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嫁接是将一个植物体的枝及芽等部位接到同种或不同种植物体的适合部位,使二者接合形成一个新的植物体的技术,其中,被嫁接的部分称接穗,承担接穗的部分称砧木。嫁接作为一种广受欢迎的栽培技术,在世界各地受到广泛关注。嫁接在植物品种改良及繁殖方面应用普遍,在大豆Glycine max品种的遗传性状改良中,通过考虑根系性状来挑选合适砧木进行嫁接可以极大地增加籽粒产量,改善大豆品质[1]。不仅如此,嫁接可增强嫁接苗抵抗非生物和生物逆境(尤其是土传病害)能力,是一种重要的综合害虫管理策略技术,如用于治理土壤病原体和其他禾本科Gramineae和葫芦科Cucurbitaceae作物的害虫[2]。同时嫁接增加了植物的养分吸收及水分利用[3],在苹果Malus pumila嫁接研究中发现,利用选择优良砧木嫁接的技术手段可提升苹果的抗旱性,使其发挥更大的光化学效率及水分利用效率[4]。此外,大量研究认为,嫁接能够提高产量并改善果实品质[5-7];选择适合条件的砧木进行嫁接能够有效加强辣椒Capsicum annuum肉质厚度和坚实度等的果实品质[8];很多情况下,嫁接会与更多可持续的作物生产实践结合使用,包括降低许多国家的土壤熏蒸剂的使用率和总体使用量[9]。然而,嫁接苗的成活率是影响嫁接技术在生产中使用的一个非常重要因素。嫁接苗的成活与砧穗能否良好愈合息息相关。植物嫁接砧穗愈合是指同种或异种植物的细胞、组织或器官互相影响与作用结合成一个完整有机体的过程,不仅受温度、光照、湿度等外界因素影响,还与嫁接时砧穗之间的亲缘关系,发育阶段,亲和性及其内部生理与分子的调控有关。了解嫁接砧穗愈合机制对提高嫁接成活率和嫁接技术在生产中的应用具有重要意义。近年来,人们对嫁接认识逐渐从传统的组织学、细胞学、生理生化角度转为分子机制的探讨,并取得了许多重要的研究进展。本研究就砧穗愈合进程、生理与分子调控及影响因素方面的研究进展进行综述。
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