marmotini tribe; it evolved into Sciurotamias in Eurasia and simultaneously dispersed to North America via the Bering Land Bridge around the mid-Oligocene epoch. Following emergence of grass-dominated ecosystems in North America, this clade evolved into Tamias, Spermophilus, Marmota, and Cynomys. Tamias, Spermophilus, and Marmota re-occupied Eurasia in the Miocene period, and then Spermophilus and Marmota underwent their adaptive radiation in Eurasia. Xerinae thrived mainly because of morphological and behavioral variations that aided in adaptation to environmental change. During this course of evolution, ground dwellers like Marmota, Cynomys, and Spermophilus developed larger bodies with shorter tails; whereas, forest dwellers maintained slim bodies with relatively longer tails. ［Ch, 2 fig. 53 ref.］
- zoology,
- Xerinae,
- origin,
- evolution,
- review

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

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Origin and evolution of Xerinae

1. Management Office, Wuyanling National Nature Reserve, Taishun 325500, Zhejiang, China

Received Date: 2014-06-25

Rev Recd Date: 2015-01-06

Publish Date: 2015-10-20

Key words:

zoology /
Xerinae /
origin /
evolution /
review

Abstract: The origin and evolution of Xerinae, a subfamily of squirrels, were chronicled revealing that their high biodiversity and wide distribution were due to the Africa-Eurasia Land Bridge and the Bering Land Bridge which facilitated dispersal and adaptive radiation. Both fossil and molecular evidence showed that Xerinae originated in Eurasia around the early-Oligocene epoch and soon evolved into three clades. Clade 1 dispersed to Africa via the Africa-Eurasia Land Bridge when it was first formed about 19 million years （Ma） ago. Since there was no competition from tree squirrels, Clade 1 gradually evolved into the Protoxerini. Clade 2 dispersed to Africa with the second formation of the Africa-Eurasia Land Bridge about 14 Ma evolving into Atlantoxerus and Xerus. Clade 3 was the ancestor of the Marmotini tribe; it evolved into Sciurotamias in Eurasia and simultaneously dispersed to North America via the Bering Land Bridge around the mid-Oligocene epoch. Following emergence of grass-dominated ecosystems in North America, this clade evolved into Tamias, Spermophilus, Marmota, and Cynomys. Tamias, Spermophilus, and Marmota re-occupied Eurasia in the Miocene period, and then Spermophilus and Marmota underwent their adaptive radiation in Eurasia. Xerinae thrived mainly because of morphological and behavioral variations that aided in adaptation to environmental change. During this course of evolution, ground dwellers like Marmota, Cynomys, and Spermophilus developed larger bodies with shorter tails; whereas, forest dwellers maintained slim bodies with relatively longer tails. ［Ch, 2 fig. 53 ref.］

Origin and evolution of Xerinae

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2015.05.021

Abstract

References

Proportional views

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

Related

Proportional views