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由于经济快速发展和环境基础设施建设滞后,中国水体污染较为严重[1-2]。利用水生植物及其根系负载生物膜的吸收、吸附和降解作用,并通过收获植物移除水中污染物,是一种简单易行、成本低廉且极具景观效应的技术,在污染水体治理中得到了广泛应用[3-4]。然而,实践表明,该技术运维过程中需定期对水生植物进行修剪、收割,否则植物残体腐烂后,植物体内吸收的物质将重新释放进入水体,造成二次污染[5-6]。近年来,由于植物养护不到位,许多河道出现生态修复效果不稳定,水质反弹等现象。近几年生态环境状况公报表明,中国大部分水体主要污染物为氮磷营养物质,主要污染源为生活污水[7]。污染水体实为营养过剩的场所,在水域上种植生物量大、营养吸收能力强的经济作物,一方面降低水中氮磷等营养物质的浓度,另一方面也能产生可观的经济效益,刺激植物的养护工作,保障植物治理效果的长效稳定。根茎类淀粉在世界淀粉产量中占有重要的比例。由于淀粉植物资源丰富、价廉、生物可降解,各国一直十分重视淀粉植物资源的开发、利用和研究[8-9]。美人蕉Canna indica、黄菖蒲Iris pseudacorus和水芋Calla palustris为污染水体修复中常见的挺水植物,生物量大、具块茎。目前,关于此类植物块茎的资源化开发和利用鲜见报道。本研究以这3种挺水植物为研究对象,考察其对污染水体中氮、磷营养物质的净化能力,分析植物块茎淀粉产量,探讨块茎资源化利用的可行性和潜在风险,以期为块茎类水生植物的应用和资源化利用提供基础数据,也为污染水体治理提供一种新的思路。
Water purification efficiency and resource utilization of three tuberous emergent aquatic plants
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摘要:
目的 研究常见块茎类水生植物对污染水体营养物质的净化能力及植物块茎淀粉产量,探明淀粉资源化利用的可行性及潜在风险。 方法 通过水培试验,对比黄菖蒲Iris pseudacorus、美人蕉Canna indica、水芋Calla palustris对污染水体的净化性能,以不种植物处理作空白对照,每组设3个重复。考察水中氨氮、总氮和总磷的去除效率,分析氮磷在植物根、茎、叶和块茎中的积累及分配,测定植物块茎中淀粉质量分数及重金属铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、铬(Cr)和铅(Pb)的富集量。 结果 水中氨氮和总磷初始质量浓度为7.37~7.53、0.41~0.45 mg·L−1时,试验20 d,植物处理组氨氮、总氮和总磷质量浓度分别降至0.01~0.07、0.61~0.91和0.025~0.031 mg·L−1,满足GB 3838−2002《地表水环境质量标准》之Ⅲ类水标准限值要求。黄菖蒲、美人蕉和水芋块茎淀粉提取量分别为61.3、14.1和64.0 g·kg−1。100 m2植物种植试验区,黄菖蒲、美人蕉和水芋区分别回收淀粉量14.3、1.2、2.6 kg。植物块茎可富集重金属,当水中Cu2+、Zn2+、Cr3+和Pb2+初始质量浓度为2.01~2.08、2.56~2.87、0.22~0.26、0.24~0.26 mg·L−1时,黄菖蒲块茎淀粉中铜、锌、铬和铅质量分数分别为10.30、46.7、12.03和1.74 mg·kg−1,美人蕉依次为12.68、44.67、8.15和1.32 mg·kg−1,水芋则为19.28、66.91、9.63和3.97 mg·kg−1。 结论 3种块茎类水生植物对氮磷等营养物质具有较强的净化能力,可回收较为可观的淀粉量,但若污染水体中共存重金属时,不建议对植物块茎进行资源化利用。图4参17 Abstract:Objective This study aims to investigate the purification capacity for nutrients in polluted water and the yield of tuber starch of three common tuberous aquatic plants, and estimate the feasibility and potential risk of starch resource utilization. Method Purification efficiency of Iris pseudacorus, Canna indica and Calla palustris for polluted water body was compared using hydroponic experiment, and three replicates were set for each group. No plant treatment was used as control group. Removal efficiency of ammonium nitrogen, total nitrogen and total phosphorus in water was investigated. The contents of nitrogen and phosphorus in plant roots, stems, leaves and tubers were analyzed. The content of starch and heavy metals including Cu, Zn, Cr and Pb in plant tubers were measured. Result When initial concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and total phosphorus were 7.37−7.53 and 0.41−0.45 mg·L−1, concentrations of ammonium nitrogen, total nitrogen and total phosphorus in plant treatment groups decreased to 0.01−0.07, 0.61−0.91, and 0.025−0.031 mg·L−1 respectively after 20 days of treatment, which met the Class Ⅲ standard for surface water environmental quality (GB 3838−2002). The starch extracted from tubers of I. pseudacorus, C. indica and C. palustris was 61.3, 14.1 and 64.0 g·kg−1, respectively. Starch yields of these plant species were 14.3, 1.2 and 2.6 kg·m−2 respectively in the 100 m2 trial plot. The tuber could accumulate heavy metals. As initial concentrations of Cu2+, Zn2+, Cr3+ and Pb2+ in water were 2.01−2.08, 2.56−2.87, 0.22−0.26, and 0.24−0.26 mg·L−1, the contents of Cu, Zn, Cr and Pb in tuber starch of I. pseudacorus were 10.30, 46.7, 12.03, and 1.74 mg·kg−1, respectively and those of C. indica were 12.68, 44.67, 8.15 and 1.32 mg·kg−1, respectively, while those of C. palustris were 19.28, 66.91, 9.63 and 3.97 mg·kg−1, respectively. Conclusion The three tuberous aquatic plants can effectively purify nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, and recover a considerable amount of starch. However if heavy metals coexist in the polluted water, plant tubers are not recommended for resource utilization. [Ch, 4 fig. 17 ref.] -
Key words:
- tuberous plant /
- starch /
- heavy metal /
- nitrogen /
- phosphorus /
- polluted water /
- purification efficiency
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https://zlxb.zafu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20200124