Volume 41 Issue 3
May  2024
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ZHAO Xin, CHEN Hong, ZHAO Shanchao, CHEN Bingquan, GUO Laizhen, ZHOU Haoliang. Spatiotemporal dynamic distribution of seed rain and seed germination characteristics of Picea schrenkiana var. tianschanica in Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2024, 41(3): 542-548. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230502
Citation: ZHAO Xin, CHEN Hong, ZHAO Shanchao, CHEN Bingquan, GUO Laizhen, ZHOU Haoliang. Spatiotemporal dynamic distribution of seed rain and seed germination characteristics of Picea schrenkiana var. tianschanica in Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2024, 41(3): 542-548. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230502

Spatiotemporal dynamic distribution of seed rain and seed germination characteristics of Picea schrenkiana var. tianschanica in Xinjiang

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230502
  • Received Date: 2023-09-30
  • Rev Recd Date: 2024-02-10
  • Available Online: 2024-05-22
  • Publish Date: 2024-05-22
  •   Objective  In order to provide scientific basis for predicting the succession trend of forest community and protecting the species diversity of ecosystem in Tianshan, this study focus on the spatiotemporal distribution of seed rain and seed germination of Picea schrenkiana var. tianschabica (Tianshan spruce) in Tianshan, Xinjiang.  Method  Based on three sample plots, 1 hm2 each set in the Xinjiang agricultural university experimental forest farm, and a seed rain collector was set in the center of each 10 m×10 m sample plot by mechanical layout method, with a total of 100 collectors in each sample plot. Using variance/mean (Cx), negative binomial index (K), aggregation index David (I), and Cassie R M, index (CA), 4 evaluation methods to distinguish the spatial distribution state of seed rain. In addition, the seed germination experiment 1 000-grain seed mass, germination energy and germination rate were measured respectively.   Result  The peak period of seed falling of Picea schrenkiana var. tianschanica was from late September to mid-October. The total amount of seed rain in 2022 was significantly higher than that in 2021. The seeds of Tianshan spruce presented aggregation distribution at the spatial level based on 4 indexes, Cx reaching 2047.01, K reaching 1.02, I reaching 2 046.01, and CA reaching 0.99 respectively. The 1 000-grain mass of spruce seed in the peak period was significantly higher than in the initial stage and the end stage. There was no significant in seed gernination energy and gernination rates between the initial period and period, but were significantly higher than the ending time of the rain. [ Conclusio n ] The interannual variation characteristics of seed rain of Tianshan spruce obviously showed an aggregated distribution. The peak period of seed rain was from late September to mid-October, the 1 000-grain mass, the germination energy and average germination rate were the best during this period. [Ch, 5 fig. 1 tab. 29 ref.]
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Spatiotemporal dynamic distribution of seed rain and seed germination characteristics of Picea schrenkiana var. tianschanica in Xinjiang

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230502

Abstract:   Objective  In order to provide scientific basis for predicting the succession trend of forest community and protecting the species diversity of ecosystem in Tianshan, this study focus on the spatiotemporal distribution of seed rain and seed germination of Picea schrenkiana var. tianschabica (Tianshan spruce) in Tianshan, Xinjiang.  Method  Based on three sample plots, 1 hm2 each set in the Xinjiang agricultural university experimental forest farm, and a seed rain collector was set in the center of each 10 m×10 m sample plot by mechanical layout method, with a total of 100 collectors in each sample plot. Using variance/mean (Cx), negative binomial index (K), aggregation index David (I), and Cassie R M, index (CA), 4 evaluation methods to distinguish the spatial distribution state of seed rain. In addition, the seed germination experiment 1 000-grain seed mass, germination energy and germination rate were measured respectively.   Result  The peak period of seed falling of Picea schrenkiana var. tianschanica was from late September to mid-October. The total amount of seed rain in 2022 was significantly higher than that in 2021. The seeds of Tianshan spruce presented aggregation distribution at the spatial level based on 4 indexes, Cx reaching 2047.01, K reaching 1.02, I reaching 2 046.01, and CA reaching 0.99 respectively. The 1 000-grain mass of spruce seed in the peak period was significantly higher than in the initial stage and the end stage. There was no significant in seed gernination energy and gernination rates between the initial period and period, but were significantly higher than the ending time of the rain. [ Conclusio n ] The interannual variation characteristics of seed rain of Tianshan spruce obviously showed an aggregated distribution. The peak period of seed rain was from late September to mid-October, the 1 000-grain mass, the germination energy and average germination rate were the best during this period. [Ch, 5 fig. 1 tab. 29 ref.]

ZHAO Xin, CHEN Hong, ZHAO Shanchao, CHEN Bingquan, GUO Laizhen, ZHOU Haoliang. Spatiotemporal dynamic distribution of seed rain and seed germination characteristics of Picea schrenkiana var. tianschanica in Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2024, 41(3): 542-548. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230502
Citation: ZHAO Xin, CHEN Hong, ZHAO Shanchao, CHEN Bingquan, GUO Laizhen, ZHOU Haoliang. Spatiotemporal dynamic distribution of seed rain and seed germination characteristics of Picea schrenkiana var. tianschanica in Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2024, 41(3): 542-548. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20230502
  • 种子是植物天然更新的主要途径。在特定的时间和空间范围内从母树上散落的种子被称为种子雨,它是森林土壤种子库的重要组成部分[12]。树种能否更新取决于该树种能否从种子成长为成树,其中种子的传播则是构建植物群落的第一步[3]。扩散方式[4]、树高[5]、种实大小[6]及种实产量[7]等母树自身因素,气候[8]、动物和昆虫[9]、地形[10]等环境因素均会影响种子的扩散与传播,这些因素最终会对整个种群的结构、发展方向及树木的空间分布产生重要影响[1113]。另外,种子雨具有明显的时间动态。冯倩倩等[14]指出白桦Betula platyphylla种子落种经历了起始期、高峰期和末尾期3个散种阶段。窦丽娜等[15]通过连续9 a对西双版纳望天树Parashorea chinensis林的种子雨动态监测,发现该树种存在明显的年际变化。种子是森林更新的基础,它们的空间分布模式是由其大树的空间分布格局、种子产量和种子域共同决定的,并且对森林的持续发展至关重要[1617]。当散种量较大时,其种子呈现聚集分布模式,当散种量较小时,其种子呈现随机或均匀分布模式。因此,深入研究种子的时空分布特征以及它们的萌发行为,有助于更好地理解森林的变化规律。

    天山云杉Picea schrenkiana var. tianschanica是新疆特有的植物,它们在新疆的分布范围极广,储量丰富,不仅是新疆山区森林生态系统的核心,而且还可以为新疆的绿洲灌溉农业、生态安全提供强有力的支撑[1819]。本研究以新疆天山云杉纯林为对象,调查其种子雨的时间动态、空间分布格局和种子萌发特征等,旨在了解天山云杉林的自然更新规律,预测森林群落的演替趋势,为保护天山森林生态系统的物种多样性提供科学依据。

    • 研究区位于新疆农业大学实习林场(43°16′~43°26′N, 86°46′~86°57′E),海拔为1 700~3 200 m, 林区总面积为15.07万 hm2,该区地处天山北麓的头屯河上游,地形南高北低,地形切割较为剧烈,坡度为10°~40°。年降水量为500~600 mm,雨季(5—8月)降雨量约占年降水量的60%;年均气温为3 ℃,1月平均气温为−10 ℃,7月平均气温为14 ℃,年日照时长>1 300 h,属于温带大陆性气候[20]。区内森林主要分布在北、东北和西北坡,森林覆盖率为56.64%,是以天山云杉为建群种的纯林,另外还有天山花楸Sorbus tianschanica、天山桦Betula tianschanica等树种。

    • 2020年在研究区设置3块面积为1 hm2(100 m×100 m)的天然林永久固定监测样地。3个监测样地水源充足,林木资源丰富,处于成熟林阶段,地势较平缓,海拔为2 100~2 300 m。样地基本概况:样地1,坡度8°,海拔2 256.2 m,平均树高19.25 m,平均胸径24.05 cm;样地2,坡度12°,海拔2 278.8 m,平均树高18.70 m,平均胸径23.13 cm;样地3,坡度11°,海拔2 161.8 m,平均树高24.15 m,平均胸径28.59 cm。采用机械布局的方法在3块样地中设置种子雨收集器,以10 m×10 m的样方为单位,在样方中心设置1个种子雨收集器,每个样地共100个收集器(图1)。种子收集器面积为1 m2,网目为1 mm的尼龙网。分别于2021、2022年9月至次年2月,每隔7 d收集1次种子雨。

      Figure 1.  Location of seed collector

    • 对收集的种子样品进行分拣、鉴定、计数和记录。将分拣出来的种子分为完整种子和虫蛀种子。对天山云杉种子采用四分法计数, 将挑选出来的种子样品放置在玻璃板或光滑的桌面上,用分样板先将种子横向混合,之后纵向混合,如此混合5次,使种子混合均匀。然后摊平,种子厚度不超过1 cm,沿对角线将样品分成4个三角形,再取2个对顶三角形内的样品继续按以上方法分取。随后分别提取测定样品8份,从中随机选取100粒为1组,共8个重复。分别计算种子雨密度[14]和种子千粒重。$U = {N}/V $。其中:U为种子雨密度,N为收集器中收集到的种子数量,V为种子收集器的面积。

    • 根据GB 2772—1999《林木种子检验规程》规定,将每个收集器收集的天山云杉种子分别置于培养皿中,放置在(30±2) ℃的培养箱内进行发芽试验。从放置种子的第2 天起开始记录发芽数目,连续21 d 无种子萌发时停止发芽,分别计算种子发芽势和发芽率[21]。$ {P_0} = ({N_0}/N) \times 100\% $。其中:P0为种子发芽率;N0为发芽种子数;N为种子总数。$ P_{1}=\left(N_{1} / N\right) \times 100 \% $。其中:P1为种子发芽势,N1为发芽高峰期发芽总数。

    • 种子雨的空间分布类型分为聚集分布、随机分布和均匀分布[22],对收集到的种子进行种子密度分析,并采用方差/均值(Cx)、负二项指数(K)、聚集度指标(I)、Cassie R M指标(CA)4 种空间分布类型评价方法判别天山云杉种子雨空间分布格局[23]Cx<1为均匀分布,Cx=1为随机分布,Cx>1为聚集分布;K<0为非聚集分布,K>0为聚集分布;I<0为均匀分布,I=0为随机分布,I>0为聚集分布;CA<0为均匀分布,CA=0为随机分布,CA>0为聚集分布。

      将所测定的数据输入到Excel,利用SPSS 19.0对数据进行非参数检验(Kruskal-Wallis检验法)和差异显著性检验,使用Origin 2022制图。

    • 2021年9月至2022年2月,收集2021年天山云杉种子,3个监测样地共收集到91粒种子,且所有种子均未萌发。2022年9月至2023年2月下旬收集2022年天山云杉种子,共收集到139 257粒种子。天山云杉2021年的种子雨密度为0.46 粒·m−2,2022年的种子雨密度为696.29 粒·m−2,说明天山云杉种子的散种量存在明显的“大小年”现象。

    • 因2021年收集的天山云杉种子过少,仅对2022年种子雨进行时间动态分析。2022年天山云杉种子雨随着时间的变化呈现规律性变化(图2):9月2日开始有种子掉落,9月24日至10月21日种子雨散种量急剧上升,绝大多数种子均在这个时间内散落;10月21日后至次年2月,种子雨散种量开始下降并趋于平稳。虫蛀种子数量为86.00~108.97粒·m−2 (图3),在9月24日和10月21日虫蛀种子数量到达峰值。依据种子散种量可知:9月2—16日为种子散种起始期,9月24日—10月21日为散种高峰期,10月21日后种子散种量进入末尾期。

      Figure 2.  Temporal dynamics of intact seed rain density in 3 plots

      Figure 3.  Time dynamics of insect-eaten seed rain density in 3 plots

    • 使用4种不同的空间分布类型评价方法对种子雨的空间分布特征进行了分析(表1):Cx、K、ICA的平均值分别达到了2 047.01、1.02、2 046.01以及0.99。所有样地4个指标值均远大于临界值,表明该林区天山云杉种子扩散时聚集程度很高。各样地CA从大到小依次为样地3、样地1、样地2。

      监测样地CxKICA排序
      数值 分布格局 数值 分布格局 数值 分布格局 数值 分布格局
      11 232.50A1.05A1 231.50A0.95A2
      21 055.20A1.16A1 054.20A0.86A3
      33 853.33A0.85A3 852.33A1.17A1
      均值2 047.011.022 046.010.99
        说明:A. 聚散分布。

      Table 1.  Spatial distribution pattern of underground seed rain in the monitoring samples from September of 2022 to January of 2023

    • 图4可以看出:天山云杉的平均种子雨千粒重为(6.116±0.182) g。不同时期,3个样地高峰期种子的千粒重都显著高于初始期和末尾期,高峰期的种子千粒重分别为(8.173±0.141)、(7.519±0.067)和(7.588±0.109) g。3个样地的平均天山云杉种子千粒重从大到小依次为样地1、样地3、样地2,平均种子千粒重分别为(6.417±0.151)、(5.967±0.146)和(5.963±0.248) g。

      Figure 4.  1 000-grain seed mass of seeds in different times

    • 9、10和11月收集到种子第4天开始萌发,12、1和2月收集到种子萌发有所变化,第6天才开始萌发。由图5可见:不同时间收集的天山云杉种子发芽率差异显著(P<0.05),其中9月和10月收集的种子平均发芽率差异不显著,分别为(25.08±11.57)%和(22.08±7.57)%,但二者均显著高于其他月份收集的种子平均发芽率,次年2月种子平均发芽率最低,为(2.66±1.19)%。不同的样地发芽率从大到小依次为样地1、样地3、样地2。9、10和11月收集到的种子发芽势在第8天达最高,12、1和2月收集到的种子发芽势,在第10天才达最高。不同时间收集的天山云杉种子发芽势差异显著(P<0.05),其中,9月和10月收集的种子平均发芽势差异不显著,分别为(12.07±2.86)%和(10.33±2.20)%,但显著高于其他月份收集的种子平均发芽势,次年2月平均发芽势最低,为(1.55±0.55)%。不同的样地的发芽势从大到小依次为样地1、样地3、样地2。

      Figure 5.  Seed germination rate and potential in 3 plots

    • 种子是森林更新的起点,它们的数量和生长潜力对森林恢复至关重要[17]。天山云杉2021年的种子雨密度为0.46 粒·m−2,2022年的种子雨密度为696.29 粒·m−2,表明天山云杉种子的散种量存在较大的年际变化,存在“大小年”,但明确其年际的周期性变化仍需继续观测[24]。时间动态是种子雨的主要特征之一[22],天山云杉的种子雨整个过程经历了起始期、高峰期和末尾期3个阶段,即9月2—24日为种子散种起始期、9月24日至10月21日为散种高峰期,10月21日后种子散种进入末尾期。这与冯倩倩等[14]研究的白桦种子落种时期结果相似。出现双峰及峰谷是由9月底降雨引起的。本研究发现:天山云杉从10月下旬到次年2月仍然有种子下落,并且趋于平稳,这与油松Pinus tabuliformis[25]种子下落持续时间一致,说明后期天山云杉种子雨主要为林冠截获的种子。本研究中,虫蛀种子数量为 86.09~108.97粒·m−2。天山云杉林以纯林为主,树种单一,病虫害发生率高,因此在天山云杉林生态恢复时,应营造混交林。

    • 种子雨的空间分布可以揭示种群对环境的适应能力[16],种子雨的散种量对物种的空间分布格局存在影响。在对赤皮青冈Cyclobalanopsis gilva[26]的研究中发现:当散种量较大时,种子呈现聚集分布模式,当散种量较小时,种子呈现随机或均匀分布模式。枫桦Betula costata[27]种子分布格局表现为高度聚集,且这种高强度聚集分布与林分郁闭度和林分密度有着密切的联系,种子无法进行远距离传播。本研究运用4种方法对2022年天山云杉的种子雨进行了空间分布特征分析,发现天山云杉种子的空间分布特征均呈现聚集分布,说明该树种的空间格局与种子产量、林分密度等有关。

    • 种子质量变化和幼苗更新是森林演替的重要过程[4]。本研究结果表明:天山云杉种子的千粒重与其分布规律相吻合,其平均种子雨千粒重为(6.116±0.182) g,且高峰期的天山云杉种子千粒重显著高于初始期和末尾期的天山云杉种子千粒重。这与落叶松Larix gmelinii种子千粒重[3]情况相似。

      发芽率与发芽势是反映种子质量优劣的主要指标之一,杨彬等[28]对木麻黄Casuarina equisetifolia种子进行了8个月发芽试验,发现种子雨的萌发率不仅取决于种子本身的萌发能力,还与种子的抗老化能力和种子雨收集间隔期长短等有关。程福山等[29]研究发现:枫桦10月种子雨达到峰值,但9月种子发芽率显著高于其他月份种子发芽率,这可能与种子储存蛋白质水平、植物的生长状况以及气候因素等有关。在本研究中,不同月份之间种子萌发能力不同,9月和10月收集的种子发芽势与发芽率最高,且显著高于其他月份收集的种子平均发芽势和平均发芽率,并且9月各样地种子发芽率和发芽势排列顺序为:样地1>样地3>样地2。可见,云杉种子萌发能力不同,可能与种子收集时期有关。

    • 天山云杉种子的散种量存在较大的年际变化,且具有明显的时间分布特征,9月下旬至10月中旬为种子雨散种高峰期;另外,高峰期的天山云杉种子千粒重显著高于初始期和末尾期的天山云杉种子千粒重;而且9月和10月收集的种子的萌发率最高。3个样地中,3号样地种子雨散种最多,质量最佳,萌发最高。

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