Volume 39 Issue 2
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JIN Wanzhou, BU Jing, LUO Huiwen, LI Qingshun. Floristic characteristics of seed plants in Qinghai area of Qilian Mountain National Park[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(2): 289-296. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210343
Citation: JIN Wanzhou, BU Jing, LUO Huiwen, LI Qingshun. Floristic characteristics of seed plants in Qinghai area of Qilian Mountain National Park[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(2): 289-296. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210343

Floristic characteristics of seed plants in Qinghai area of Qilian Mountain National Park

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210343
  • Received Date: 2021-04-30
  • Rev Recd Date: 2021-09-06
  • Available Online: 2022-03-25
  • Publish Date: 2022-03-25
  •   Objective  This study aims to identify the floristic characteristics of seed plants in Qinghai area of Qilian Mountain National Park, so as to provide scientific basis for the protection and utilization of plant resources in this area.  Method  Using the method of route survey and sample survey, the seed plant information was collected, and the floristic composition, dominant groups, characteristic groups, and geographical components were analyzed.  Result  (1) There were 1 058 species (including infraspecific taxa) of wild seed plants belonging to 340 genera and 71 families, which accounted for 75.53%, 61.04%, 42.37% of the total families, genera and species of seed plants in Qinghai Province respectively. Asteraceae and Poaceae were the only big families with more than 100 species, but no big genera with more than 30 species were found. The families and genera were diverse in composition. (2) The dominant phenomenon was obvious, and the characteristic taxa were prominent. There were 10 dominant families, 23 dominant genera, and 8 characteristic families, and 20 characteristic genera, among which 3 families were both dominant families and characteristic families, and 9 genera were both dominant genera and characteristic genera. (3) There were 6 areal types of seed plant families, including 23 families of temperate components, accounting for 67.64% of the total families. There were 13 areal types of genera, and 246 genera with temperate components, accounting for 86.32% of the total genera. (4) Endemic families and genera were poor. There were no endemic families and 10 genera in China. (5) A variety of flora elements intersected, infiltrated and specialized, and were young.   Conclusion  Qinghai area of Qilian Mountain National Park is rich in seed plant species. The geographical composition is diverse and the temperate nature is remarkable. [Ch, 8 tab, 24 ref.]
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Floristic characteristics of seed plants in Qinghai area of Qilian Mountain National Park

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210343

Abstract:   Objective  This study aims to identify the floristic characteristics of seed plants in Qinghai area of Qilian Mountain National Park, so as to provide scientific basis for the protection and utilization of plant resources in this area.  Method  Using the method of route survey and sample survey, the seed plant information was collected, and the floristic composition, dominant groups, characteristic groups, and geographical components were analyzed.  Result  (1) There were 1 058 species (including infraspecific taxa) of wild seed plants belonging to 340 genera and 71 families, which accounted for 75.53%, 61.04%, 42.37% of the total families, genera and species of seed plants in Qinghai Province respectively. Asteraceae and Poaceae were the only big families with more than 100 species, but no big genera with more than 30 species were found. The families and genera were diverse in composition. (2) The dominant phenomenon was obvious, and the characteristic taxa were prominent. There were 10 dominant families, 23 dominant genera, and 8 characteristic families, and 20 characteristic genera, among which 3 families were both dominant families and characteristic families, and 9 genera were both dominant genera and characteristic genera. (3) There were 6 areal types of seed plant families, including 23 families of temperate components, accounting for 67.64% of the total families. There were 13 areal types of genera, and 246 genera with temperate components, accounting for 86.32% of the total genera. (4) Endemic families and genera were poor. There were no endemic families and 10 genera in China. (5) A variety of flora elements intersected, infiltrated and specialized, and were young.   Conclusion  Qinghai area of Qilian Mountain National Park is rich in seed plant species. The geographical composition is diverse and the temperate nature is remarkable. [Ch, 8 tab, 24 ref.]

JIN Wanzhou, BU Jing, LUO Huiwen, LI Qingshun. Floristic characteristics of seed plants in Qinghai area of Qilian Mountain National Park[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(2): 289-296. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210343
Citation: JIN Wanzhou, BU Jing, LUO Huiwen, LI Qingshun. Floristic characteristics of seed plants in Qinghai area of Qilian Mountain National Park[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(2): 289-296. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210343
  • 植物区系是某一地区或者某一时期,某一分类群、某类植被等所有植物种类的总称,是在特定的自然历史条件下形成的[1]。研究植物区系有助于认识植物区系的来源和演化过程,为开展生物多样性保护与利用提供科学依据[2-4]。祁连山位于青藏高原东北部,地跨甘肃、青海两省,是中国西部重要生态安全屏障和重要水源产流地,也是中国重点生态功能区和生物多样性保护优先区域。祁连山国家公园是中国10个国家公园体制试点之一[5]。在植物区系分区上,青海片区属于东亚植物区的青藏高原亚区、唐古特地区的祁连山亚地区[6];植物种类较丰富、区系来源复杂,具有较高的生态、经济及科学价值。从20世纪50年代起,中国就对祁连山区进行过各种考察和采集。20世纪90年代实施的国家重大项目“中国植物区系研究”,将唐古特地区列为重点研究区域之一,对祁连山地区的植物进行了较为深入的研究,发表了较多的研究成果[7-9]。这些成果或多或少涉及了祁连山地区的植物区系研究,但针对祁连山国家公园青海片区植物区系的系统研究尚未见报道。本研究是在已有研究的基础上,对该片区野生种子植物资源和植物区系特征进行系统分析,旨在为该片区植物资源保护提供第一手资料,进而为该片区生物多样性保护与利用提供依据。

    • 祁连山国家公园地处甘肃、青海两省交界处,位于青藏高原东北部,总面积 5.02万 km2,分为甘肃片区和青海片区,其中甘肃片区 3.44 万 km2,占总面积的 68.5%;青海片区 1.58 万 km2,占总面积的 31.5%。青海片区位于37°03′~39°12′N,96°49′~102°41′E,其东北部与甘肃省酒泉、张掖、武威地区相接,西部与青海省海西蒙古族藏族自治州的乌兰县毗连,南部与海北藏族自治州的海晏、刚察县为邻,东部与海东地区的互助土族自治县、西宁市的大通回族土族自治县接壤。行政区域包括海北藏族自治州的祁连县、门源县和海西蒙古族藏族自治州的德令哈市和天峻县部分区域,辖12个乡(镇) 48个村(牧委会)。祁连山国家公园青海片区为青藏高原东北部边缘的祁连山山地,南北两侧和东部相对起伏较大,平均海拔为4 000~5 000 m,年平均气温为−1.4~9.6 ℃,年平均降水量为150~680 mm,属大陆性高寒半湿润山地气候。

    • 2018—2019年采用线路调查并结合样地调查的方法,对研究区重点区域主要群落进行全面调查记录。通过采集标本,参考《中国植物志》、Flora of China网站(http://www.iplant.cn/frpshttp://www.iplant.cn/foc),以及植物区系相关文献,系统整理祁连山国家公园青海片区野生种子植物名录,对科、属、种进行统计分析,并对科、属的物种数量进行等级划分[10-19]。根据该区植物区系的实际情况确定优势类群;依据科、属的区系重要值,并参考李仁伟[20]的观点确定表征类群。根据李锡文[21]、吴征镒等[22]对中国种子植物科、属的分布区类型的划分方法,对祁连山国家公园青海片区野生种子植物科、属的分布区类型进行划分。

    • 调查结果(表1)表明:祁连山国家公园青海片区共有野生种子植物1058种(含种下等级),隶属于71科340属,占青海省种子植物科、属、种总数的75.53%、61.04%、42.37%。其中,裸子植物3科5属10种,被子植物68科335属1 048种(双子叶植物58科262属789种,单子叶植物10科73属259种)。

      分类群青海省祁连山国家公园青海片区
      科数属数种数科数占全省比例/%属数占全省比例/%种数占全省比例/%
      裸子植物37323100.00571.431031.25
      被子植物915502 4656874.7333560.911 04842.52
      合计  945572 4977175.5334061.041 05842.37
        说明:青海省科、属、种数数据源自参考文献[8]

      Table 1.  Quantitative comparison of seed plants in Qinghai area of Qilian Mountain National Park and Qinghai Province

    • 祁连山国家公园青海片区种子植物科的大小可划分为大科(≥100种)、较大科(30~99种)、中等科(10~29种)、小科(2~9种)、单种科(1种)5个等级(表2)。含100种及以上的大科仅有菊科Asteraceae和禾本科Poaceae,共含有76属281种。这2科仅占该区种子植物总科数的2.82%,但占片该区种子植物总属数的22.35%、总种数的26.56%,显然菊科和禾本科在该片区种子植物区系中占有重要的地位。较大科有毛茛科Ranunculaceae、蔷薇科Rosaceae、豆科Fabaceae、莎草科Cyperaceae、龙胆科Gentianaceae、十字花科Brassicaceae、玄参科Scrophulariaceae和石竹科Caryophyllaceae等8科,共含101属382种,占该区种子植物总属数的29.71%、总种数的36.11%,表明这8科在该片区种子植物区系中占有重要地位。中等科有杨柳科Salicaceae、虎耳草科Saxifragaceae、蓼科Polygonaceae、藜科Chenopodiaceae、景天科Crassulaceae、伞形科Apiaceae、兰科Orchidaceae和百合科Liliaceae等15科,共含97属164种,占该片区种子植物总科数的21.13%、总属数的28.53%、总种数的24.95%。小科有松科Pinaceae、柏科Cupressaceae、杜鹃花科Ericaceae、茜草科Rubiaceae、鸢尾科Iridaceae和香蒲科Typhaceae等 31科,共含51属116种,占该片区种子植物总科数的43.66%、总属数的15.00%、总种数的10.96%。单种科有檀香科Santalaceae、槲寄生科Viscaceae、芍药科Paeoniaceae、星叶草科Circaeasteraceae、花荵科Polemoniaceae、马鞭草科Verbenaceae和五福花科Adoxaceae等15科,共含15属15种,占该片区种子植物总科数的21.13%、总属数的4.41%、总种数的1.42%。

      类别
      数量比例/%数量比例/%数量比例/%
      大科(≥100种) 2 2.82 76 22.35 281 26.56
      较大科(30~99种) 8 11.27 101 29.71 382 36.11
      中等科(10~29种) 15 21.13 97 28.53 264 24.95
      小科(2~9种) 31 43.66 51 15.00 116 10.96
      单种科(1种) 15 21.13 15 4.41 15 1.42
      合计 71 100.00 340 100.00 1 058 100.00

      Table 2.  Species and genera compositions of families of seed plants in Qinghai area of Qilian Mountain National Park

      祁连山国家公园青海片区种子植物属的大小可划分为较大属(15~29种)、中等属(5~14种)、小属(2~4种)、单种属(1种)4个等级,无30种及以上的大属(表3)。较大属有风毛菊属Saussurea、马先蒿属Pedicularis、早熟禾属Poa、薹草属Carex、柳属Salix、委陵菜属Potentilla、黄耆属Astragalus、龙胆属Gentiana和蒿属Artemisia等9属,共含204种,占该片区种子植物总属数的2.65%、总种数的19.28%。由此表明:这些属在该片区种子植物区系中占有重要的地位。中等属有棘豆属Oxytropis、蓼属Polygonum、披碱草属Elymus、嵩草属Kobresia、忍冬属Lonicera、报春花属Primula、微孔草属Microula、栒子属Cotoneaster、锦鸡儿属Caragana、蔷薇属Rosa和芨芨草属Achnatherum等50属,占该片区总属数的14.71%,共含393种,占总种数的37.15%,表明这些属在该区种子植物区系中也占有重要地位。小属有圆柏属Sabina、麻黄属Ephedra、桦木属Betula、绣线菊属Spiraea、沙棘属Hippophae、水柏枝属Myricaria、金莲花属Trollius、驼绒藜属Krascheninnikovia、绿绒蒿属Meconopsis、野决明属Thermopsis、蓟属Cirsium、扁蕾属Gentianopsis、青兰属Dracocephalum、碱茅属Puccinellia、发草属Deschampsia、野青茅属Deyeuxia、鸟巢兰属Neottia、赖草属Leymus、鼠尾草属Salvia和蟹甲草属Parasenecio等110属,占该片区总属数的32.35%,共含290种,占总种数的27.41%。单种属有松属Pinus、刺柏属Juniperus、虎榛子属Ostryopsis、盐生草属Halogeton、囊种草属Thylacospermum、芍药属Paeonia、当归属Angelica、狼毒属Stellera、桃儿七属Sinopodophyllum、沼委陵菜属Comarum、羽叶点地梅属Pomatosace、山莨菪属Anisodus、兔耳草属Lagotis、荚蒾属Viburnum、刺参属Morina、党参属Codonopsis、岩参属Cicerbita、款冬属Tussilago、固沙草属Orinus、贝母属Fritillaria和绶草属Spiranthes等171属,占该片区总属数的50.29%,共171种,占总种数的11.16%。小属、单种属在该片区植物区系中占有一定地位。

      类别
      数量比例/%数量比例/%
      较大属(15~29种) 9 2.65 204 19.28
      中等属(5~14种) 50 14.71 393 37.15
      小属(2~4种) 110 32.35 290 27.41
      单种属(1种) 171 50.29 171 16.16
      合计 340 100.00 1058 100.00

      Table 3.  Species compositions of genera of seed plants in Qinghai area of Qilian Mountain National Park

    • 祁连山国家公园青海片区种子植物区系科级分类群属、种构成情况表明:该片区有优势科10科,共含177属663种,占该片区种子植物总属数的52.06%、总种数的62.67%。这些优势科包括全部的大科和较大科,且均为世界广布(表4)。

      科名属数种数分布型科名属数种数分布型
      禾本科36145世界分布莎草科 945世界分布
      菊科 40136世界分布十字花科2140世界分布
      毛茛科1771世界分布龙胆科 838世界分布
      蔷薇科1860世界分布玄参科 637世界分布
      豆科 1459世界分布石竹科 832世界分布

      Table 4.  Dominant families of seed plants in Qinghai area of Qilian Mountain National Park

      优势属是区系中含种数较多(≥10种)的属级分类群。该片区种子植物优势属共23属361种,分别占该片区种子植物总属数6.76%、总种数的34.12%(表5)。优势属中世界分布有9属,北温带分布及其变型有12属,旧世界温带分布有2属,分别占优势属总数的39.13%、52.17%、8.70%,以北温带分布及其变型占优势。

      属名种数分布型属名种数分布型
      风毛菊属 29 旧世界温带分布 蓼属 13 世界分布
      马先蒿属 27 北温带分布 羊茅属 Festuca 12 泛温带分布
      早熟禾属 26 世界分布 披碱草属 11 世界分布
      薹草属 24 世界分布 唐松草属 10 泛温带分布
      委陵菜属 21 泛温带分布 小檗属 Berberis 10 欧亚和南美洲间断分布
      蒿属 21 世界分布 虎耳草属 Saxifraga 10 欧亚和南美洲间断分布
      柳属 21 泛温带分布 茶藨子属 Ribes 10 泛温带分布
      黄耆属 18 世界分布 忍冬属 10 北温带分布
      龙胆属 17 世界分布 紫菀属 10 泛温带分布
      毛茛属 Ranunculus 14 世界分布 嵩草属 10 北温带分布
      棘豆属 14 旧世界温带分布 灯心草属 Juncus 10 世界分布
      针茅属 13 泛温带分布

      Table 5.  Dominant genera of seed plants in Qinghai area of Qilian Mountain National Park

    • 表征科的确定主要参考区系重要值。重要值越高,说明该科在所研究的植物区系中代表性越强[2]。经统计,祁连山国家公园青海片区种子植物的表征科有8科,占该片区总科数的11.27%,包括杨柳科、忍冬科Caprifoliaceae、毛茛科、灯心草科Juncaceae、报春花科Primulaceae、蔷薇科、景天科和龙胆科,其中毛茛科、蔷薇科、龙胆科也为该片区种子植物的优势科(表6)。

      科名区系重要值排序科名区系重要值排序
      杨柳科 71.18 1 虎耳草科 9.75 14
      忍冬科 33.37 2 莎草科 9.32 15
      毛茛科 31.17 3 十字花科 7.51 16
      灯心草科 27.75 4 禾本科 6.46 17
      报春花科 29.97 5 唇形科 Lamiaceae 5.46 18
      蔷薇科 18.26 6 紫草科 Boraginaceae 5.09 19
      景天科 15.51 7 伞形科 3.70 20
      龙胆科 15.43 8 玄参科 3.55 21
      蓼科 14.14 9 百合科 3.29 23
      藜科 13.50 10 菊科 2.99 22
      小檗科 Berberidaceae 13.46 11 豆科 2.49 24
      石竹科 11.99 12 兰科 1.71 25
      罂粟科 Papaveraceae 11.88 13
        说明:科的区系重要值平均为14.76

      Table 6.  Floristic value of families comprised more than 10 species of seed plants in Qinghai area of Qilian Mountain National Park

      依据李仁伟[20]、李登武[2]对某一区域种子植物表征属的确定方法,祁连山国家公园青海片区种子植物的表征属有20属,即为以礼草属Kengyilia、微孔草属、嵩草属、火绒草属Leontopodium、针茅属Stipa、芨芨草属、赖草属、大黄属Rheum、垂头菊属Cremanthodium、沙参属Adenophora、红景天属Rhodiola、杨属Populus、风毛菊属、唐松草属Thalictrum、栒子属、紫菀属Aster、披碱草属、茶藨子属Ribes、忍冬属和蓼属等,其中,嵩草属、针茅属、风毛菊属、唐松草属、紫菀属、披碱草属、茶藨子属、忍冬属和蓼属9属也为该片区种子植物的优势属。

    • 依据吴征镒等[22]对中国种子植物科的分布区类型的划分方法,祁连山国家公园青海片区种子植物71科可划分为6个分布区类型(表7)。世界分布的科共有37科。热带分布的科共有11科,占总科数的32.35%,其中,泛热带分布及其变型最多,共有9科。温带分布的科共有23科,占总科数的67.64%,其中,北温带分布及其变型最多,共有20科,占该片区总科数的58.82%,如松科、芍药科、杜鹃花科、列当科Orobanchaceae、忍冬科等。表明该片区种子植物科级区系地理成分温带性质明显。

      分布区类型科数比例/%
      世界分布 1 世界分布 37
      热带分布 2 泛热带分布 9 26.47
      3 热带亚洲和热带美洲间断分布 2 5.88
      温带分布 8 北温带分布 20 58.82
      10 旧世界温带分布 2 5.88
      13 中亚分布 1 2.94
      合计 71 100.00
        说明:比例不包括世界分布

      Table 7.  Distribution types of families of seed plants in Qinghai area of Qilian Mountain National Park

    • 依据吴征镒等[22]对中国种子植物属的分布区类型的划分方法,祁连山国家公园青海片区种子植物340属可划分为13个分布区类型(表8)。由表8可知:世界分布的属有55属。热带分布的属共有13属,占总属数的4.56%,其中泛热带分布最多,共有9属。温带分布的属共有246属,占总属数的86.32%,既为优势属又为表征属的嵩草属、针茅属、风毛菊属、唐松草属、紫菀属、茶藨子属和忍冬属7属,均为温带成分,其中北温带分布及其变型共有140属,居该片区各分布区类型之首,占总属数的49.12%。东亚与中国特有分布的属共有26属,其中中国特有分布有10属,占总属数的3.51%。表明该片区种子植物属级区系地理成分多样,温带成分占绝对优势;该片区种子植物区系温带性质显著。

      分布区类型属数比例/%
      世界分布 1 世界分布 55
      热带分布 2 泛热带分布 9 3.16
      3 热带亚洲和热带美洲间断分布 1 0.35
      4 旧世界热带分布 2 0.70
      5 热带亚洲和热带大洋洲分布 0 0
      6 热带亚洲至热带非洲分布 0 0
      7 热带亚洲(印度、马来西亚)分布 1 0.35
      温带分布 8 北温带分布 140 49.12
      9 东亚—北美间断分布 7 2.46
      10 旧世界温带分布 55 19.30
      11 温带亚洲分布 17 5.96
      12 中亚、西亚至地中海分布 11 3.86
      13 中亚分布 16 5.61
      东亚与中国
      特有分布
      14 东亚分布(东喜马拉雅—日本) 16 5.61
      15 中国特有分布 10 3.51
      合计 340 100.00
        说明:比例不包括世界分布

      Table 8.  Distribution types of genera of seed plants in Qinghai area of Qilian Mountain National Park

    • 祁连山国家公园青海片区野生种子植物种类较丰富,科、属组成多样。该片区共有71科340属1058种(含种下等级),占青海省种子植物总科数的75.53%,总属数的61.04%,总种数的42.37%。含有100种及以上的大科有2科,较大科有8科,中等科15科,小科31科,单种科有15科;未发现30种及以上大属,较大属有9属,中等属有50属,小属有110属,单种属有171属。

      种子植物优势科有10科,优势属有23属;表征科有8科,表征属有20属,其中,毛茛科、蔷薇科、龙胆科3科既是优势科又是表征科,嵩草属、针茅属、风毛菊属、唐松草属、紫菀属、披碱草属、茶藨子属、忍冬属和蓼属9属既是优势属又是表征属。这些结果表明:该片区种子植物区系优势现象明显,表征类群突出。本研究首次明确了祁连山国家公园青海片区种子植物区系的表征类群。

      祁连山国家公园青海片区种子植物区系地理成分多样,区系联系广泛。青海片区种子植物科的分布区类型有6个,属的分布区类型有13个。种子植物科的地理成分中,温带成分的科共有23科,占总科数67.64%;属的地理成分中,温带成分的属共有246属,占总属数的86.32%。这些都反映了该片区种子植物区系强烈的温带性质及温带植物区系的丰富性,且以北温带分布区类型占绝对优势。

      祁连山国家公园青海片区种子植物区系中,未发现中国特有科,中国特有属有穴丝荠属Coelonema、羽叶点地梅属、马尿泡属Przewalskia、黄缨菊属Xanthopappus、三蕊草属Sinochasea、虎榛子属、羌活属Notopterygium等10属,特有科、属贫乏。羽叶点地梅属是典型高寒生境分布的代表植物[12],也为青藏高原特有属,该属在本区的出现,进一步表明了该片区同青藏高原植物区系是密不可分的。另外,中国北方温暖性质的区系成分(如虎榛子属等)在该片区东部出现,表明了该片区与华北植物区系的联系,也显示植物区系过渡地带所具有的生态环境特点和区系特点[12, 23]

      祁连山国家公园青海片区所处的独特地理位置,决定了其植物区系成分具有边缘效应基本特征,主要地理成分有北温带成分、中国—喜马拉雅成分、青藏高原成分、中亚成分等。这些地理成分在边缘山地交汇、渗透并特化。北温带成分和中国—喜马拉雅成分在该片区占有明显优势,尤其北温带成分占绝对优势,并形成了一些青藏高原的特有成分。嵩草属的许多种形成了高寒草甸的主要优势种。此外,还有马尿泡Przewalskia tangutica、青藏薹草Carex moorcroftii、穴丝荠Coelonema draboides、黄缨菊Xanthopappus subacaulis、门源毛茛Ranunculus menyuanensis、门源茶藨子Ribes menyuanense、祁连獐牙菜Swertiaprzewalskii 、祁连费尔氏马先蒿Pedicularis pheulpinii subsp. chilienensis和孪生以礼草Kengyilia geminata等青藏高原特有植物或仅分布于祁连山地区的植物。由此可见,祁连山国家公园青海片区种子植物区系是一个在青藏高原隆升过程中形成的年轻植物区系[24]

      祁连山国家公园青海片区种子植物区系为青藏高原的边缘地带和过渡区系,该区系在受到中国多方区系的影响,尤其受华北植物区系和西南高山植物区系的双重影响的同时,保持了其高原、高山类型的区系性质[12]

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