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作为一个生态系统多样性丰富的国家,中国面临着植物入侵概率大,入侵面积广,危害范围大的处境[1-2]。植物入侵对中国的农林业生产,地区经济社会和生态发展均有威胁[3]。事实上,防治外来植物入侵早已成为亟待解决的问题。植物入侵的机制高度复杂[4],成功入侵存在物种特异性[5]。通常认为植物进入新栖息地并成功入侵受到植物预适应机制、植物进化机制、天敌逃避机制、生物抗力机制、化感作用机制等[6-7]控制;被入侵地区的气候、土壤情况、环境扰动、入侵种与土著种之间的相互作用等是影响外来植物入侵成功的客观因素。此外,地上植被碳吸存[8]、土壤微生物群落组成和结构变化、营养物质循环改变等[9-10]也可能参与其中。入侵是这些因素综合作用产生的结果。现阶段的研究尚未能阐明植物入侵过程中入侵种与各种因素,尤其是与土壤的互作关系,这可能是一个以往被忽视但却重要的方面。入侵植物与土壤养分的相互作用是影响入侵种入侵的重要环节。研究发现:入侵植物有时会改变土著植物根表土壤中速效养分[11-12],如随着黄顶菊Flaveria bidentis入侵程度增加,土壤磷质量分数显著降低[13],而盐生草Halogeton glomeratus[14]入侵却显著提高土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮和全磷质量分数。此外,生境、入侵种的生长节律等[15]因素也会影响土壤养分。进一步研究发现:入侵植物改变了被入侵地土壤微生物群落,这种变化也导致土壤养分循环的改变[16-17]。入侵植物通过竞争养分,影响被入侵地土壤的性质及养分含量,特别是通过土壤微生物群落驱动的生物地球化学循环,对土壤养分循环起到正反馈或者负反馈[18-20]。入侵植物这种通过影响地下微生物群落,从而影响生态系统变化的机制[21]在其成功入侵生态系统中起着关键作用[22-23]。反之,入侵地微生物对入侵植物的适应性和竞争力也有影响,甚至参与或介导了植物的入侵过程[24]。于兴军等[25]发现土壤细菌群落特征的变化与当地植物的生长表现出明显的相关性,土壤微生物群落在外来植物与本地植物之间可能起到了“桥梁”作用;一些研究发现[26-30]:植物入侵时,土壤微生物及功能菌群在改变土壤养分循环、影响土壤氮素矿化过程中扮演了重要角色。对入侵植物通过改变并趋向形成有利于自身的土壤养分环境、排斥当地植物并成功入侵的研究已臻成熟;而对入侵植物如何影响其土壤微生物学机制的研究甚少报道。本研究综述了植物入侵影响土壤微生物生物量、群落结构和多样性、功能菌群的研究成果,以毛竹Phyllostachys edulis为例总结了植物入侵并影响土壤微生物的生物学机制,为明晰植物入侵及其与土壤微生物相互作用和反馈机制提供参考。
Effects of invasive plants on soil microbial communities: a review
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摘要: 入侵植物通过影响入侵地土壤微生物生物量、微生物群落多样性及功能菌群等造成环境威胁,危害生态、经济和社会安全。植物入侵已成为全球性问题,也是当前的研究热点之一。综述了国内外植物入侵影响土壤微生物的研究进展,总结了毛竹Phyllostachys edulis入侵天然阔叶林影响土壤微生物特征的生物学机制。研究发现:入侵植物会提高入侵地土壤微生物生物量,增加土壤微生物多样性,为入侵创造有利土壤环境;入侵植物通过改变土壤微生物功能类群进而改变养分循环和其他环境条件,最终实现入侵。加强植物入侵对土壤微生物影响及其驱动的养分循环研究,阐明"植物-土壤"反馈机制,有助于预防和控制植物入侵。Abstract: Invasive plants cause great harm to the social, economic and ecological environment in the invaded areas by affecting soil microbial biomass, microbial community diversity and functional microbiota. Plant species invasion has become a global problem and one of the hotspots of current research. In this paper, we summarized the effects of plant invasion on soil microorganism, and the biological mechanism of the influence of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) invasion on soil microorganism characteristics. Studies showed that invasive plants would increase soil microbial biomass and soil microbial diversity to create favorable soil environment for invasive plant species. Invasive plants would change nutrient cycling and other environmental conditions through changing functional groups of soil microorganisms, and in turn promote the process of plant invasion. Enhanced research on the effects of plant invasion on soil microbes and associated nutrient cycling would help clarify the "plant-soil" feedback mechanism, which could provide a basis for the prevention, control and habitat restoration of plant invasion.
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Key words:
- soil science /
- invasive plant /
- soil microbial community /
- functional microbiota /
- Phyllostachys edulis /
- review
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