Rural landscape construction model based on the recognition and evaluation of landscape features
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摘要:
目的 探索符合乡村个性特征的景观营造模式，提出优化乡村景观风貌的规划方法。 方法 以杭州市瓶窑镇为例，从乡村景观特征识别和景观综合评价的角度出发，基于瓶窑镇的空间数据和调研信息，通过ArcGIS对景观特征要素进行空间图示表达，划分景观特征区域，并构建与景观特征相联系的景观功能评价模型，对乡村景观特征区域进行评价。 结果 ①瓶窑镇形成北部山体林地生态文化区、中部平原农业文化区、东部平原遗址文化区、南部平原湿地生态文化区4个乡村景观特征区域；②4个乡村景观特征区的项目层指标得分从高到底排序分别是：北部山体林地生态文化区(生态性景观＞生活性景观＞生产性景观)、中部平原农业文化区(生产性景观＞生活性景观＞生态性景观)、东部平原遗址文化区(生活性景观＞生产性景观＞生态性景观)、南部平原湿地生态文化区(生态性景观＞生产性景观＞生活性景观)。 结论 景观特征识别能为乡村景观规划提供准确信息，鉴于此，本研究为杭州市瓶窑镇提出了4种兼顾景观特征和景观价值的典型乡村景观营造模型：瓶窑镇山地聚落景观营造模式、平原农业景观营造模式、历史遗址景观营造模式和平原湿地景观营造模式，可为乡村景观建设提供了科学依据。图4表3参25 Abstract:Objective With an investigation of the characteristics of the the rural landscape, the study is aimed to research its construction model and propose a planning method for optimization. Method First, taking Pingyao Town of Hangzhou as an example, with the conduct of rural landscape character identification and comprehensive landscape evaluation and the collection of spatial data and survey information, spatial pictorial representation was carried out of the landscape features whereas the areas were divided using ArcGIS. Then a landscape function evaluation model related to landscape character was constructed to assess the rural landscape featured areas. Result (1) Pingyao Town enjoys four rural landscape featured areas, namely, the northern mountain forest ecological and cultural area, the central plain agricultural and cultural area, the eastern plain cultural area and the southern plain wetland ecological and cultural area; (2) Of the four rural landscape featured areas, the northern mountain forest ecological and cultural area (ecological landscape＞living landscape＞productive landscape) scored the highest, followed by the central plain agricultural and cultural area (productive landscape＞living landscape＞ecological landscape), the eastern plain area of historical sites (living landscape＞productive landscape＞ecological landscape) and the southern plain wetland ecological and cultural area (ecological landscape＞productive landscape＞living landscape). Conclusion In accordance with the regional and historical features of Pingyao Town in Hangzhou, four landscape construction models have been proposed: the mountain settlement landscape model, the plain agricultural landscape model, the historical site landscape model and the plain wetland landscape model, which provides a scientific basis for other and further rural landscape construction. [Ch, 4 fig. 3 tab. 25 ref.] -
图 2 瓶窑镇乡村自然景观特征分类图
Figure 2 Classification map of rural natural landscape features in Pingyao Town
图 3 瓶窑镇人文景观特征空间分析图
Figure 3 Spatial analysis map of human landscape characteristics in Pingyao Town
图 4 瓶窑镇景观特征区域分类图
Figure 4 Classification map of the landscape characteristics of Pingyao Town
表 1 瓶窑镇景观特征要素分类
Table 1. Classification of landscape characteristic elements in Pingyao Town
自然景观要素 要素因子 面积/km2 占比/% 人文景观要素 要素因子 地形起伏 平原(0~30) 68.12 52.88 遗址遗迹 人类活动遗址、废弃生产地废城，聚落遗迹 台地(30~70) 20.92 16.25 丘陵(70~200) 39.60 30.74 山地(200~500) 0.17 0.13 地表覆盖类型 耕地 55.27 42.91 人文旅游地 康体游乐休闲度假地、宗教与祭祀活动场所、文化活动场所、军事观光地 森林 51.22 39.76 草地 4.12 3.20 湿地 1.89 1.47 景观建筑设施 单体活动场馆、景观建筑与附属型建筑、传统与乡土建筑、归葬地、交通建筑 水体 2.17 1.68 人造地表 14.14 10.98 说明：地形起伏要素因子括号内数据为海拔(m) 
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表 2 乡村景观综合评价体系的指标与权重
Table 2. Indicators and weights of the comprehensive evaluation system of rural landscape
目标层 项目层 权重 因素层 权重 归一化权重 指标层 权重 归一化权重 乡村景观综合评价A 生活性景观B1 1/3 道路景观C1 0.387 4 0.129 1 道路通达性D1 0.833 3 0.107 6 道路的景观性和舒适度D2 0.166 7 0.021 5 人文景观C2 0.443 4 0.147 8 历史遗址丰富度D3 0.227 0 0.033 6 历史遗址知名度D4 0.423 6 0.062 6 非物质文化遗产辨识度D5 0.227 0 0.033 6 人文活动丰富度D6 0.122 4 0.018 1 聚落景观C3 0.169 2 0.056 4 景观建筑设施多样性D7 0.553 6 0.031 2 聚落空间有序性D8 0.099 0 0.005 6 民居建筑统一性D9 0.232 2 0.013 1 聚落整体美观性D10 0.115 2 0.006 5 生产性景观B2 1/3 农业生产景观C4 0.500 0 0.166 7 农业用地面积D11 0.344 5 0.057 4 农业耕作景观特色度D12 0.108 5 0.018 1 地方农产品丰富度D13 0.546 9 0.091 2 农业休闲景观C5 0.500 0 0.166 7 休闲农业景观吸引力D14 0.833 3 0.138 9 农业景观整体性D15 0.166 7 0.027 8 生态性景观B3 1/3 地文景观C6 0.217 6 0.072 5 地形地貌丰富度D16 0.800 0 0.058 0 地形地貌美感度D17 0.200 0 0.014 5 水域景观C7 0.691 0 0.230 3 水域景观多样性D18 0.558 4 0.128 6 水体亲水性D19 0.122 0 0.028 1 水体观赏性D20 0.319 6 0.073 6 植物景观C8 0.091 4 0.030 5 植被覆盖率D21 0.857 1 0.026 1 乡村植物多样性D22 0.142 9 0.004 4
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表 3 乡村景观特征区综合评价结果
Table 3. Comprehensive evaluation results of rural landscape
项目层 因素层 北部山体林地生态文化区 中部平原农业文化区 东部平原遗址文化区 南部平原湿地生态文化区 得分 总分 得分 总分 得分 总分 得分 总分 生活性景观
B1道路景观C1 0.738 0 2.097 6 0.981 2 2.141 5 1.071 6 2.767 9 0.925 2 1.906 7 人文景观C2 0.972 6 0.830 6 1.291 3 0.623 4 聚落景观C3 0.387 0 0.329 7 0.405 0 0.358 0 生产性景观
B2农业生产景观C4 0.657 7 1.471 7 1.409 1 2.803 8 0.835 3 1.885 5 1.092 0 1.861 7 农业休闲景观C5 0.814 0 1.394 7 1.050 2 0.769 7 生态性景观
B3地文景观C6 0.533 6 2.337 0 0.232 0 1.359 0 0.365 4 1.680 9 0.471 3 2.689 7 水体景观C7 1.533 3 0.974 5 1.163 0 1.996 2 植物景观C8 0.270 1 0.152 5 0.152 5 0.222 3
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