Volume 39 Issue 5
Sep.  2022
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WANG Yannan, LAI Guozhen, HUANG Jianjian, LIU Liting, YU Liangsen, WEN Qiang, GONG Chun. Potential distribution of Camellia chekiangoleosa under future climate change[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(5): 989-997. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210641
Citation: WANG Yannan, LAI Guozhen, HUANG Jianjian, LIU Liting, YU Liangsen, WEN Qiang, GONG Chun. Potential distribution of Camellia chekiangoleosa under future climate change[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(5): 989-997. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210641

Potential distribution of Camellia chekiangoleosa under future climate change

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210641
  • Received Date: 2021-09-16
  • Accepted Date: 2022-03-16
  • Rev Recd Date: 2021-11-30
  • Available Online: 2022-09-22
  • Publish Date: 2022-10-20
  •   Objective  As a unique Camellia tree species in south China as well as an emerging resource of Camellia with oil, medicinal and ornamental value, Camellia chekiangoleosa has great development potential. Therefore, this study is aimed to make a prediction of the potential distribution range of C. chekiangoleosa and conduct an analysis of the main environmental variables which impact its distribution so as to promote its conservation, utilization and introduction.   Method  With the employment of MaxEnt model, on the basis of the environmental variables of 55 distribution points in China, a prediction was made of the potential geographical distribution and change of C. chekiangoleosa in China under three RCPs climate change scenarios.   Result  (1) Precipitation of the coldest quarter, temperature and soil characteristics were the main environmental factor affecting the potential distribution with the first contributing the most, followed by the second and the third; (2) With central and southern China as the potential distribution areas currently, the core areas are mainly located in Jiangxi, Fujian and Zhejiang; (3) With future climate change as a norm, the overall potential distribution areas will expand to different degrees, showing a significant expansion trend from central China to the southwest.   Conclusion  Precipitation, temperature and soil characteristics were the main factors affecting the potential distribution of C. chekiangoleosa, with altitude playing a less significant role. It was also found that C. chekiangoleosa enjoys wide range of potential distribution in most areas of south China where efforts in their introduction, cultivation and popularization should be encouraged. [Ch, 2 fig. 2 tab. 41 ref.]
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Potential distribution of Camellia chekiangoleosa under future climate change

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210641

Abstract:   Objective  As a unique Camellia tree species in south China as well as an emerging resource of Camellia with oil, medicinal and ornamental value, Camellia chekiangoleosa has great development potential. Therefore, this study is aimed to make a prediction of the potential distribution range of C. chekiangoleosa and conduct an analysis of the main environmental variables which impact its distribution so as to promote its conservation, utilization and introduction.   Method  With the employment of MaxEnt model, on the basis of the environmental variables of 55 distribution points in China, a prediction was made of the potential geographical distribution and change of C. chekiangoleosa in China under three RCPs climate change scenarios.   Result  (1) Precipitation of the coldest quarter, temperature and soil characteristics were the main environmental factor affecting the potential distribution with the first contributing the most, followed by the second and the third; (2) With central and southern China as the potential distribution areas currently, the core areas are mainly located in Jiangxi, Fujian and Zhejiang; (3) With future climate change as a norm, the overall potential distribution areas will expand to different degrees, showing a significant expansion trend from central China to the southwest.   Conclusion  Precipitation, temperature and soil characteristics were the main factors affecting the potential distribution of C. chekiangoleosa, with altitude playing a less significant role. It was also found that C. chekiangoleosa enjoys wide range of potential distribution in most areas of south China where efforts in their introduction, cultivation and popularization should be encouraged. [Ch, 2 fig. 2 tab. 41 ref.]

WANG Yannan, LAI Guozhen, HUANG Jianjian, LIU Liting, YU Liangsen, WEN Qiang, GONG Chun. Potential distribution of Camellia chekiangoleosa under future climate change[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(5): 989-997. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210641
Citation: WANG Yannan, LAI Guozhen, HUANG Jianjian, LIU Liting, YU Liangsen, WEN Qiang, GONG Chun. Potential distribution of Camellia chekiangoleosa under future climate change[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(5): 989-997. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210641
  • 浙江红花油茶Camellia chekiangoleosa是山茶属Camellia红山茶组Sect. Camellia代表种,又被称为浙江红山茶、红花油茶。浙江红花油茶种仁含油率及脂肪酸组成普遍优于普通油茶C. oleifera[1-2],兼具油用、药用、观赏等价值。浙江红花油茶自然分布于雨量充沛、湿度大、季节分明的亚热带季风湿润气候区[3],集中分布在江西、福建、浙江三省交界的高海拔山地。浙江红花油茶种植面积和产量在全国油茶树种中位居第4位[4]。然而在其分布区,浙江红花油茶多处于野生及半野生状态,并以自然片状散生为主,且由于花开艳丽而自然产量不稳定,乱伐乱挖现象严重,自然生境受人为影响较大[5]。目前,浙江红花油茶野生资源垂直分布集中在海拔360~1 600 m区段,并在海拔360 m以下和海拔1 600 m以上区段自然分布较少[6],一直被认为是典型的高山油茶。近年来,浙江红花油茶作为一种极佳的油茶新品种资源,不少省(区)、市甚至低海拔地区有引种成功报道[7-10]

    气候及环境的变化对物种的分布、种间关系和繁殖发育行为势必产生深刻影响[11],而物种对气候变化也存在进化性适应,且这种适应与物种分布变化、繁殖和迁徙等密切相关[12]。由于生命周期长、分布生境相对固定,林木对气候变化适应性研究一直是生物地理学以及保护生物学的研究热点。预测物种的潜在适宜生境分布区可在动植物生长环境分析、动植物防疫、生物多样性保护策略的构建、气候变化对物种分布影响分析等领域起到重要作用[13-16]。目前使用最为广泛的物种分布预测模型是最大熵模型(maximum entropy model, MaxEnt)[17-19],MaxEnt模型以物种分布信息和环境数据为基础,通过查找具有最大熵(即最接近地理均匀性)的分布来预测物种的分布(地理范围),具有建模简便、结果精度较高且易于解释等优点[20]。此外,由于具有定量客观、直观快速及预测结果良好的特点,且能较好地区分物种在不同区域的适生程度,MaxEnt模型成为物种潜在生境预测与适生区划的重要工具[21]。近年来,MaxEnt模型已被广泛应用于普通油茶Camellia oleifera[22]、观光木Tsoongiodendron odorum[23]、红松Pinus koraiensis[24]、青钱柳Cyclocarya paliurus[25]、蒙古扁桃Amygdalus mongolica[26]等经济树种或珍贵濒危树种的资源保护与利用。

    政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)的一系列评估报告显示,自20世纪中叶以来,全球气候变暖的影响,导致积雪和积冰减少、海平面上升及温室气体浓度增加。在此背景下,运用MaxEnt模型研究气候变化对窄域树种浙江红花油茶潜在分布的影响,对该树种的保护与引种开发至关重要。鉴于此,本研究基于MaxEnt模型和地理信息系统(GIS)技术,收集浙江红花油茶现有分布地立地环境因子数据,筛选主导环境因子,模拟适生区区划,分析限制浙江红花油茶分布的主要环境因子,预测未来不同气候情景下潜在适生区的变化趋势,可为浙江红花油茶引种栽培及推广提供理论依据和技术支持。

    • 浙江红花油茶分布数据来源于教学标本资源共享平台(http://mnh.scu.edu.cn/main.aspx)、中国数字植物标本馆(http://www.cvh.ac.cn/)等相关平台及相关文献记录的标本数据。对获取到的分布点数据进行整理,去除重复分布点及不确定样本信息,最终得到55个浙江红花油茶分布记录点。

    • 选用的初始环境变量共23个,包括19个生物气候变量、1个地形因子、3个土壤因子。历史数据来自中国气象数据网(http://data.cma.cn/)的中国地面气候资料月值数据集;未来年份为2041—2060年和2061—2080年,数据来自世界气候数据库(https://www.worldclim.org/)。地形因子数据来源于地理空间数据云(https://www.gscloud.cn/)的SRTMDEMUTM 90M分辨率数字高程数据产品,地形因子图层空间分辨率为1 km。土壤因子来自国际粮农组织提供的世界土壤数据库v1.2 (http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/data-hub/soil-maps-and-databases/harmonized-world-soil-database-v12/en/)的HWSD栅格数据集,土壤因子空间分辨率为1 km。

      未来气候数据参考普通油茶[22]的研究,采用典型浓度路径(representative concentration pathways,RCPs),选择3种排放情景:RCP2.6是暖化减缓情景(低排放浓度路径),RCP4.5属于稳定情景(中等排放浓度路径),而RCP8.5属于温室气体高度排放情景(高排放浓度路径)[27]。历史和未来气候图层空间分辨率均为1 km。

      为避免分布预测模型过度拟合,需排除环境变量间的空间自相关性,首先对23个环境变量使用MaxEnt软件进行预建模,重复运行10次得到所有环境变量的平均贡献率,剔除贡献率为0的环境变量;随后,使用ArcGIS 10.2软件对剩余环境变量进行相关性分析,得到相关系数矩阵。当相关系数R<0.80 时,相关气候变量全部保留;当相关系数R≥0.80 时,保留贡献率较大且具有明确生物学意义的环境变量,最终筛选得到7个环境因子:年平均气温变化范围(bio7,℃)、最暖季度平均气温(bio10,℃)、降水量变异系数(bio15,%)、最暖季度降水量(bio18,mm)、最冷季度降水量(bio19,mm)、土壤类型(sym90)、土壤酸碱度(pH)。

    • MaxEnt模型的预测结果与特征组合(feature combination,FC)、正则化乘数(regularization multiplier,RM)密切相关,MaxEnt模型提供了5种特征,分别为线性(linear,L)、二次型(quadratic,Q)、片段化(hinge,H)、乘积型(product,P)和阈值型(threshold,T)。使用默认参数构建MaxEnt模型时,易出现模型过度拟合及转移能力不一的情况[28-29]。因此本研究在R 4.03软件中调用ENMeval数据包[30]来调整FC和RM共2个参数,默认参数为RM=1,FC=LQHP。将RM设置为0.5~4.0,每次增加0.5来进行测试,共8个梯度;采用6个特征组合,即L、LQ、H、LQH、LQHP、LQHPT;运用ENMeval数据包分析上述48种参数组合,最终根据Akaike信息量准则(akaike information criterion correaction,AICc)、训练AUC(areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves)和测试AUC值之差(the difference between training and testing AUC,AUCDIFF)和10%训练遗漏率(10% training omission rate,OR10)三者来评估模型性能,其中,AICc设置值最小模型(即delta AICc=0)。最终本研究采用优化参数FC=LQHP,RM=1.5。此时,delta AICc=0,表明该优化参数下模型性能较好,过拟合程度较低,可用于模型的转移。

    • 将分布点和环境变量数据加载到MaxEnt软件中建模运行,选择刀切法(jackknife)和响应曲线(create response curves)用于测定不同环境因子的贡献率及范围阀值,选择ROC曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve)并计算ROC曲线下的面积(AUC)用于模型预测效果的精度检验。将25%分布点数据用于模型检验(测试集),默认选择其余参数,重复运行10次,选取10次运行结果中AUC最高值作为模型的最终结果。

    • 将结果文件导入ArcGIS 10.2软件,使用重分类工具,参考普通油茶适生区划分标准[22],结合自然间断分级法,将浙江红花油茶潜在分布区适生等级分为4级:适生概率(P)<0.10为不适生,0.10≤P<0.35为次适生,0.35≤P<0.65为适生,P≥0.65为最适生。其中,次适生、适生和最适生区域统称为适宜区。

    • 分布点记录表明:浙江红花油茶集中分布在浙江、福建、江西省,少量分布在安徽、湖南两省。空间分布经纬度为25°~31°N,112°~122°E,分布的平均经纬度为28.16°N±1.12°N和118.17°E±1.70°E。经度、纬度因子的变异系数分别为0.014、0.039,即经度因子的稳定性较大,较纬度因子而言,浙江红花油茶分布点格局主要受经度因子的影响。

    • MaxEnt模型预测结果的ROC曲线见图1。10次交叉检验的平均训练集AUC值为0.991±0.004(平均值±标准差),大于0.9,模型的拟合程度相对较高,由此模型预测的浙江红花油茶适生范围具有较高的可信度。

      Figure 1.  Prediction validation with ROC in MaxEnt

    • 用模型检测环境因子对浙江红花油茶分布贡献率(表1)可知:相较于其他环境因子,最冷季度降水量、最暖季度平均气温、土壤类型这3个环境因子对浙江红花油茶潜在分布影响最大,贡献率分别为76.3%、9.1%、4.3%,其累计贡献率达90%以上。利用刀切法评估(图2)发现:仅最冷季度降水量时增益最大,无此变量时增益下降最明显,说明最冷季度降水量对模型预测贡献最大,包含的有用信息最多,是影响浙江红花油茶分布的关键环境变量。可见,最冷季度降水量、最暖季度平均气温和土壤类型是影响浙江红花油茶地理分布的主导环境因子。

      环境因子贡献率/%适宜区间环境因子贡献率/%适宜区间
      最冷季度降水量(bio19)/mm 79.3 196~521 最暖季度降水量(bio18)/mm 3.6 559~826
      最暖季度平均气温(bio10)/℃ 9.1 21~28 年均温变化范围(bio7)/℃ 2.9 26~31
      土壤类型(sym90) 4.3 薄层土、饱和薄层土、
      艳色高活性淋溶土等
      土壤酸碱度(pH) 0.6 3.8~5.1
      降水量变异系数(bio15)/% 0.1 44.1~61.8

      Table 1.  Contribution rate and suitable range of major environmental factors

      Figure 2.  Jacknife evaluation of environment variables of C. chekiangoleosa

      使用MaxEnt模型绘制单因子响应曲线,可反映单一环境因子变化对物种分布概率的影响。一般认为,当分布概率值>0.5时,其所对应的环境因子的值适合植物生长[16]。7个主要环境因子适宜区间见表1,主导环境因子为:冷季度降水量(196~521 mm)、最暖季度平均气温(21~28 ℃)和土壤类型。

    • 浙江红花油茶在当代气候条件下的潜在适生区集中在32°N以南,108°E以东,总适宜面积约36.5万km2,其中次适生区、适生区和最适生区面积分别约4.8、8.2和23.5万km2(表2),占国土面积的0.51%、0.88%和2.51%,覆盖国水热资源丰富的东南部亚热带季风气候区。统计适宜区总面积排名前3位的省份,依次为江西、福建、浙江;其中,江西省适宜区面积最大,为11.15万km2,但其最适生面积为1.18万km2,低于浙江省的1.73万km2

      气候情景时期/年最适生区/(×104 km2)适生区/(×104 km2)次适生区/(×104 km2)总面积/(×104 km2)
      当代 4.80 8.24 23.48 36.52
      低排放浓度路径
      (RCP2.6)
      2041—2060 71.16 13.93 21.90 106.99
      2061—2080 65.20 10.68 14.84 90.71
      中等排放浓度路径
      (RCP4.5)
      2041—2060 76.90 14.99 18.30 110.20
      2061—2080 43.53 18.87 18.62 81.02
      高排放浓度路径
      (RCP8.5)
      2041—2060 54.98 16.46 15.70 87.13
      2061—2080 1.57 2.94 21.68 26.20

      Table 2.  Suitable areas of C. chekiangoleosa under different climate change scenarios

    • RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5排放背景下2041—2060年与2061—2080年浙江红花油茶适生区变迁如表2。3种气候情景下,2041—2060年较2061—2080年适生区面积增加趋势更加明显,最适生区面积增加更多。2041—2060年适宜区面积增加幅度由大到小依次为RCP4.5、RCP2.6、RCP8.5。在2061—2080年RCP8.5排放情景下浙江红花油茶的潜在地理分布急剧收缩,适生区总面积最小,且低于当代潜在分布区总面积。未来不同气候变化情景下,当代适生区基本保留,除RCP8.5(2061—2080年)外,潜在分布区面积均有不同程度的增加,整体向西南呈现大幅度扩张趋势。江西、福建、浙江在2个未来预测时期内,一直是浙江红花油茶的高度适生区,且未来潜在分布区范围几乎覆盖全境。此外,原本具有部分适生区的台湾、湖南、广东、广西适生区呈现一定幅度的扩张,原本基本不具有适生区的湖北、海南,在未来分布区预测时,也出现了部分的潜在适生区。

    • 气候是影响森林生态系统特点和分布的主要因素,其中气候起因(水热条件)制约着植被的地理分布[31-32],而气温和降水是最显著的2个气候因子。基于MaxEnt模型运算与模拟,本研究发现影响浙江红花油茶适宜区分布的主要因子是最冷季度降水量、最暖季度平均气温和土壤类型。浙江红花油茶自然分布于亚热带季风湿润气候区[3],其雨量充沛、湿度大、季节分明,年均气温变化幅度较为缓和,与MaxEnt模型模拟得到的高适宜分布区(江西、福建、浙江等)的环境现状相符。浙江红花油茶花期在2—5月[33],为冬春开花的树种,容易受到气温、降雨和降雪等气候因子的影响[34]。浙江红花油茶是虫媒授粉植物,花期低温雨雪天气不利于昆虫传粉,且易出现花粉、花瓣腐烂和落花现象;刘曲等[9]研究表明:18 ℃以上是浙江红花油茶最适开花气温,且随着气温升高,其花期持续时间会缩短,而降雪天气易导致花期滞后。可见浙江红花油茶的结实性状与花期的气候条件关系密切。贺义昌等[35]研究浙江红花油茶油脂性状与地理生态因子的相关性发现,年均气温和年均湿度对油用性状的影响较大,而海拔与油用性状无显著相关。可见,降水量与气温对浙江红花油茶生长发育影响较大,与本研究所得到影响其潜在适生区分布的环境因素的相一致,同样说明本研究筛选出的环境因子可靠性较高。

      MaxEnt模型对适生区的预测主要是基于物种对基础生态位的需求,但在实际生存环境中,物种真实可扩散的区域还会受到生物因子对扩散能力的影响,因此预测物种的潜在分布范围可能比物种实际的分布范围更广[36]。本研究中,由于海拔贡献率较低,在对环境因子进行筛选中未被选入参与模型运算的环境因子,由此推测海拔对浙江红花油茶潜在地理分布影响较小,在气候条件适宜的情况下浙江红花油茶对海拔适应范围较广。当代浙江红花油茶主要野生、引种栽培调查显示:栽培区的最高海拔1 200 m,最低海拔300 m,多数在600~1 000 m[37]。虽然引种研究集中于中高海拔地区,低海拔鲜有报道,但李田等[10]在对江西德兴浙江红花油茶天然林(高海拔)与人工林(低海拔)产量结构的研究中发现:低海拔地区引种栽培的浙江红花油茶人工林开花结实性状的表现与高海拔地区的天然林并无差异,甚至其果实产量还略高于高海拔地区,反映了浙江红花油茶完全具有低海拔地区的适生潜力。然而,由于花色艳丽、形态优美,较低海拔地区的浙江红花油茶易受到人为干扰和破坏[6]。由此推断,浙江红花油茶自然分布集中于较高海拔地区,主要原因可能与较低海拔易受非生物胁迫影响有关。因此,在引种栽培规划中,应考虑将低海拔地区也纳入浙江红花油茶引种范围。

    • 本研究中MaxEnt模型检验AUC值达0.991,表明该模型预测结果具有极高的精度和可信度。预测结果显示:当代浙江红花油茶最适分布区集中在华东大部分地区,地处亚热带季风湿润气候,该结果与浙江红花油茶实际的自然分布点区域相吻合。谢云等[6]在进行种质资源现状调查中发现:浙江红花油茶集中在中亚热带到南亚热带,与本研究中MaxEnt模型对当代适生区预测结果基本一致。未来气候情景下,浙江红花油茶适生区由华东向西南方向显著扩张,集中在华中、华东、华南地区,几乎覆盖浙江、江西、福建、湖南全境。王小军等[22]在油茶分布预测模型得到,长江以南、云贵高原以东的亚热带季风气候区是油茶气候适宜性较高的地区,水热资源丰富。可以看出,油茶与浙江红花油茶生态位需求重合度较高,潜在适生区分布相近,进一步说明浙江红花油茶潜在适生性广,具有较好的引种栽培推广潜力。

      气温变化研究显示:21世纪前期不同排放情景之间气温预估结果差别较小,但随着时间的推移,21世纪中期各情景之间的升温差别开始逐渐增大,到21世纪后期,不同排放情景之间升温差别明显增大[38]。RCP2.6情景是模拟的几个场景中最理想的,它假设人类采用更多积极的方式使得未来温室气体排放逐渐下降,到21世纪末,温室气体排放成为负值,这是一种积极乐观的假设[39]。RCP8.5中描述的情景代表无气候政策限制的最高排放情景[40]。然而,伴随着全球煤炭使用量的减少,清洁能源成本持续下降,RCP8.5情景越来越不可能发生。实际应用中,RCP8.5路径常常只是被用作基准情景。本研究中,2041—2060年3种排放情景、2061—2080年RCP2.6、RCP4.5排放情景下与当代气候条件下相比,浙江红花油茶适生区将显著扩大,且在低海拔与高海拔地区均呈大幅扩张趋势。2041—2060年在RCP4.5排放情景下适宜区面积增加幅度达到最大,而2061—2080年在RCP8.5排放情景下,浙江红花油茶适生区急剧缩减,说明高排放量下环境明显升温可能不适合该树种生存。高文强等[41]发现:未来气候情景RCP4.5栓皮栎Quercus variabilis总适生区面积与RCP8.5模拟的结果稍有不同,前者较当代有所增加,而后者栓皮栎分布面积缩小,就未来气候情景而言,与较小的增温幅度(RCP4.5)相比,增温幅度大(RCP8.5)会导致栓皮栎总适生区面积减小,这与本研究结果相似。但未来气候变化情景下不同植物对气候变化的响应存在差异,如申家朋等[15]预测的RCP气候情景下日本落叶松Larix kaempferi适宜区面积均有不同程度的增加,适宜区面积增加幅度由大到小依次为RCP4.5、RCP8.5、RCP6.0、RCP2.6;张华等[16]在胡杨Populus euphratica未来适生区预测中发现:2061—2080年RCP气候情景下胡杨的总适生面积大小相互接近,但相比当代适生区面积均有一定程度的缩减。不同气候情景下,不同物种的适宜区的变化规律也有所不同,植被适宜区面积增加或减少的趋势并不一致。

    • 本研究基于MaxEnt模型,对中国范围内浙江红花油茶自然分布点的气候和土壤因子进行了分析,结果显示限制其生长的重要环境因子为最冷季度降水量、最暖季度平均气温、土壤类型、最暖季度降水量和年均气温变化范围。当代潜在分布预测结果表明:浙江红花油茶适生区集中分布于中国中部和南部地区,其中,核心分布区主要位于江西、福建、浙江等省,预测结果与实际情况相一致。未来气候情景下,浙江红花油茶潜在适生区将由华东向西南方向显著扩张,集中在华中、华东、华南地区。在今后的研究中,在揭示广泛遗传变异的基础上,应适当在其潜在适生区进行引种试验,对适宜栽培区预测进行验证,并提升浙江红花油茶在产业化发展进程中的推广栽培效果。

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