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目前,温室气体排放相关研究已成为国际气候变化研究的热点问题。一氧化二氮(N2O)作为大气中仅次于二氧化碳(CO2)和甲烷(CH4)的三大温室气体之一,其增温潜势为CO2的298倍、CH4的12倍[1]。森林土壤是全球N2O排放的重要来源,仅热带和亚热带森林土壤N2O排放约占全球总量的23%[2]。森林土壤氮矿化能够为N2O的产生提供充足的底物[铵态氮(NH4-N)与硝态氮(NO3-N)],它的微小变化可能会引起土壤N2O排放速率的显著改变[3-4]。森林作为陆地生态系统的主体,约占全球陆地面积的31%[5],因此,森林土壤氮矿化及其N2O释放可能成为影响全球气候变化进程的关键生态学过程。氮素作为调控森林生态系统生产力的主要营养组分,也是土壤肥力形成与维持的关键影响因子[6],受到土壤学家和森林学家的广泛关注[7]。森林土壤中仅有5%的氮以无机态的形式存在,而有机氮只有经微生物矿化后才能被植物吸收利用,氮素的硝化与反硝化在植物与微生物的生命活动过程起着关键作用[8]。因此,氮矿化作为测定森林土壤供氮能力的主要指标,不仅能够表征森林生态系统物质循环与能量流动的过程、方向及强度[9],而且对森林生态系统组成、结构与功能以及生产力维持等方面均起着重要的调控作用。森林土壤氮矿化是由森林土壤动物-土壤微生物共同驱动并将土壤有机氮转变为矿质氮的微生物生态学过程。土壤氮矿化过程受土壤物理与化学环境等非生物因素以及森林植被覆盖、森林凋落物、土壤微生物与土壤动物等生物因素共同调控。其中温度和湿度通常被认为是影响土壤氮矿化的2个重要因素[10],且各因素的作用强度因气候条件不同而存在较大差异,从而导致土壤氮矿化时空变化存在极大的不确定性;而凋落物作为重要的有机质来源,会改变土壤的微环境,为土壤微生物和动物生长发育提供必需的营养物质和栖息环境,尤其能够刺激微生物的活性,进而促进土壤氮矿化过程及其温室气体的排放。本研究从时间和空间、非生物因素、生物因素等方面探讨了近年来国内外森林土壤氮矿化的主要影响因素及调控机制,并对未来的研究方向进行展望。
Regulation mechanism of biotic and abiotic factors on the nitrogen mineralization of forest soil
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摘要: 温室气体排放剧增引起全球变暖,已成为全球高度关注的生态环境问题。一氧化二氮(N2O)是大气中仅次于二氧化碳(CO2)和甲烷(CH4)的第三大温室气体,森林土壤氮矿化过程伴随着硝化和反硝化的发生,能够导致N2O的产生,进而引起大气N2O浓度的升高。森林土壤氮矿化是生物与非生物环境因素共同调控的复杂生态学过程,探明森林土壤氮矿化的影响因素及其调控机制,有助于丰富人们对森林土壤氮循环过程的认识,在全球变化研究中具有重要的地位与作用。本研究揭示森林土壤氮矿化的时空变化及影响因素,阐明非生物因素以及森林植被覆盖、森林凋落物、土壤微生物与土壤动物等生物因素对森林土壤氮矿化的影响特征及作用机制。目前,森林土壤氮矿化研究存在结果可比性不强;内容多集中于氮矿化单因素影响研究,缺乏多因子尤其是微生物-动物协同调控研究;缺乏不同气候类型及不同土地利用方式森林土壤氮矿化特征及影响机制研究;缺乏氮矿化对全球变化的响应研究等一系列问题。土壤氮矿化研究应该探索统一高效的测定方法,加强土壤微生物-动物-环境因子多因素耦合对森林土壤氮矿化影响机制研究,探讨不同气候类型及不同利用方式森林土壤氮矿化调控机制,重点阐明全球变化背景下森林土壤氮矿化的过程与机理。旨在为准确理解不同气候区森林土壤氮矿化的时空格局及其对全球气候变化的影响提供理论支撑。参69Abstract: Global warming, a global ecological and environmental problem, attributes to the rapidly increased emission of greenhouse gases of which N2O ranks the third in the atmosphere after CO2 and CH4. On the one hand, nitrification and denitrification often take place in the process of forest soil nitrogen mineralization where N2O is produced from soils, thus, increasing the atmospheric N2O concentration. On the other hand, forest soil nitrogen mineralization, as a complex ecological process, is regulated by the interactions of biotic and abiotic environmental factors. Therefore, the investigation of the influencing factors and the regulatory mechanism of forest soil nitrogen mineralization, is conducive to the promotion of people’s understanding of the nitrogen cycling process of forest soils, thus playing an important role in the study of global change. However, previous studies on the nitrogen mineralization of forest soils were mainly limited to the effect of single factors with the lack of comparable research results, the cooperative regulation research on multiple factors (e.g., microbial-animal interaction), the study of forest soil nitrogen mineralization characteristics and impact mechanism under different circumstances of climate and land-use, and the research on the response of nitrogen mineralization to global climate change. Aimed to provide theoretical support for better understanding the spatiotemporal patterns of forest soil nitrogen mineralization in different climatic areas and their effects on global climate change, this study has conducted an examination of the spatiotemporal variations and the influencing factors of forest soil nitrogen mineralization, and provided an explanation of the characteristics and mechanism of the effect of abiotic (e.g., soil physicochemical environments) and biotic factors (e.g., forest vegetation cover, forest litter, and soil microorganisms and fauna) on forest soil nitrogen mineralization. It is advised that researches on soil nitrogen mineralization should, with unified and efficient methods, be focused on the influencing mechanism of the multi-factor coupling of soil microorganisms-fauna-environmental factors on forest soil nitrogen mineralization, the regulation mechanism of soil nitrogen mineralization under different climate and land-use circumstances, as well as the processes and mechanisms of forest soil nitrogen mineralization under the background of global change. [Ch, 69 ref.]
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