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基质栽培是指用特制的育苗基质将植物根系或种子固定进行育苗生产的一种无土栽培技术,发展到今天,栽培基质的工业化生产已经经历了配合基质、标准基质和定制基质阶段,并在21世纪初,在定制基质基础上,通过添加特定成分达到抗病、防虫、抗旱、抗分解等特殊性的目的要求,即功能基质阶段[1-2]。栽培基质的应用向着多元化方向发展,在基质材料的选择上,同样发生着变化。泥炭是公认的理想栽培基质,但它属于不可再生资源,大量开采会对环境造成不可逆的破坏,农林废弃物作为农林生产中产生的残留物[3-4],具有来源广泛、养分丰富的特点,利用这些物质作为基质原材料,可以解决大量的废弃物污染问题,其中丰富的养分可以保障植物的正常生长,减少化肥的使用。将农林废弃物配合黏结剂、保水剂、抗冷剂[5]等添加剂进行成型有机栽培基质的生产,可以实现优势互补,改善基质使用效果,为农林废弃物资源化利用和生态环境修复提供新的可能。本研究综述了高持水性成型有机栽培基质的发展和应用现状、基质的水分调制以及对土壤的改良情况,在此基础上提出其存在的问题及未来的发展方向,以期为今后栽培基质的发展提供借鉴。
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