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氧气约占大气成分的21%,是大多数多细胞生物维持生命的必需元素,包括真菌、动物和植物。生物不仅需要氧气作为末端电子受体,以确保通过氧化磷酸化产生能量,而且在大多数代谢反应中,氧气也充当主要底物[1]。当植物生长对氧气的需求超过环境氧气的供应时,植物细胞中氧气浓度便会降低,造成缺氧。在生产中,缺氧一般是由土壤板结、淹水等因素造成的,表现为植物根系和其他器官中的氧浓度降低[2-3]。缺氧会对植物生长造成胁迫,改变植物的代谢水平,降低作物的产量[4]。缺氧会影响植物的生物量积累、激素含量、各类酶活性、细胞结构及过氧化物的产生。如ANNALISA等[5]研究发现:在缺氧条件下,拟南芥Arabidopsis thaliana细胞中活性氧(ROS)含量急剧增加,其体内过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性降低。缺氧同时也会造成乙烯在植物根系的积累,如鹰嘴豆Cicer arietinum、蚕豆Vicia faba、水稻Oryza sativa等植物淹水后根系乙烯显著积累[6-7],参与乙烯合成的2个基因ACS1和ACO5相对表达显著增加[8]。在水稻中,脱落酸(ABA)含量会因淹水降低[9],而赤霉素(GA)含量显著升高[10],说明氧气在植物的各个生理过程中都起到重要作用。在长期进化过程中,植物体也有一定的适应手段来应对缺氧的胁迫。植物在缺氧条件下,会降低自身新陈代谢的水平,如淀粉、蛋白质和脂质等代谢[3,11]。水稻[12]、玉米Zea mays [13-14]和小麦Triticum aestivum [15]等能通过在根系形成通气组织从而适应缺氧环境,特别是水稻还可以在茎秆内形成通气组织[16], 从而在淹水条件下正常生长。水稻的通气组织是由乙烯诱导,通过细胞程序性死亡和皮层细胞溶解所形成的[17]。在淹水条件下,大气中的氧气是植物体内氧气的重要来源,如芦苇Phragmites australis [18]和水稻[19],能通过通气组织将氧气输送至地下部分,从而使得它们在长期淹水的土壤中依然能正常生长。雷竹Phyllostachys violascens属禾本科Gramineae中小型散生竹类,是一种重要的笋用竹种,喜湿润,怕积水[20]。自20世纪90年代以来,覆盖增温技术在生产中得到大面积推广应用,使雷竹笋在经济价值较高的时候大量上市,显著提高了农户的经济收入,然而长期林地覆盖经营却会引起雷竹林退化[21-22]。覆盖物的阻断加上土壤中微生物大量消耗有机物质,使得雷竹林地土壤中的氧气含量降低。有学者研究表明:竹鞭上浮可能是对覆盖技术引起的土壤缺氧的适应性反应[23]。那么氧气的缺乏会对雷竹生长造成什么的影响?雷竹为适应缺氧会做出如何的响应?对于其他禾本科植物,如水稻等,其生长与氧气之间的联系研究多且较深入[24-26],但竹子生长与氧气的关系研究鲜有报道。本研究以雷竹水培苗为材料,比较分析叶面积、生物量、光合色素质量分数和抗氧化酶活性等生长及生理指标以及根系结构变化,研究缺氧对雷竹生长的影响,初步探究雷竹对缺氧的适应性机制,为雷竹在生产实践中可能退化的原因提供理论参考。
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