Effects of tree shape adjustment on canopy light intensity and seed quality of <i>Torreya grandis</i> ‘Merrillii’

MA Shuang; SUO Jinwei; CHENG Hao; HU Yuanyuan; YU Weiwu; SONG Lili; WU Jiasheng

doi:10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240178

Volume 41 Issue 3

May 2024

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MA Shuang, SUO Jinwei, CHENG Hao, et al. Effects of tree shape adjustment on canopy light intensity and seed quality of Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2024, 41(3): 467-477. DOI: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240178

Citation:

MA Shuang, SUO Jinwei, CHENG Hao, et al. Effects of tree shape adjustment on canopy light intensity and seed quality of Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2024, 41(3): 467-477. DOI: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240178

Effects of tree shape adjustment on canopy light intensity and seed quality of Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’

DOI: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240178

State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China

Received Date: 2024-02-16
Accepted Date: 2024-04-15
Rev Recd Date: 2024-04-15

Available Online: 2024-05-22

Publish Date: 2024-05-22

Abstract

Objective This study aimed to investigate the impact of adjusting the number and opening angle of skeleton branches of Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’ on canopy light intensity and leaf photosynthesis. Additionally, it aimed to elucidate alterations in carbohydrate, oil content, and other components to reveal the effect of tree shape adjustment on seed quality and provide a scientific basis for the tree cultivation. Method Experiments with different numbers and opening angles of skeleton branches were conducted using single-factor and interactive treatments to examine canopy light intensity, leaf photosynthesis, and the contents of soluble sugar, starch, soluble protein, oil and fatty acid components. Result Adjusting the opening angle of skeleton branches significantly influenced canopy light intensity. Under the opening angle of 60°, the light intensity in the central and lower layers of the canopy notably increased (P＜0.05) from May to September, peaking at 40 klx in the central layer in July. However, an excessively wide opening angle of 80° led to a decrease of canopy light intensity. Under the interactive treatment of different numbers and opening angles of skeleton branches, the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate of the leaves significantly increased in May, July and September (P＜0.05). Carbohydrate analysis revealed that the contents of soluble sugar and starch in seeds under 3 and 4 branches with the opening angle of 60° adjustment (N3-A60° and N4-A60°) were significantly increased (P＜0.05). The content of soluble sugar and starch in the seeds reached 609.05 and 576.63 mg·g⁻¹, respectively. Furthermore, tree shape adjustment significantly promoted the accumulation of soluble protein and oil in the seeds. Conclusion The tree shape adjustment of T. grandis ‘Merrillii’ can enhance the canopy light intensity, leaf photosynthesis and seed quality, and the 3 and 4 skeleton branches with the opening angle of 60° has the best promotion effect. [Ch, 2 fig. 7 tab. 38 ref.]
- Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’,
- tree shape adjustment,
- light intensity,
- seed quality

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香榧Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’是红豆杉科Taxaceae榧属Torreya榧树Torreya grandis中的优良栽培类型，是中国南方特色干果树种，属于国家二级保护植物^[1]。其坚果风味香酥、营养丰富，富含油脂、蛋白质、各种微量元素等，尤其富含多不饱和脂肪酸和生育酚、角鲨烯等多种生物活性成分，具有很高的保健、药用和综合开发利用价值^[2−7]。近年来，香榧产业不断发展扩大，目前，香榧种植区域覆盖浙江、安徽、江西、贵州等全国11个省，面积达到10余万hm²^[8−9]。然而，在长期栽培管理过程中发现，香榧幼龄期容易出现树体徒长、生长过旺的问题，导致树冠光照强度降低，抑制了叶片光合能力，这不仅影响了树体的结实情况，同时严重影响种实品质，极大地限制了香榧产业的发展^[9]。

树形调整是影响果实产量品质的关键整形技术，主要指对果树骨干枝数目和开张角度进行调整，并辅以适当的修剪、环剥等手段，从而影响树体骨架结构、枝条空间分布等，最终影响树冠光照强度、树体通风透光能力、叶片光合能力、营养运输等^[10]。研究发现：在诸多影响果实品质的因素中，果树树形结构直接影响果实色泽、口感与营养价值^[11]。荔枝Litchi chinensis树形缺乏科学管理，枝条分布密集，使得叶片之间相互遮挡，导致树冠内膛郁闭，降低了叶片对光能的利用，影响了光合同化物的积累和分配，导致果实品质降低^[12]。苹果Malus pumila果实品质受树冠光照影响，无效光区越大，果实品质越差，对树体结构进行优化后，果实内光合产物分配和积累更多，产量和品质明显提高^[13]。梨Pyrus spp.骨干枝数目调整后，平均单果质量、可溶性固形物、可溶性总糖等含量均明显上升，其中棚架形树冠可溶性固形物含量最高，果实品质一致性最好^[14]。在早实核桃Juglans regia树形调整中也发现：与自然圆头形相比，骨干分层形和开心形树冠内通风透光性好，种实粗脂肪，蛋白质等含量较高，坚果品质最好^[15]。澳洲坚果Macadamia spp.多干开心形和疏散分层形光合性能最佳、坚果品质最好，尤其是多干开心形对脂肪酸含量的提高效果最显著^[16]。此外，研究表明拉枝可以打破树体原有的养分平衡关系，调节树体营养物质运输，使光合产物更多供给果实发育，在果实品质形成方面具有决定性作用。研究发现：开张角度对板栗Castanea mollissima树冠内膛光照强度和果实营养物质积累有显著影响，当开张角度大于60°时，果实内的可溶性糖和淀粉含量达到最高^[17]。同样，开张角度60°处理后，枣Ziziphus jujuba果中的可溶性糖和维生素C含量升高，果实品质明显提高^[18]。随着开张角度增大，泡核桃Juglans sigillata坚果品质明显提升，尤其是显著增加了种实蛋白质和粗脂肪含量^[19]。综上所述，科学合理的树形调整不仅有利于果树树形培养，同时可显著提高树体光照强度和光合能力，促进果实营养物质积累，提高果实品质。近年来，有关树形调整技术在核桃等坚果类树种中虽有少量报道，但并未得到广泛的推广应用。目前有关香榧的优质丰产栽培理论与配套树形调控技术仍不完善，关于树形调整如何影响其树冠光照及果实品质的研究仍未见报道。因此，本研究针对香榧树形调整展开研究，分别设置不同的骨干枝数目和骨干枝开张角度处理，分析其对树体光照强度、光合能力、种实光合碳同化物质量分数、油脂品质等的影响，以揭示树形调整对香榧树冠光照和果实品质的影响，探索香榧树体适宜的骨干枝数目和开张角度，为香榧优质丰产、提高品质提供科学依据。

1. 材料与方法

1.1. 研究区概况

研究区位于浙江省杭州市临安区浙江农林大学潘母岗试验基地(30°14′N，119°42′E)。该区属于亚热带季风气候，全年平均气温为17.8 ℃，平均年降水量为1 454.0 mm，平均相对湿度为70.3%，年日照时数为1 765.0 h。土壤全氮质量分数为1.2 g·kg⁻¹，全磷质量分数为1.1 g·kg⁻¹，全钾质量分数为15.7 g·kg⁻¹。基地采用统一的常规施肥管理，每年施用2 ~ 3次复合肥，每年每株共计750 g，每2年施用1次有机肥。

1.2. 材料与处理

材料为2007年种植的香榧树，树龄为20 a，平均地径为12.2 cm，平均树高为1.8 m。2021年11月选择长势一致的香榧树进行不同树形处理，包括骨干枝数目和骨干枝开张角度的单因素和交互试验。在前期预试验的基础上，骨干枝数目设置单骨干枝自然圆头形(对照，ck)、3条骨干枝开心形(N3)和4条骨干枝开心形(N4)处理；骨干枝开张角度设置30°(对照，A30°)、60°(A60°)和80°(A80°)处理，处理时先将骨干枝简单揉压，用拉枝绳缓慢拉动枝条基部，调节至合适角度。采用随机区组设计，每组9株香榧树，每个处理重复5次，共计45株。

1.3. 树冠光照强度和叶片净光合速率测定

沿树冠垂直方向由上至下分为上层、中层、下层，每层间隔50 cm，使用照度计(TES-1339R) 测定不同处理下的各层光照强度。采用便携式光合仪(Li-6400)测定叶片净光合速率，测量时选择天气晴朗且无云的上午9:00—11:00。光合有效辐射(PAR)设定为1 200 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹，空气流速为400 µmol·s⁻¹，叶室温度为25 ℃，具体参照刘琏等^[20]的方法。

1.4. 可溶性糖、淀粉、可溶性蛋白质量分数测定

可溶性糖和淀粉质量分数测定采用蒽酮比色法，可溶性蛋白质量分数测定采用考马斯亮蓝染色法，具体参照成豪等^[21]的方法。

1.5. 含油率及脂肪酸组分分析

含油率的提取参照GB/T 14772—2008《食品中粗脂肪的测定》索氏抽提法^[22]。脂肪酸组分分析采用气相色谱仪(Trace 1300)，具体参照ZHOU等^[23]的方法。

1.6. 数据分析

数据用3次重复的平均值±标准误表示。采用SPSS 25对数据进行单因素分析，采用Excel 2013绘制图表。

3. 讨论

果实品质是衡量果实好坏的重要指标，提高果实品质是增加经济效益的关键，也是果树栽植和整形的出发点和落脚点^[24]。研究表明：科学的树形有利于培养良好的树体结构，在提高树冠通风透光能力的同时，促进叶片光合作用^[25−26]。研究发现：桃树Prunus persica ‘V’形树形处理下冠层内光照分布最为均匀，净光合速率最高，果实色泽最好，香气含量最高^[27−28]。‘砀山酥梨’‘玉露香梨’‘黄冠’等不同品种梨树不同树形处理也发现：Y字形树冠整体光照情况、净光合速率、果实品质均优于其他树形^[29]。此外，骨干枝开张角度也是树形调整的重要因素。研究发现：开张角度105°和120°处理提高了‘富士’苹果树冠内膛和中下部叶片的光合能力和果实中可溶性固形物含量^[30]。本研究也发现：骨干枝60°开张角度显著增加了5—9月香榧树冠中层和下层的光照强度。同时，3条骨干枝开心形和开张角度60°交互处理显著提高了5、7和9月香榧叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率。以上研究表明：树形调整对香榧树冠整体光照强度及叶片光合能力有显著影响。

可溶性糖、淀粉等碳水化合物是果实中重要的营养物质，其含量高低也是果实品质形成的重要因素^[31−32]。研究表明：合理的树形调整不仅能够提高树冠光照强度和叶片光合能力，同时能够促进糖、淀粉等营养物质在果实中积累，提高果实品质^[33]。例如，扇形树形有利于葡萄Vitis vinifera果实中总糖的积累^[34]。多主枝平棚形鲜黄梨Pyrus pyrifolia树冠冠层开度和冠下光照显著高于V字形和疏散分层形树形，其透光性最好，光合能力最强，果实中可溶性总糖、葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖含量最高^[35]。不同开张角度处理的‘富士’苹果中可溶性糖质量分数也显著提高，其中，开张角度为110°~120°时达到最高^[36−37]。本研究也发现：树形调整有利于香榧种实中营养物质的积累，骨干枝数目和开张角度增加均能显著提高5—7月香榧种实中可溶性糖、淀粉质量分数。二者交互处理效果更好，N4-A60°和N4-A60°处理下，5月种实可溶性糖和淀粉质量分数分别达到609.05和576.63 mg·g⁻¹。以上研究表明：香榧树形调整可显著促进种实中碳水化合物的积累。

核桃、香榧等坚果种实中蛋白质以及油脂质量分数高低是评价其品质的重要指标。在核桃和澳洲坚果研究中发现：多主枝开心形和分层形树形可有效提高坚果品质，增加种实蛋白和脂肪酸质量分数，尤其是显著提高了不饱和脂肪酸油酸和亚油酸的占比^{[16, 38]}。开张角度也显著增加了泡核桃种实蛋白质和粗脂肪质量分数^[18]。本研究发现：随着香榧种实逐渐成熟，5—9月种实可溶性糖、淀粉质量分数逐渐降低，蛋白质和油脂质量分数逐渐积累。N3-A60°和N4-A60°处理下，蛋白质和油脂质量分数最高。脂肪酸组分分析也表明：N3-A60°和N4-A60°处理可显著提高香榧种实中不饱和脂肪酸亚油酸和金松酸的质量分数，9月种实成熟时，二者质量分数分别达到288.81和65.21 mg·g⁻¹。以上研究表明：不同树形调整促进了糖、淀粉等碳水化合物在香榧种实中的积累，同时也显著促进了种实中碳水化合物向蛋白质和油脂的转化。因此，树形调整对香榧种实品质形成具有重要作用，生产上可通过构建和培养合理树形来实现香榧的提质增效。

4. 结论

树形调整对香榧种实品质有显著的促进作用，其中以3和4条骨干枝与60°开张角度处理最佳。树形调整显著提高了香榧树冠通风透光能力，增加了树冠中层和下层的光照强度，使叶片可以更好地进行光合作用，净叶片光合作用显著增强，显著促进了5—7月香榧种实中可溶性糖、淀粉的积累，显著促进了7—9月种实中可溶性糖、淀粉向蛋白质和油脂的转化，提高了种实中可溶性蛋白质量分数和含油率，同时促进了不饱和脂肪酸亚油酸和金松酸的积累。

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处理	光照强度/klx
处理	5月	6月	7月	8月	9月
ck-A30°	16.92±0.26 c	18.11±0.21 d	32.26±0.57 b	38.48±0.34 a	22.10±0.42 bc
ck-A60°	20.28±0.27 b	23.00±0.24 a	37.59±0.37 a	39.85±0.86 a	26.09±0.21 a
ck-A80°	15.03±0.17 d	19.97±0.48 c	26.99±0.62 c	36.37±0.69 b	21.66±0.31 cd
N3-A30°	20.08±0.35 b	21.11±1.53 bc	27.90±1.16 c	35.55±0.27 bc	22.86±0.44 b
N3-A60°	26.85±0.50 a	22.15±0.35 ab	36.72±0.88 a	39.67±0.67 a	25.96±0.22 a
N3-A80°	17.61±0.26 c	18.14±0.18 d	31.09±1.08 b	33.88±0.32 c	21.01±0.27 d
N4-A30°	16.19±0.27 d	18.11±0.52 d	38.01±0.45 a	34.58±0.61 c	22.09±0.23 bc
N4-A60°	25.25±0.72 a	23.33±0.30 a	36.95±0.66 a	39.15±0.36 a	25.83±0.21 a
N4-A80°	18.01±0.59 c	14.96±0.27 e	36.10±0.81 ab	33.93±0.43 c	22.08±0.33 bc

NE	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.032
AE	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
NE × AE	0.000	0.000	0.000	ns	ns
说明：ck表示单骨干枝自然圆头形；N3~N4分别表示3、4条骨干枝开心形；A30°、A60°、A80°分别表示30°、60°、80°开张角度；同列不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P＜0.05)。NE表示骨干枝效应；AE表示角度效应；NE×AE表示交互效应；P＜0.05表示差异显著；ns表示无显著差异。

处理	光照强度/klx
处理	5月	6月	7月	8月	9月
ck-A30°	8.55±0.09 c	11.22±0.32 b	11.75±0.49 cd	14.25±0.43 b	10.15±0.33 cde
ck-A60°	9.22±0.23 c	14.18±0.45 a	15.78±1.12 ab	16.55±0.22 a	11.73±0.14 a
ck-A80°	7.38±0.46 d	9.83±0.68 c	9.93±1.17 d	12.53±0.35 c	9.64±0.16 de
N3-A30°	7.41±0.09 d	9.50±0.43 c	10.64±0.69 d	12.60±0.46 c	10.31±0.19 c
N3-A60°	13.93±0.45 a	13.82±0.37 a	13.70±0.45 bc	16.08±0.40 a	11.25±0.22 ab
N3-A80°	9.15±0.27 c	8.41±0.12 c	12.20±0.79 cd	12.77±0.37 c	9.56±0.14 e
N4-A30°	7.38±0.23 d	10.03±0.36 c	12.10±0.57 cd	13.22±0.36 c	10.34±0.10 c
N4-A60°	11.54±0.23 b	13.54±0.33 ab	16.55±0.36 a	16.00±0.27 a	10.72±0.11 bc
N4-A80°	7.32±0.17 d	6.65±0.13 d	10.21±0.37 d	12.67±0.62 c	10.22±0.22 cd

NE	0.000	0.000	0.004	0.111	ns
AE	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
NE × AE	0.000	0.000	0.031	ns	0.007
说明：ck表示单骨干枝自然圆头形；N3~N4分别表示3、4条骨干枝开心形；A30°、A60°、A80°分别表示30°、60°、80°开张角度；同列不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P＜0.05)。NE表示骨干枝效应；AE表示角度效应；NE×AE表示交互效应；P＜0.05表示差异显著；ns表示无显著差异。

处理	可溶性糖质量分数/(mg·g⁻¹)
处理	5月	6月	7月	8月	9月
ck-A30°	421.32±4.11 e	487.16±6.23 d	338.34±0.36 d	190.71±4.46 cd	158.85±0.67 c
ck-A60°	565.11±8.55 c	541.84±10.31 bc	416.54±2.76 a	228.51±6.35 a	191.20±3.63 a
ck-A80°	577.53±3.57 bc	512.94±10.18 cd	387.12±6.36 bc	215.29±2.45 ab	178.70±1.22 b
N3-A30°	520.20±14.86 d	479.39±13.79 d	346.86±2.55 d	202.64±3.27 bcd	171.07±2.16 c
N3-A60°	590.90±5.07 bc	566.07±15.20 ab	378.60±6.24 c	210.84±1.61 abc	190.53±1.40 a
N3-A80°	641.06±8.71 a	585.95±2.65 a	367.76±6.82 cd	198.62±4.46 bcd	178.51±1.99 b
N4-A30°	522.59±9.70 d	521.33±17.14 cd	354.34±2.69 d	183.24±1.08 d	166.30±2.92 c
N4-A60°	609.05±8.22 b	567.31±2.17 ab	414.99±7.73 a	210.98±0.71 abc	185.28±0.99 ab
N4-A80°	566.06±10.40 c	546.50±8.53 bc	408.28±6.78 ab	203.51±10.23 bc	180.70±2.30 ab

NE	0.000	0.015	0.000	ns	ns
AE	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
NE × AE	0.000	0.038	0.017	ns	ns
说明：ck表示单骨干枝自然圆头形；N3~N4分别表示3、4条骨干枝开心形；A30°、A60°、A80°分别表示30°、60°、80°开张角度；同列不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P＜0.05)。NE表示骨干枝效应；AE表示角度效应；NE×AE表示交互效应；P＜0.05表示差异显著；ns表示无显著差异。

处理	淀粉质量分数/(mg·g⁻¹)
处理	5月	6月	7月	8月	9月
ck-A30°	521.82±5.06 bc	267.04±16.07 f	110.38±4.14 d	96.55±5.21 d	107.33±1.39 c
ck-A60°	650.25±38.93 a	362.11±2.06 cd	141.85±7.26 bc	117.53±8.18 bc	123.31±2.66 a
ck-A80°	519.67±7.61 bc	497.72±7.55 a	166.86±9.52 ab	118.15±1.39 bc	104.11±0.37 c
N3-A30°	490.65±10.37 c	311.77±8.97 ef	131.72±7.93 cd	115.05±4.91 c	116.52±1.88 b
N3-A60°	573.41±12.95 b	393.56±4.00 bc	164.49±3.53 ab	141.76±1.17 a	110.77±0.72 bc
N3-A80°	494.41±9.80 c	369.79±17.69 cd	117.27±4.69 cd	113.43±1.68 c	107.72±2.23 c
N4-A30°	483.12±1.16 c	323.66±17.75 de	142.93±10.24 bc	118.15±2.31 bc	81.75±1.17 e
N4-A60°	576.63±11.28 b	481.64±20.17 a	180.87±4.97 a	130.92±0.99 ab	106.09±1.71 c
N4-A80°	508.92±13.08 c	433.41±1.51 b	121.59±5.50 cd	120.08±0.58 bc	95.36±1.77 d

NE	0.021	0.001	ns	0.005	0.000
AE	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
NE × AE	ns	0.000	0.000	0.038	0.000
说明：ck表示单骨干枝自然圆头形；N3~N4分别表示3、4条骨干枝开心形；A30°、A60°、A80°分别表示30°、60°、80°开张角度；同列不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P＜0.05)。NE表示骨干枝效应；AE表示角度效应；NE×AE表示交互效应；P＜0.05表示差异显著；ns表示无显著差异。

处理	可溶性蛋白质量分数/(mg·g⁻¹)
处理	5月	6月	7月	8月	9月
ck-A30°	135.89±6.72 d	146.02±5.22 e	172.30±3.13 fg	402.95±14.91 f	343.21±10.93 d
ck-A60°	198.53±10.20 b	217.51±3.28 c	270.21±14.30 c	573.63±3.96 c	573.37±6.35 b
ck-A80°	140.62±9.01 cd	151.01±3.82 e	161.66±2.30 g	235.22±5.10 h	235.33±14.75 f
N3-A30°	205.62±3.35 b	215.97±10.83 c	240.41±5.43 d	484.14±5.23 d	478.95±5.14 c
N3-A60°	286.88±0.64 a	329.74±6.35 b	407.50±11.09 b	647.12±12.21 b	585.41±11.49 b
N3-A80°	197.94±8.84 b	200.59±7.38 cd	209.55±4.84 e	270.19±9.19 g	297.18±6.63 e
N4-A30°	189.08±2.21 b	200.59±2.57 cd	223.38±2.30 e	456.88±8.05 de	460.3±7.14 c
N4-A60°	283.63±8.86 a	363.95±9.76 a	444.75±11.75 a	752.61±7.16 a	680.07±15.65 a
N4-A80°	163.67±2.30 c	181.76±2.74 d	195.71±1.51 ef	431.99±13.05 ef	296.71±6.88 e

NE	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
AE	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
NE × AE	0.027	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
说明：ck表示单骨干枝自然圆头形；N3~N4分别表示3、4条骨干枝开心形；A30°、A60°、A80°分别表示30°、60°、80°开张角度；同列不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P＜0.05)。NE表示骨干枝效应；AE表示角度效应；NE×AE表示交互效应；P＜0.05表示差异显著；ns表示无显著差异。