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桃潜叶蛾Lyonetia clerkella属鳞翅目Lepidoptera潜叶蛾科Lyonetiidae,又名桃叶潜蛾、吊丝虫,是桃树的主要害虫之一。其主要寄主是桃Prunus persica,其次是李P. salicina、杏Armeniaca vulgaris、樱桃Cerasus pseudocerasus、苹果Malus domestica、梨Pyrus spp. 和山楂Crataegus pinnatifida等蔷薇科Rosaceae核果类果树的叶片,在中国北京、山东、山西、云南等地均有分布[1-2],韩国、日本等也均有发生。近年来,在中国浙江省杭州市发生较为严重,果树生态效益及经济效益大为降低。被桃潜叶蛾为害的叶片破碎并从果树上提前脱落。在受害严重的果园里,7月桃树大量落叶,8月叶片基本落光,造成树势衰弱,果实产量和品质下降,甚至造成果园绝产,经济损失巨大[3]。桃潜叶蛾在桃树上的分布以上层为主,其次中层,下层分布最少[4]。日本已于20世纪70年代末开展对桃潜叶蛾生态学及生物学特性的研究。自1984年该虫的性信息素组分被分离和鉴定出后,中国、日本、韩国等均进行了性诱剂的相关研究。随着桃潜叶蛾为害程度的加重及发生面积的扩大,自1991年开始中国相关研究日益增多[5]。本研究主要对桃潜叶蛾的生物学特性、发生规律及防治方法进行了综述,旨在为今后该虫的可持续防治提供参考。
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桃潜叶蛾为完全变态昆虫,一生经历卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫4个时期。卵:乳白色扁椭圆形(0.33~0.36 mm),孵化前变为褐色,壳薄且软[1],散产于叶背,卵期5~6 d。幼虫:念珠形(6.0~6.5 mm),胸淡绿色,头淡褐色,有黑褐色胸足3对,幼虫期8~12 d。蛹:乳白色(3~4 mm),腹部末端有2个圆锥形突起,其顶端各有2根毛,蛹期7~10 d。茧:白色,扁枣核型,2侧有长丝黏附于叶背或枝干表皮。成虫:体长3~4 mm,翅展6~10 mm。分为夏型和冬型2种生物型,夏型成虫银白色,表面光泽,具白色狭长前翅,近端部有一长卵圆形边缘褐色的黄色斑,斑外侧有4对斜形的褐色纹,翅尖端有1个黑斑,后翅灰黑色,披针形。冬型成虫前翅前缘基半部有黑色波状斑纹,其他同夏型。成虫期6~8 d,越冬代150 d以上[1-3]。
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国内外对桃潜叶蛾的年发生世代数已有研究记录。桃潜叶蛾在中国的发生规律已基本明确,不同地区发生代数不同,自北向南1 a发生4~7代(表1)[5-9]。桃潜叶蛾主要以冬型成虫在落叶、杂草和树皮缝隙中越冬,少数以蛹在被害叶片上结白色丝茧越冬,这部分越冬蛹死亡率达13.9%~16.4%[10]。各地越冬成虫出蛰时间不尽相同,但基本在第2年桃树萌芽时开始出蛰,桃树展叶后开始产卵。该虫一般在7—8月随着气温升高,湿度增加,繁殖速度加快,种群数量激增,导致桃树被害严重,提前落叶。在韩国京畿道,桃潜叶蛾1 a发生7代,发生历时长达7个月[11]。在日本发生亦较为普遍,因各地区气温不同而有差异,自北向南1 a发生5~9代(表1)[12-17]。
表 1 国内外不同地区桃潜叶蛾各代成虫发生期
Table 1. Occurrence period of L. clerkella adults in different regions of China, Japan and ROK
地区 发生代
数/代第1代 第2代 第3代 第4代 第5代 第6代 第7代 第8代 越冬代 中国 辽宁大连 6 5月末至6月上旬 7月上旬 8月上旬 8月末至9月上中旬 9月末 10月末 山西晋中 5~6 5月下旬 6月下旬 7月下旬 8月下旬 9月中下旬 10月下旬 浙江奉化 7 4月中旬 5月中旬 6月中旬 7月中旬 8月下旬 9月下旬 10月下旬 北京平谷 6 5月上中旬 6月中旬至7月上旬 7月中旬 8月上旬 8月下旬 9月下旬 河北昌黎 6~7 5月上中旬 6月中旬 7月上旬 8月上旬 9月上旬 9月底 10月中旬 山东烟台 4 5月中下旬 6月下旬 8月上旬 10月初 甘肃秦安 5~6 4月下旬至5月上旬 6月中旬 7月中旬 8月中下旬 9月上中旬 10月初 四川绵阳 7 4月下旬 5月下旬 6月下旬 7月中下旬 8月中旬 9月末 10月末 新疆小海子
垦区6 5月中旬至
6月中旬6月中旬至
7月下旬7月下旬至
9月上旬9月上旬至
10月上旬10月上旬至
10月下旬11月初 日本 山形 7 5月上旬 6月下旬 7月中旬 8月上旬 8月下旬 9月下旬 10月末 茨城 8 4月下旬 5月下旬 6月下旬 7月中旬 8月上旬 8月末 9月下旬 10月下旬 鹿儿岛 9 5月上旬 6月上旬 7月初 7月中旬 8月初 8月中旬 9月上旬 9月下旬 10月末 韩国 京畿道 7~8 4月中旬 5月上旬 5月末 6月末 7月末 8月末 9月中旬 10月初 说明:中国辽宁大连、河北昌黎、四川绵阳为盛发期,其他地区为发生期 -
桃潜叶蛾雌成虫交尾2~3 d后产卵,用产卵器将叶背表皮刺破,将卵产在刚展叶的嫩叶叶肉组织内,单粒散产,1个孔只产卵1粒。成虫产卵以幼嫩叶片为主,随着新梢生长,受害叶片逐渐上移。卵在叶肉组织内孵化,孵化后直接潜在叶肉内取食,并将粪便排泄其中,叶片外表可见弯曲虫道。初龄幼虫虫道较细,随着龄期增加虫道变粗。老熟幼虫从虫道末端咬破表皮爬出,吐丝下垂,在叶片背面结茧化蛹,有的在地面杂草作茧化蛹。
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在中国北京平谷地区,当年11月中旬,平均气温6.5 ℃以下,桃潜叶蛾成虫潜伏越冬;次年3月上中旬,天气晴朗,风力不大,平均气温5.5 ℃以上时,成虫出蛰活动。冬型成虫交尾多在7:00后开始,平均交尾时间约5 h 12 min。夏型成虫多在叶背栖息,少量在叶面及枝干上。夏型成虫交尾多在6:00—9:00,交尾时间约11~24 min[18]。
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桃潜叶蛾成虫有较强的趋光性,对黑光灯、白炽灯均有较强的趋性,黑光灯诱蛾量最多可达2600头·d−1。成虫具迁移能力,距离可达500 m以上。夏型成虫可转移为害,可从受害重的桃园转移到受害较轻的桃园继续为害[18]。越冬代成虫对糖醋液趋性较强,出蛰后有强烈的补充营养习性。3月中旬设置食诱剂可诱杀大量成虫[19]。
Advances in biological characteristics and control of Lyonetia clerkella
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摘要: 回顾和总结了近年来国内外对于桃潜叶蛾Lyonetia clerkella的防治技术研究与应用取得的主要成果。长期以来,化学防治作为主要的防控措施,被广泛应用于桃潜叶蛾防治中,但大量过度使用农药,已经导致桃潜叶蛾抗药性增加、环境污染及杀伤天敌等问题,因此,利用其他可持续防控措施来减少化学农药的使用是非常必要的。本研究对桃潜叶蛾的生物学特性、生态学及防控技术进展进行了总结,重点总结了目前在农业、生态、生物、物理及农药防治方面的进展,以及影响防治效果的因素,并比较了国内外防治方法的差异。对于桃潜叶蛾防控技术的研究与推广,应在农业防治的基础上,加强生物、生态防控技术和物理防控装备的研究,特别是要开发桃潜叶蛾与果园其他主要害虫的复合迷向剂,防治果园多种害虫。同时,开发桃潜叶蛾专用型发光二极管诱虫灯,降低化学防治的副作用,达到保护生物多样性,保障社会、经济、生态效益的目的。表1参60Abstract: The research and application of control technology of Lyonetia clerkella at home and abroad in recent years were reviewed and summarized in this paper. Chemical control, as the main control measure, has been widely used in the control of L. clerkella, but excessive use of pesticides has led to the increase of insecticide resistance, environmental pollution and killing of natural enemies. Therefore, it is necessary to utilize other sustainable control measures to reduce the use of chemical pesticides. In this paper, the biological characteristics, ecology and control technology progress of L. clerkella were summarized, and the new research direction was prospected. The progress in agriculture, ecology, biology, physics and pesticide control, as well as the factors affecting the control effect were summarized, and the differences of control methods at home and abroad were compared. For research and promotion of prevention and control technology of L. clerkella, besides agricultural prevention and control, the research and application of biological and ecological prevention and control technology, as well as physical prevention and control equipment should be emphasized, in particular, the development of multiple-species mating disruptants for L. clerkella and other main pests to simultaneously control a variety of pests in orchards. At the same time, special LED trapping lamp for L. clerkella should be developed to reduce the side effects of chemical control, so as to protect biodiversity and ensure social, economic and ecological benefits. [Ch, 1 tab. 60 ref.]
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表 1 国内外不同地区桃潜叶蛾各代成虫发生期
Table 1. Occurrence period of L. clerkella adults in different regions of China, Japan and ROK
地区 发生代
数/代第1代 第2代 第3代 第4代 第5代 第6代 第7代 第8代 越冬代 中国 辽宁大连 6 5月末至6月上旬 7月上旬 8月上旬 8月末至9月上中旬 9月末 10月末 山西晋中 5~6 5月下旬 6月下旬 7月下旬 8月下旬 9月中下旬 10月下旬 浙江奉化 7 4月中旬 5月中旬 6月中旬 7月中旬 8月下旬 9月下旬 10月下旬 北京平谷 6 5月上中旬 6月中旬至7月上旬 7月中旬 8月上旬 8月下旬 9月下旬 河北昌黎 6~7 5月上中旬 6月中旬 7月上旬 8月上旬 9月上旬 9月底 10月中旬 山东烟台 4 5月中下旬 6月下旬 8月上旬 10月初 甘肃秦安 5~6 4月下旬至5月上旬 6月中旬 7月中旬 8月中下旬 9月上中旬 10月初 四川绵阳 7 4月下旬 5月下旬 6月下旬 7月中下旬 8月中旬 9月末 10月末 新疆小海子
垦区6 5月中旬至
6月中旬6月中旬至
7月下旬7月下旬至
9月上旬9月上旬至
10月上旬10月上旬至
10月下旬11月初 日本 山形 7 5月上旬 6月下旬 7月中旬 8月上旬 8月下旬 9月下旬 10月末 茨城 8 4月下旬 5月下旬 6月下旬 7月中旬 8月上旬 8月末 9月下旬 10月下旬 鹿儿岛 9 5月上旬 6月上旬 7月初 7月中旬 8月初 8月中旬 9月上旬 9月下旬 10月末 韩国 京畿道 7~8 4月中旬 5月上旬 5月末 6月末 7月末 8月末 9月中旬 10月初 说明:中国辽宁大连、河北昌黎、四川绵阳为盛发期,其他地区为发生期 -
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