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蚂蚁隶属于膜翅目Hymenoptera蚁科Formicidae[1],是世界上分布最广泛、种类和数量最多的社会性昆虫,全球已记载17亚科334属13 416种[2]。蚂蚁的生态地位十分重要,具有改良土壤,分解有机质,传播植物种子,为植物传粉,防治害虫等作用[3-4];对环境敏感,经常被用作环境指示生物,受到世界的广泛关注[5-8]。蚂蚁迁徙性较弱,易受到自然地理屏障阻隔,因此研究蚂蚁分布格局能很好反映蚂蚁的分布规律和区系特点[9]。现有报道多集中在蚂蚁多样性的测定上[10-13],国内对蚂蚁分布格局的研究仅在藏东南地区[14-17]和喜马拉雅山[18]等生物多样性保护热点地区展开;在四川省,仅见张玮等[19-20]记载5亚科、27属、78种、1新种。四川王朗国家级自然保护区地处横断山北部的川西高山峡谷地区,青藏高原与四川盆地的接合部,保护区内海拔高差大,植物分布垂直带谱十分明显,从下往上依次是阔叶林、针阔混交林、亚高山针叶林、高山灌丛草甸,属于世界生物多样性保护热点地区之一的喜马拉雅横断山区。探讨该区域的蚂蚁物种分布格局,充分了解四川省的蚂蚁多样性及其分布规律,对该地区生物多样性保护具有重要意义。
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经鉴定,采集到的蚂蚁标本隶属于5亚科37属77种,其中刺猛蚁亚科Ectatomminae 1属1种,猛蚁亚科Ponerinae 7属9种,切叶蚁亚科Myrmicinae 16属41种,臭蚁亚科Dolichoderinae 3属4种,蚁亚科Formicinae 10属22种(表 1)。
表 1 四川王朗然保护区及邻近地区蚂蚁物种的生境及垂直分布
Table 1. Habitats and vertical distribution of ant species from Wanglang Nature Reserve and adjacent area of Sichuan
物种名 各类生境中采获频数 生境类数 分布范围/m 海拔高差/m 生态适应幅度 A B C D E F G H I 樱花帕拉蚁Paraparatrechina sakurae 2 0 0 0 0 39 11 7 7 5 574~3 494 2 920 宽阔 丝光蚁Formica fusca 0 0 15 0 1 16 20 28 0 5 1 030~3 080 2 050 宽阔 科氏红蚁Myrmica kozlovi 36 30 18 15 20 65 0 1 0 7 1 500~3 494 1 994 较宽 凯西盘腹蚁Aphaenogaster caeciliae 0 0 0 0 0 55 11 0 0 2 1 255~2 590 1 335 中等 亮腹黑褐蚁Formica gagatoides 0 0 2 0 0 69 2 0 0 3 1 770~3 080 1 310 中等 黑毛蚁Lasius niger 0 0 0 0 0 6 40 32 0 3 1 030~2 255 1 225 中等 吉氏酸臭蚁Tapinoma geei 0 0 0 0 0 5 10 13 2 4 1 770~5 74 1 196 中等 上海举腹蚁Crematogaster zoceensis 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 3 5 4 574~1 770 1 196 中等 棒结红蚁Myrmica bactriana 0 0 0 0 0 20 4 0 0 2 1 770~2 767 997 较窄 耶氏尼兰蚁Nylanderia yerburyi 0 0 0 0 0 1 43 25 16 4 574~1 500 926 较窄 普通拟毛蚁Pseudolasius familiaris 0 0 0 0 0 4 8 11 2 4 574~1 500 926 较窄 日本弓背蚁Camponotus japonicus 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 7 25 3 574~1 500 926 较窄 草地铺道蚁Tetramorium caespitum 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 1 2 4 574~1 500 926 较窄 爪哇扁猛蚁Ectomomyrmex javanus 0 0 0 0 0 3 21 5 13 4 574~1 500 926 较窄 吉市红蚁Myrmica jessensis 0 0 0 0 0 14 1 0 0 2 1 770~2 554 784 较窄 黄足尼兰蚁Nylanderia flavipes 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 18 0 2 1 030~1 770 740 较窄 舒尔盘腹蚁Aphaenogaster schurri 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 2 0 2 1 030~1 770 740 较窄 山大齿猛蚁Odontomachus monticola 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 574~1 255 681 较窄 尼特纳大头蚁Pheidole nietneri 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 18 0 2 1 255~1 770 515 较窄 中华红林蚁Formica sinensis 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 1 2 056~2 554 498 狭窄 黑褐举腹蚁Crematogaster rogenhoferi 0 0 0 0 0 3 10 0 0 2 780~1 255 475 狭窄 史氏盘腹蚁Aphaenogaster smythiesi 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 0 2 1 030~1 500 470 狭窄 黑头酸臭蚁Tapinoma melanocephalum 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 030~1 500 470 狭窄 宽结大头蚁Pheidole nodus 0 0 0 0 0 27 7 0 24 3 574~1 030 456 狭窄 沃森大头蚁Pheidole watsoni 0 0 0 0 0 1 23 0 5 3 574~1 030 456 狭窄 平和弓背蚁Camponotus mitis 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 3 3 574~1 030 456 狭窄 堆土细胸蚁Leptothorax acervorum 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 2 554~2 900 346 狭窄 不丹窄结蚁Stenamma bhutanense 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 1 770~2 056 286 狭窄 奇异毛蚁Lasius alienus 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 2 1 255~1 500 245 狭窄 纤细小家蚁Monomorium gracillimum 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 1 2 574~780 206 狭窄 大眼平结蚁Prenolepis magnocula 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 7 2 574~780 206 狭窄 双针棱胸蚁Pristomyrmex pungens 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 6 2 574~780 206 狭窄 亮褐举腹蚁Crematogaster contemta 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 11 2 574~780 206 狭窄 阿禄斜结蚁Plagiolepis alluaudi 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 10 2 574~780 206 狭窄 长角狡臭蚁Technomyrmex antennus 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 3 2 574~780 206 狭窄 无毛凹臭蚁Ochetellus glaber 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 2 574~780 206 狭窄 姬猛蚁待定种1 Hypoponera sp.1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 2 574~780 206 狭窄 长角立毛蚁Paratrechina longicornis 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 2 574~780 206 狭窄 伊东弓背蚁Camponotus itoi 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 574~780 206 狭窄 立毛举腹蚁Crematogaster ferrarii 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 2 574~780 206 狭窄 弯刺切胸蚁Temnothorax reduncus 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 2 574~780 206 狭窄 广布弓背蚁Camponotus herculeanus 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 1 2 400~2 590 190 狭窄 岩缝红蚁Myrmica rupestris 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 268 0 狭窄 莱曼蚁Formica lemani 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 080 0 狭窄 凹唇蚁Formica sanguinea 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 400 0 狭窄 弯角红蚁Myrmica lobicornis 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 1 2 255 0 狭窄 切胸蚁待定种1 Temnothorax sp.1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 255 0 狭窄 角结红蚁Myrmica angulinodis 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 2 2 056 0 狭窄 哀劳窄结蚁Stenamma ailaoense 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 2 056 0 狭窄 帕拉丽红蚁Myrmica pararitae 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 1 1 770 0 狭窄 亮毛蚁Lasius fuliginosus 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 770 0 狭窄 西氏点猛蚁Amblyopone silvestrii 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 770 0 狭窄 二齿奇蚁Perissomyrmex bidentatus 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 770 0 狭窄 条纹切叶蚁Myrmecina striata 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 770 0 狭窄 黄毛蚁Lasius flavus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 1 1 500 0 狭窄 钝齿盲切叶蚁Oligomyrmex obtusidentus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 500 0 狭窄 高红蚁Myrmica excelsa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 500 0 狭窄 片马猛蚁Ponera pianmana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 500 0 狭窄 吴氏切胸蚁Temnothorax wui 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 500 0 狭窄 熊猫曲颊猛蚁Gnamptogenys panda 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 1 255 0 狭窄 粗柄猛蚁Ponera paedericera 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 1 255 0 狭窄 直背盲切叶蚁Oligomyrmex rectidorsus 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 255 0 狭窄 史氏铺道蚁Tetramorium smithi 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 030 0 狭窄 埃氏扁胸蚁Vollenhovia emeryi 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 030 0 狭窄 中华大头蚁Pheidole sinensis 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 1 780 0 狭窄 克氏铺道蚁Tetramorium kraepelini 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 1 780 0 狭窄 束胸尼兰蚁Nylanderia sphingthorax 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 1 780 0 狭窄 日本铺道蚁Tetramorium nipponense 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 1 780 0 狭窄 大阪举腹蚁Crematogaster osakensis 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 780 0 狭窄 中华小家蚁Monomorium chinense 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 1 780 0 狭窄 中华短猛蚁Brachyponera chinensis 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 780 0 狭窄 粗纹巨首蚁Pheidologeton trechideros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 574 0 狭窄 伊劳多刺蚁Polyrhachis illaudata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 1 574 0 狭窄 皮氏大头蚁Pheidole pieli 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 1 574 0 狭窄 多毛真猛蚁Euponera pilosior 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 574 0 狭窄 宽结埃罗蚁Erromyrma latinodis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 574 0 狭窄 邵氏姬猛蚁Hypoponera sauteri 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 574 0 狭窄 各类生境中的物种数 2 2 4 1 3 46 37 22 30 说明:A表示杜鹃灌丛,海拔3 494 m;B表示云杉-冷杉林,海拔3 268 m;C表示藏柏林,海拔3 080 m;D表示云杉林,海拔3 010 m;E表示高山针叶林,海拔2 900 m;F表示针阔混交林,海拔2 767~780 m;G表示半常绿阔叶林,海拔1 770~1 030 m;H表示核桃林,海拔1 500 m;I表示马尾松林,海拔574 m。生态适应幅度依据垂直分布高差划分:<500 m,狭窄;500~1 000 m,较窄;1 000~1 500 m,中等;1 500~2 000 m,较宽;>2 000 m,宽阔[15] 在9类栖息生境中,栖息于针阔混交林内的物种最丰富(46种),其次是半常绿阔叶林(37种),马尾松Pinus massoniana林居第3位(30种),之后依次是核桃Juglans regia林(22种),藏柏Cupressus torulosa林(4种),高山针叶林(3种),云杉Picea-冷杉Abies林和杜鹃Rhododendron灌丛(均为2种),云杉林(1种)。可见高海拔植被内栖息的物种较少,中低海拔植被内栖息的物种较多(表 1)。所有物种中,科氏红蚁Myrmica kozlovi栖息的生境类型最多(7类),其次是丝光蚁Formica fusca和樱花帕拉蚁Paraparatrechina sakurae(5类);有6种蚂蚁栖息于4类生境;栖息于3类生境的物种有6种;此外栖息于2类生境的物种有26种,其余36种仅栖息于1类生境(表 1)。
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采集到的77个物种中,樱花帕拉蚁垂直分布范围最宽,垂直高差达2 920 m,生态适应幅度宽阔;丝光蚁次之,垂直分布高差2 050 m,生态适应幅度亦宽阔;生态适应幅度较宽的是科氏红蚁,垂直分布高差1 994 m;吉氏酸臭蚁Tapinoma geei,黑毛蚁Lasius niger,凯西盘腹蚁Aphaenogaster caeciliae,亮腹黑褐蚁Crematogaster contemta,上海举腹蚁Crematogaster zoceensis等5种蚂蚁的垂直分布高差1 196~1 335 m,生态适应幅度中等;此外,生态适应幅度较窄的蚂蚁有9种,其垂直分布高差为500~1 000 m;其余60种生态适应幅度狭窄,垂直分布高差小于500 m,其中多达35种仅分布于1个海拔高度上(表 1)。
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就觅食场所而言,地表觅食的蚂蚁物种最丰富(67种),其次是土壤内觅食(44种),植物上觅食的物种列第3位(27种),石下觅食列第4位(21种),朽木下觅食的物种最少(11种)(表 2)。科氏红蚁、黑毛蚁、丝光蚁、亮腹黑褐蚁能在5类场所中觅食;在4类场所中觅食的蚂蚁有7种,在3类场所中觅食的蚂蚁有15种,在2类场所中觅食的蚂蚁有25种,有多达26种蚂蚁只在1类场所中觅食(表 2)。
表 2 王朗自然保护区及邻近地区蚂蚁物种的觅食和筑巢场所
Table 2. Foraging and nesting places of ants on the Wanglang Nature Reserve and adjacent area of Sichuan
物种名 各类觅食场所采获频数 觅食场所数 各类筑巢场所采获频数 筑巢场所数 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅵ Ⅶ Ⅷ Ⅸ Ⅹ Ⅺ 科氏红蚁Myrmica kozlovi 2 20 40 25 11 5 27 15 0 1 39 4 5 黑毛蚁Lasius niger 5 3 27 7 6 5 1 0 0 2 15 4 4 丝光蚁Formica fusca 15 3 40 3 4 5 0 3 0 2 13 1 4 亮腹黑褐蚁Formica gagatoides 1 5 32 10 3 5 2 3 0 0 15 1 4 宽结大头蚁Pheidole nodus 2 0 33 2 7 4 0 2 1 7 2 4 5 尼特纳大头蚁Pheidole nietneri 1 0 16 4 3 4 0 0 0 3 7 2 3 双针棱胸蚁Pristomyrmex pungens 1 0 14 1 2 4 1 0 1 3 0 0 3 棒结红蚁Myrmica bactriana 4 3 2 1 0 4 7 2 0 0 2 0 3 伊劳多刺蚁Polyrhachis illaudata 2 1 25 0 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 樱花帕拉蚁Paraparatrechina sakurae 5 0 21 4 13 4 0 1 0 1 18 8 4 耶氏尼兰蚁Nylanderia yerburyi 5 0 41 4 8 4 0 0 1 13 10 8 4 爪哇扁猛蚁Ectomomyrmex javanus 0 0 28 3 8 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 纤细小家蚁Monomorium gracillimum 3 0 13 0 1 3 0 0 0 3 1 0 2 凯西盘腹蚁Aphaenogaster caeciliae 0 0 39 7 5 3 0 1 0 0 12 2 3 沃森大头蚁Pheidole watsoni 0 0 14 1 2 3 1 0 0 4 5 0 2 上海举腹蚁Crematogaster zoceensis 8 0 5 0 1 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 黑褐举腹蚁Crematogaster rogenhoferi 0 1 9 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 亮褐举腹蚁Crematogaster contemta 4 0 5 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 大眼平结蚁Prenolepis magnocula 3 0 5 0 1 3 0 0 0 2 0 1 2 黄足尼兰蚁Nylanderia flavipes 0 0 9 1 3 3 0 0 0 9 4 5 3 普通拟毛蚁Pseudolasius familiaris 0 0 7 1 6 3 0 0 0 2 5 5 3 阿禄斜结蚁Plagiolepis alluaudi 2 0 5 0 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 中华红林蚁Formica sinensis 4 0 15 0 1 3 0 0 0 3 3 1 3 日本弓背蚁Camponotus japonicus 2 0 39 0 8 3 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 平和弓背蚁Camponotus mitis 0 0 2 1 2 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 广布弓背蚁Camponotus herculeanus 1 0 9 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 熊猫曲颊猛蚁Gnamptogenys panda 0 1 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 姬猛蚁待定种1 Hypoponera sp.1 0 0 4 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 多毛真猛蚁Euponera pilosior 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 粗柄猛蚁Ponera paedericera 0 0 2 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 吉氏酸臭蚁Tapinoma geei 2 0 19 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 3 1 3 长角狡臭蚁Technomyrmex antennus 0 0 6 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 直背盲切叶蚁Oligomyrmex rectidorsus 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 不丹窄结蚁Stenamma bhutanense 0 0 4 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 立毛举腹蚁Crematogaster ferrarii 1 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 皮氏大头蚁Pheidole pieli 0 0 7 0 4 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 中华大头蚁Pheidole sinensis 0 0 6 0 1 2 0 1 0 1 0 2 3 日本铺道蚁Tetramorium nipponense 1 0 3 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 克氏铺道蚁Tetramorium kraepelini 0 0 7 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 舒尔盘腹蚁Aphaenogaster schurri 0 0 8 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 史氏盘腹蚁Aphaenogaster smythiesi 0 0 10 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 帕拉丽红蚁Myrmica pararitae 0 0 10 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 5 3 2 弯角红蚁Myrmica lobicornis 0 0 5 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 吉市红蚁Myrmica jessensis 0 0 11 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 束胸尼兰蚁Nylanderia sphingthorax 0 0 6 0 1 2 0 1 0 2 1 2 4 奇异毛蚁Lasius alienus 1 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 亮毛蚁Lasius fuliginosus 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 黄毛蚁Lasius flavus 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 2 0 3 2 长角立毛蚁Paratrechina longicornis 2 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 堆土细胸蚁Leptothorax acervorum 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 伊东弓背蚁Camponotus itoi 1 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 山大齿猛蚁Odontomachus monticola 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 片马猛蚁Ponera pianmana 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 中华短猛蚁Brachyponera chinensis 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 邵氏姬猛蚁Hypoponera sauteri 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 无毛凹臭蚁Ochetellus glaber 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 黑头酸臭蚁Tapinoma melanocephalum 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 弯刺切胸蚁Temnothorax reduncus 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 吴氏切胸蚁Temnothorax wui 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 切胸蚁待定种1 Temnothorax sp.1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 埃氏扁胸蚁Vollenhovia emeryi 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 条纹切叶蚁Myrmecina striata 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 二齿奇蚁Perissomyrmex bidentatus 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 大阪举腹蚁Crematogaster osakensis 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 粗纹巨首蚁Pheidologeton trechideros 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 3 草地铺道蚁Tetramorium caespitum 0 0 13 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 史氏铺道蚁Tetramorium smithi 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 哀牢窄结蚁Stenamma ailaoense 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 中华小家蚁Monomorium chinense 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 宽结埃罗蚁Erromyrma latinodis 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 岩缝红蚁Myrmica rupestris 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 高红蚁Myrmica excelsa 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 莱曼蚁Formica lemani 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 凹唇蚁Formica sanguinea 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 西氏钝猛蚁Amblyopone silvestrii 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 钝齿盲切叶蚁Oligomyrmex obtusidentus 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 角结红蚁Myrmica angulinodis 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 各类觅食场所物种数 27 11 67 21 44 10 9 4 24 28 29 说明:Ⅰ表示植物上,Ⅱ表示朽木下,Ⅲ表示地表,Ⅳ表示石下,Ⅴ表示土壤内。Ⅵ表示朽木内巢,Ⅶ表示朽木下巢,Ⅷ表示地被内巢,Ⅸ表示地表巢,Ⅹ表示石下巢,Ⅺ表示土壤巢 -
对蚂蚁筑巢场所的调查发现:土壤中筑巢的物种最多(29种),其次是石下筑巢(28种),再次是地表筑巢(24种),朽木内筑巢列第4位(10种),朽木下筑巢列第5位(9种),地被内筑巢的物种最少(4种)(表 2)。科氏红蚁、宽结大头蚁能在5类场所中筑巢;有6种蚂蚁能在4类场所中筑巢;在3类场所中筑巢的蚂蚁有10种,在2类场所中筑巢的蚂蚁也有10种,有20种蚂蚁仅在1类场所中筑巢。此外,有29种蚂蚁在本次调查中暂未发现其筑巢场所(表 2)。
Distribution patterns of ant species from Wanglang Nature Reserve and adjacent areas of Sichuan Province
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摘要: 为了揭示四川省蚂蚁物种分布规律,采用样地调查法研究了王朗自然保护区及邻近地区蚂蚁物种的分布格局,共发现蚂蚁5亚科37属77种。结论认为:气温和植被类型对蚂蚁物种的分布和丰富度起主要作用,低海拔植被类型食物资源丰富,栖息着更多的蚂蚁物种,林窗效应可以提高蚂蚁物种的丰富度。针阔混交林栖息的蚂蚁物种最多,多为土壤内筑巢,地表觅食。不同地方蚂蚁物种对筑巢场所的选择与气候因素有关。随着纬度降低,到达树冠上觅食的蚂蚁物种比例递增。因为对环境要求严苛,大部分蚂蚁物种分布范围较窄,生态适应能力弱,这些物种很容易因受到人类干扰而在局部地区陷入濒危境地。王朗自然保护区及邻近地区栖息着丰富的蚂蚁狭域物种,在生物多样性保护中具有重要价值。Abstract: To reveal the distribution law of ant species in Sichuan Province, distribution patterns of ant species from Wanglang Nature Reserve and adjacent areas were determined using a sample-plot method. Results showed a total of 77 ant species belonging to 5 subfamilies and 37 genera of Formicidae. Air temperature and vegetation types were the main influences on ant species distribution and richness. More ant species inhabited low altitude vegetation due to the rich food supply, and forest gaps increased ant species richness. Conifer-broadleaf forests had the richest ant species among all vegetation types. More species nested in soils and foraged on the ground. Selection of nesting sites by ant species in different locations was related to climate factors. The rate of ant species foraging on tree canopies increased as latitude decreased. Most ant species had a relatively narrower distribution range and weaker ecological adaptive ability because they were sensitive to the environment. These species easily became endangered in local areas when disturbed by human beings. Overall, there was a rich but narrow-range of ant species that inhabited the Wanglang Nature Reserve and adjacent areas, and they had an important value in biodiversity conservation.
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Key words:
- forest entomology /
- Formicidae /
- distribution pattern /
- nature reserve /
- Sichuan Province
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表 1 四川王朗然保护区及邻近地区蚂蚁物种的生境及垂直分布
Table 1. Habitats and vertical distribution of ant species from Wanglang Nature Reserve and adjacent area of Sichuan
物种名 各类生境中采获频数 生境类数 分布范围/m 海拔高差/m 生态适应幅度 A B C D E F G H I 樱花帕拉蚁Paraparatrechina sakurae 2 0 0 0 0 39 11 7 7 5 574~3 494 2 920 宽阔 丝光蚁Formica fusca 0 0 15 0 1 16 20 28 0 5 1 030~3 080 2 050 宽阔 科氏红蚁Myrmica kozlovi 36 30 18 15 20 65 0 1 0 7 1 500~3 494 1 994 较宽 凯西盘腹蚁Aphaenogaster caeciliae 0 0 0 0 0 55 11 0 0 2 1 255~2 590 1 335 中等 亮腹黑褐蚁Formica gagatoides 0 0 2 0 0 69 2 0 0 3 1 770~3 080 1 310 中等 黑毛蚁Lasius niger 0 0 0 0 0 6 40 32 0 3 1 030~2 255 1 225 中等 吉氏酸臭蚁Tapinoma geei 0 0 0 0 0 5 10 13 2 4 1 770~5 74 1 196 中等 上海举腹蚁Crematogaster zoceensis 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 3 5 4 574~1 770 1 196 中等 棒结红蚁Myrmica bactriana 0 0 0 0 0 20 4 0 0 2 1 770~2 767 997 较窄 耶氏尼兰蚁Nylanderia yerburyi 0 0 0 0 0 1 43 25 16 4 574~1 500 926 较窄 普通拟毛蚁Pseudolasius familiaris 0 0 0 0 0 4 8 11 2 4 574~1 500 926 较窄 日本弓背蚁Camponotus japonicus 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 7 25 3 574~1 500 926 较窄 草地铺道蚁Tetramorium caespitum 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 1 2 4 574~1 500 926 较窄 爪哇扁猛蚁Ectomomyrmex javanus 0 0 0 0 0 3 21 5 13 4 574~1 500 926 较窄 吉市红蚁Myrmica jessensis 0 0 0 0 0 14 1 0 0 2 1 770~2 554 784 较窄 黄足尼兰蚁Nylanderia flavipes 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 18 0 2 1 030~1 770 740 较窄 舒尔盘腹蚁Aphaenogaster schurri 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 2 0 2 1 030~1 770 740 较窄 山大齿猛蚁Odontomachus monticola 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 574~1 255 681 较窄 尼特纳大头蚁Pheidole nietneri 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 18 0 2 1 255~1 770 515 较窄 中华红林蚁Formica sinensis 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 1 2 056~2 554 498 狭窄 黑褐举腹蚁Crematogaster rogenhoferi 0 0 0 0 0 3 10 0 0 2 780~1 255 475 狭窄 史氏盘腹蚁Aphaenogaster smythiesi 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 0 2 1 030~1 500 470 狭窄 黑头酸臭蚁Tapinoma melanocephalum 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 030~1 500 470 狭窄 宽结大头蚁Pheidole nodus 0 0 0 0 0 27 7 0 24 3 574~1 030 456 狭窄 沃森大头蚁Pheidole watsoni 0 0 0 0 0 1 23 0 5 3 574~1 030 456 狭窄 平和弓背蚁Camponotus mitis 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 3 3 574~1 030 456 狭窄 堆土细胸蚁Leptothorax acervorum 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 2 554~2 900 346 狭窄 不丹窄结蚁Stenamma bhutanense 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 1 770~2 056 286 狭窄 奇异毛蚁Lasius alienus 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 2 1 255~1 500 245 狭窄 纤细小家蚁Monomorium gracillimum 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 1 2 574~780 206 狭窄 大眼平结蚁Prenolepis magnocula 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 7 2 574~780 206 狭窄 双针棱胸蚁Pristomyrmex pungens 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 6 2 574~780 206 狭窄 亮褐举腹蚁Crematogaster contemta 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 11 2 574~780 206 狭窄 阿禄斜结蚁Plagiolepis alluaudi 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 10 2 574~780 206 狭窄 长角狡臭蚁Technomyrmex antennus 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 3 2 574~780 206 狭窄 无毛凹臭蚁Ochetellus glaber 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 2 574~780 206 狭窄 姬猛蚁待定种1 Hypoponera sp.1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 2 574~780 206 狭窄 长角立毛蚁Paratrechina longicornis 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 2 574~780 206 狭窄 伊东弓背蚁Camponotus itoi 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 574~780 206 狭窄 立毛举腹蚁Crematogaster ferrarii 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 2 574~780 206 狭窄 弯刺切胸蚁Temnothorax reduncus 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 2 574~780 206 狭窄 广布弓背蚁Camponotus herculeanus 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 1 2 400~2 590 190 狭窄 岩缝红蚁Myrmica rupestris 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 268 0 狭窄 莱曼蚁Formica lemani 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 080 0 狭窄 凹唇蚁Formica sanguinea 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 400 0 狭窄 弯角红蚁Myrmica lobicornis 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 1 2 255 0 狭窄 切胸蚁待定种1 Temnothorax sp.1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 255 0 狭窄 角结红蚁Myrmica angulinodis 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 2 2 056 0 狭窄 哀劳窄结蚁Stenamma ailaoense 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 2 056 0 狭窄 帕拉丽红蚁Myrmica pararitae 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 1 1 770 0 狭窄 亮毛蚁Lasius fuliginosus 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 770 0 狭窄 西氏点猛蚁Amblyopone silvestrii 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 770 0 狭窄 二齿奇蚁Perissomyrmex bidentatus 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 770 0 狭窄 条纹切叶蚁Myrmecina striata 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 770 0 狭窄 黄毛蚁Lasius flavus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 1 1 500 0 狭窄 钝齿盲切叶蚁Oligomyrmex obtusidentus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 500 0 狭窄 高红蚁Myrmica excelsa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 500 0 狭窄 片马猛蚁Ponera pianmana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 500 0 狭窄 吴氏切胸蚁Temnothorax wui 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 500 0 狭窄 熊猫曲颊猛蚁Gnamptogenys panda 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 1 255 0 狭窄 粗柄猛蚁Ponera paedericera 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 1 255 0 狭窄 直背盲切叶蚁Oligomyrmex rectidorsus 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 255 0 狭窄 史氏铺道蚁Tetramorium smithi 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 030 0 狭窄 埃氏扁胸蚁Vollenhovia emeryi 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 030 0 狭窄 中华大头蚁Pheidole sinensis 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 1 780 0 狭窄 克氏铺道蚁Tetramorium kraepelini 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 1 780 0 狭窄 束胸尼兰蚁Nylanderia sphingthorax 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 1 780 0 狭窄 日本铺道蚁Tetramorium nipponense 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 1 780 0 狭窄 大阪举腹蚁Crematogaster osakensis 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 780 0 狭窄 中华小家蚁Monomorium chinense 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 1 780 0 狭窄 中华短猛蚁Brachyponera chinensis 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 780 0 狭窄 粗纹巨首蚁Pheidologeton trechideros 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 574 0 狭窄 伊劳多刺蚁Polyrhachis illaudata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 1 574 0 狭窄 皮氏大头蚁Pheidole pieli 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 1 574 0 狭窄 多毛真猛蚁Euponera pilosior 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 574 0 狭窄 宽结埃罗蚁Erromyrma latinodis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 574 0 狭窄 邵氏姬猛蚁Hypoponera sauteri 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 574 0 狭窄 各类生境中的物种数 2 2 4 1 3 46 37 22 30 说明:A表示杜鹃灌丛,海拔3 494 m;B表示云杉-冷杉林,海拔3 268 m;C表示藏柏林,海拔3 080 m;D表示云杉林,海拔3 010 m;E表示高山针叶林,海拔2 900 m;F表示针阔混交林,海拔2 767~780 m;G表示半常绿阔叶林,海拔1 770~1 030 m;H表示核桃林,海拔1 500 m;I表示马尾松林,海拔574 m。生态适应幅度依据垂直分布高差划分:<500 m,狭窄;500~1 000 m,较窄;1 000~1 500 m,中等;1 500~2 000 m,较宽;>2 000 m,宽阔[15] 表 2 王朗自然保护区及邻近地区蚂蚁物种的觅食和筑巢场所
Table 2. Foraging and nesting places of ants on the Wanglang Nature Reserve and adjacent area of Sichuan
物种名 各类觅食场所采获频数 觅食场所数 各类筑巢场所采获频数 筑巢场所数 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅵ Ⅶ Ⅷ Ⅸ Ⅹ Ⅺ 科氏红蚁Myrmica kozlovi 2 20 40 25 11 5 27 15 0 1 39 4 5 黑毛蚁Lasius niger 5 3 27 7 6 5 1 0 0 2 15 4 4 丝光蚁Formica fusca 15 3 40 3 4 5 0 3 0 2 13 1 4 亮腹黑褐蚁Formica gagatoides 1 5 32 10 3 5 2 3 0 0 15 1 4 宽结大头蚁Pheidole nodus 2 0 33 2 7 4 0 2 1 7 2 4 5 尼特纳大头蚁Pheidole nietneri 1 0 16 4 3 4 0 0 0 3 7 2 3 双针棱胸蚁Pristomyrmex pungens 1 0 14 1 2 4 1 0 1 3 0 0 3 棒结红蚁Myrmica bactriana 4 3 2 1 0 4 7 2 0 0 2 0 3 伊劳多刺蚁Polyrhachis illaudata 2 1 25 0 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 樱花帕拉蚁Paraparatrechina sakurae 5 0 21 4 13 4 0 1 0 1 18 8 4 耶氏尼兰蚁Nylanderia yerburyi 5 0 41 4 8 4 0 0 1 13 10 8 4 爪哇扁猛蚁Ectomomyrmex javanus 0 0 28 3 8 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 纤细小家蚁Monomorium gracillimum 3 0 13 0 1 3 0 0 0 3 1 0 2 凯西盘腹蚁Aphaenogaster caeciliae 0 0 39 7 5 3 0 1 0 0 12 2 3 沃森大头蚁Pheidole watsoni 0 0 14 1 2 3 1 0 0 4 5 0 2 上海举腹蚁Crematogaster zoceensis 8 0 5 0 1 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 黑褐举腹蚁Crematogaster rogenhoferi 0 1 9 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 亮褐举腹蚁Crematogaster contemta 4 0 5 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 大眼平结蚁Prenolepis magnocula 3 0 5 0 1 3 0 0 0 2 0 1 2 黄足尼兰蚁Nylanderia flavipes 0 0 9 1 3 3 0 0 0 9 4 5 3 普通拟毛蚁Pseudolasius familiaris 0 0 7 1 6 3 0 0 0 2 5 5 3 阿禄斜结蚁Plagiolepis alluaudi 2 0 5 0 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 中华红林蚁Formica sinensis 4 0 15 0 1 3 0 0 0 3 3 1 3 日本弓背蚁Camponotus japonicus 2 0 39 0 8 3 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 平和弓背蚁Camponotus mitis 0 0 2 1 2 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 广布弓背蚁Camponotus herculeanus 1 0 9 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 熊猫曲颊猛蚁Gnamptogenys panda 0 1 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 姬猛蚁待定种1 Hypoponera sp.1 0 0 4 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 多毛真猛蚁Euponera pilosior 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 粗柄猛蚁Ponera paedericera 0 0 2 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 吉氏酸臭蚁Tapinoma geei 2 0 19 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 3 1 3 长角狡臭蚁Technomyrmex antennus 0 0 6 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 直背盲切叶蚁Oligomyrmex rectidorsus 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 不丹窄结蚁Stenamma bhutanense 0 0 4 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 立毛举腹蚁Crematogaster ferrarii 1 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 皮氏大头蚁Pheidole pieli 0 0 7 0 4 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 中华大头蚁Pheidole sinensis 0 0 6 0 1 2 0 1 0 1 0 2 3 日本铺道蚁Tetramorium nipponense 1 0 3 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 克氏铺道蚁Tetramorium kraepelini 0 0 7 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 舒尔盘腹蚁Aphaenogaster schurri 0 0 8 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 史氏盘腹蚁Aphaenogaster smythiesi 0 0 10 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 帕拉丽红蚁Myrmica pararitae 0 0 10 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 5 3 2 弯角红蚁Myrmica lobicornis 0 0 5 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 吉市红蚁Myrmica jessensis 0 0 11 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 束胸尼兰蚁Nylanderia sphingthorax 0 0 6 0 1 2 0 1 0 2 1 2 4 奇异毛蚁Lasius alienus 1 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 亮毛蚁Lasius fuliginosus 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 黄毛蚁Lasius flavus 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 2 0 3 2 长角立毛蚁Paratrechina longicornis 2 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 堆土细胸蚁Leptothorax acervorum 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 伊东弓背蚁Camponotus itoi 1 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 山大齿猛蚁Odontomachus monticola 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 片马猛蚁Ponera pianmana 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 中华短猛蚁Brachyponera chinensis 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 邵氏姬猛蚁Hypoponera sauteri 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 无毛凹臭蚁Ochetellus glaber 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 黑头酸臭蚁Tapinoma melanocephalum 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 弯刺切胸蚁Temnothorax reduncus 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 吴氏切胸蚁Temnothorax wui 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 切胸蚁待定种1 Temnothorax sp.1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 埃氏扁胸蚁Vollenhovia emeryi 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 条纹切叶蚁Myrmecina striata 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 二齿奇蚁Perissomyrmex bidentatus 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 大阪举腹蚁Crematogaster osakensis 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 粗纹巨首蚁Pheidologeton trechideros 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 3 草地铺道蚁Tetramorium caespitum 0 0 13 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 史氏铺道蚁Tetramorium smithi 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 哀牢窄结蚁Stenamma ailaoense 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 中华小家蚁Monomorium chinense 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 宽结埃罗蚁Erromyrma latinodis 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 岩缝红蚁Myrmica rupestris 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 高红蚁Myrmica excelsa 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 莱曼蚁Formica lemani 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 凹唇蚁Formica sanguinea 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 西氏钝猛蚁Amblyopone silvestrii 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 钝齿盲切叶蚁Oligomyrmex obtusidentus 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 角结红蚁Myrmica angulinodis 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 各类觅食场所物种数 27 11 67 21 44 10 9 4 24 28 29 说明:Ⅰ表示植物上,Ⅱ表示朽木下,Ⅲ表示地表,Ⅳ表示石下,Ⅴ表示土壤内。Ⅵ表示朽木内巢,Ⅶ表示朽木下巢,Ⅷ表示地被内巢,Ⅸ表示地表巢,Ⅹ表示石下巢,Ⅺ表示土壤巢 -
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