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根系是植物吸收养分和水分的主要器官,对环境变化十分敏感,而土壤环境的变化会时刻影响到植物根系的生理过程。其中,土壤温度是决定植物细胞呼吸速率的重要影响因子,影响根系对水分和养分的吸收。2年生脂松Pinus resinosa在根际温度8 ℃时产生新根的数量最少,16 ℃时最多,新根总长度与温度在8~20 ℃内呈正相关[1]。欧洲水青冈Fagus sylvatica细根的呼吸作用对土壤温度的依赖性十分显著[2];土壤紧实度影响土壤的通气条件和水分状况,会对植物根系的生长发育产生影响。油松Pinus tabuliformis种子的发芽率和出苗率与土壤含水量密切相关[3]。林木根系周围的土壤相对含水率影响着地上、地下部分生物量。针叶树根系生长速度与土壤密度成反比,生长在紧实度高的土壤上的苗木对磷和钾的吸收也减少[4-6]。另外,土壤各环境因子会随土壤厚度的变化而发生相应变化,必然会对植物产生影响,如土壤厚度影响着林木根系的形态和分布[7]。可见,土壤各环境因子深刻影响着植物以及根系的生长。高节竹Phyllostachys prominens隶属禾本科Gramineae竹亚科Bambusodeae刚竹属Phyllostachys,生态适应性强,具有竹笋产量高、品质佳、加工性能好等特点,在浙江省杭州市、湖州市等地广为栽培。目前,针对高节竹丰产栽培[8]、病虫害防治[9-10]、竹笋保鲜[11]和套袋栽培[12]等开展了较多的研究,形成了较为系统的高节竹林栽培技术。2011年以来,为满足市场对高品质竹笋的大量需求,根据高节竹的生物学和生态学特性,在高节竹主产区推广应用覆土控鞭高品质竹笋栽培技术,生产的竹笋个大、色白、鲜嫩,明显改善了竹笋的外观形态,香味和甜味增加,酸涩味和粗糙度减少,竹笋营养品质和适口性明显提高,竹林经济效益显著提高[13]。覆土控鞭栽培如何影响高节竹地下鞭根系统呢?鉴于此,本研究对不同覆土厚度下高节竹2年生竹鞭细根的养分含量和抗性生理指标进行了研究,分析了高节竹鞭根适宜的覆土厚度,为高节竹高品质竹笋培育提供参考。
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由表 1可知:随覆土厚度增大,高节竹鞭根氮质量分数呈先减小后增大趋势。其中,覆土10 cm竹林与覆土0(ck),30,50 cm竹林间均无显著差异,覆土0和50 cm竹林间也无显著差异,但均显著大于覆土30 cm竹林。碳质量分数呈先增大后减小趋势,但不同覆土厚度竹林间无显著差异。磷质量分数呈减小趋势,覆土50 cm竹林显著小于其他试验竹林,覆土0,10和30 cm竹林间均无显著差异。氮碳比呈先减小后增大趋势,覆土0和50 cm竹林间无显著差异,均显著高于覆土10和30 cm竹林,后两者无显著差异;碳磷比呈增大趋势,覆土0,10和30 cm竹林间无显著差异,但均显著小于覆土50 cm竹林;氮磷比呈先减小后增大趋势,覆土0,10和30 cm竹林间无显著差异,均显著小于覆土50 cm竹林。
表 1 高节竹鞭根碳、氮、磷质量百分数和化学计量比
Table 1. Content and stoichiometric ratio of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus of rhizome roots in Phyllostachys prominens
覆土厚度/cm w碳/(g·kg-1) w氮/(g·kg-1) w磷/(g·kg-1) 氮碳比 碳磷比 氮磷比 0(ck) 437.33 ± 7.51 a 11.30 ±0.82 a 0.71 ± 0.15 a 0.26 ± 0.02 a 63.95 ± 14.30 b 16.59 ± 4.15 b 10 456.00 ± 18.08 a 9.35 ± 1.23 ab 0.65 ± 0.13 a 0_20 ± 0.02 b 71.99 ± 12.44 b 14.66 ± 2.27 b 30 440.30 ± 18.18 a 8.52 ± 0.44 b 0.58 ± 0.05 a 0.19 ± 0.02 b 75.67 ± 4.66 b 14.72 ± 2.00 b 50 437.33 ±50.14 a 10.95 ± 0.55 a 0.34 ± 0.01 b 0-25 ± 0.04 a 129.59 ± 11.40 a 32.55 ± 2.65 a 说明:同列不同小写字母表示试验竹林间差异显著(P < 0.05) -
由表 2可知:随覆土厚度的增大,高节竹鞭根相对电导率呈先减小后增大趋势。其中,以覆土50 cm竹林最大,覆土30 cm竹林最小,但不同覆土厚度竹林间均无显著差异。MDA质量摩尔浓度呈先减小后增大趋势,覆土10和30 cm竹林间差异不显著,均显著小于覆土0和50 cm的竹林,后两者间也无显著差异;根系活力呈倒“N”型变化趋势,其中,以覆土30 cm竹林最大,覆土50 cm竹林最小,覆土0和30 cm竹林间无显著差异,均显著大于覆土10和50 cm竹林,后两者间也无显著差异。
表 2 高节竹鞭根根系活力、MDA质量摩尔浓度和相对电导率
Table 2. Root activity, MDA, content and relative conductivity of rhizome roots in Phyllostachys prominens
覆土厚度/cm 相对电导率/% bMDA(mmol·g-1) 根系活力/(μg·g-1·h-1) 0(ck) 19.02 ± 4.60 a 21.15 ± 2.39 a 51.73 ± 10.59 a 10 18.33 ± 3.99 a 13.33 ± 3.62 b 30.98 ± 5.41 b 30 17.54 ± 1.51 a 11.73 ± 0.99 b 59.43 ± 1.63 a 50 22.61 ± 9.36 a 20.55 ± 0.60 a 13.02 ± 1.86 c 说明:同列不同小写字母表示试验竹林间差异显著(P < 0.05) -
由表 3可知:随覆土厚度的增大,高节竹鞭根SOD和POD活性的变化趋势一致,均呈先减小后增大的趋势。其中,以覆土50 cm竹林最大,覆土30 cm竹林最小,覆土0和50 cm竹林间无显著差异,但均显著大于覆土10和30 cm的竹林,并且后两者间无显著差异。
表 3 高节竹鞭根超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性
Table 3. Antioxidant enzyme activity of rhizome roots in Phyllostachys prominens
覆土厚度/cm SOD/(×16.67 nkat·g-1) POD/(×16.67 nkat·g-1) 0(ck) 1 049.79 ± 80.89 a 22 068.25 ± 2 363.49 a 10 768.43 ± 9.13 b 17 573.02 ± 544.44 b 30 661.88 ± 56.53 b 14 085.71 ± 190.48 b 50 1 062.84 ± 54.82 a 23 439.68 ± 2 414.29 a 说明:同列不同小写字母表示试验竹林间差异显著(P < 0.05) -
由表 4可知:随覆土厚度的增大,高节竹鞭根可溶性蛋白质质量分数呈先减小后增大的趋势。其中,以覆土50 cm竹林最大,覆土10 cm竹林最小,而且覆土试验竹林与覆土0 cm(ck)均无显著差异,覆土30和50 cm竹林间也无显著差异,但均显著大于覆土10 cm竹林。可溶性糖质量分数呈先增大后减小的趋势。其中,以覆土10 cm竹林最大,覆土50 cm竹林最小,覆土0,30和50 cm竹林均显著小于覆土10 cm竹林,覆土50 cm竹林显著小于ck,但覆土30 cm竹林与ck无显著差异,覆土30和50 cm竹林间也无显著差异。
表 4 高节竹鞭根可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖质量分数
Table 4. Soluble protein content and soluble sugar content of rhizome roots in Phyllostachys prominens
覆土厚度/cm w可溶性蛋白质/(mg·g-1) w可溶性糖/(mg·g-1) 0(ck) 4.87 ± 0.81 ab 10.8 ± 0.4 b 10 3.68 ± 0.32 b 13.3 ± 1.3 a 30 5.24 ± 0.23 a 9.6 ± 0.7 bc 50 5.90 ± 0.19 a 7.7 ± 0.2 c 说明:同列不同小写字母表示试验竹林间差异显著(P < 0.05)
Soil cover with rhizome controlling cultivation of nutrients and physiological resistance for a Phyllostachys prominens rhizome system
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摘要: 为探明覆土控鞭栽培对高节竹Phyllostachys prominens鞭根养分和抗性生理特征的影响,测定了不同覆土厚度[0(ck),10,30,50 cm]高节竹2年生竹鞭的细根养分含量和抗性生理指标。结果表明:与ck比较,覆土厚度30 cm及以下的覆土控鞭栽培对高节竹鞭根的氮、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖质量分数,丙二醛质量摩尔浓度,氮碳比,根系活力及超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性有显著影响(P < 0.05),但对鞭根碳、磷质量分数,碳磷比,氮磷比,相对电导率影响并不显著(P>0.05)。其中,随覆土厚度的增大,高节竹鞭根氮质量分数、丙二醛质量摩尔浓度、可溶性蛋白质质量分数、超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化物酶活性及氮碳比呈先减小后增大的趋势,可溶性糖质量分数和根系活力呈先增大后减小的趋势。表明适当厚度的覆土(10和30 cm)可在一定程度上改善高节竹鞭根的生长环境条件(水分、温度等),对高节竹生长有促进作用,但覆土厚度过大(50 cm),对鞭根生长会产生负面影响。综合竹笋品质、经济效益及竹林可持续经营能力等分析,高节竹覆土控鞭栽培适宜的覆土厚度为30 cm。Abstract: The aim is to approach the effect of soil cover with rhizome controlling cultivation on nutrients and physiological resistance of rhizome roots from Phyllostachys prominens as well as to determine the optimum soil cover thickness for high-quality root and rhizome system. The content of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) as well as physiological indexes of rhizome roots from P. prominens with different soil cover thickness[0(ck), 10, 30, and 50 cm] were determined, and each index was measured three times. Meanwhile, the saliency test was also carried out. Results showed that compared with ck, soil covering management with moderate thicknesses (≤ 30 cm) influenced content of N, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), soluble protein, soluble sugar, and root activity significantly (P < 0.05), but the content of C, P, C/P, N/P, and relative electrical conductivity of those treatment changed slightly(P>0.05). With soil covering thickness increaseing, content of N, MDA, soluble protein, SOD, POD, and N/C of root and rhizome systems tended to decrease first and then increase (P < 0.05), but soluble sugar and root activity changed in an opposite trends (P < 0.05). Thus, moderate thickness of soil covering (10 and 30 cm) could improve the growth environment conditions of root and rhizome systems to some extent, and promote growth of P. prominens, but excess thickness of soil covering would have a negative impact on root and rhizome systems. All results indicated the suitable soil covering thickness for better bamboo shoot quality, economic yield benefits, and bamboo forest sustainable management of P. prominens should be 30 cm.
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表 1 高节竹鞭根碳、氮、磷质量百分数和化学计量比
Table 1. Content and stoichiometric ratio of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus of rhizome roots in Phyllostachys prominens
覆土厚度/cm w碳/(g·kg-1) w氮/(g·kg-1) w磷/(g·kg-1) 氮碳比 碳磷比 氮磷比 0(ck) 437.33 ± 7.51 a 11.30 ±0.82 a 0.71 ± 0.15 a 0.26 ± 0.02 a 63.95 ± 14.30 b 16.59 ± 4.15 b 10 456.00 ± 18.08 a 9.35 ± 1.23 ab 0.65 ± 0.13 a 0_20 ± 0.02 b 71.99 ± 12.44 b 14.66 ± 2.27 b 30 440.30 ± 18.18 a 8.52 ± 0.44 b 0.58 ± 0.05 a 0.19 ± 0.02 b 75.67 ± 4.66 b 14.72 ± 2.00 b 50 437.33 ±50.14 a 10.95 ± 0.55 a 0.34 ± 0.01 b 0-25 ± 0.04 a 129.59 ± 11.40 a 32.55 ± 2.65 a 说明:同列不同小写字母表示试验竹林间差异显著(P < 0.05) 表 2 高节竹鞭根根系活力、MDA质量摩尔浓度和相对电导率
Table 2. Root activity, MDA, content and relative conductivity of rhizome roots in Phyllostachys prominens
覆土厚度/cm 相对电导率/% bMDA(mmol·g-1) 根系活力/(μg·g-1·h-1) 0(ck) 19.02 ± 4.60 a 21.15 ± 2.39 a 51.73 ± 10.59 a 10 18.33 ± 3.99 a 13.33 ± 3.62 b 30.98 ± 5.41 b 30 17.54 ± 1.51 a 11.73 ± 0.99 b 59.43 ± 1.63 a 50 22.61 ± 9.36 a 20.55 ± 0.60 a 13.02 ± 1.86 c 说明:同列不同小写字母表示试验竹林间差异显著(P < 0.05) 表 3 高节竹鞭根超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性
Table 3. Antioxidant enzyme activity of rhizome roots in Phyllostachys prominens
覆土厚度/cm SOD/(×16.67 nkat·g-1) POD/(×16.67 nkat·g-1) 0(ck) 1 049.79 ± 80.89 a 22 068.25 ± 2 363.49 a 10 768.43 ± 9.13 b 17 573.02 ± 544.44 b 30 661.88 ± 56.53 b 14 085.71 ± 190.48 b 50 1 062.84 ± 54.82 a 23 439.68 ± 2 414.29 a 说明:同列不同小写字母表示试验竹林间差异显著(P < 0.05) 表 4 高节竹鞭根可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖质量分数
Table 4. Soluble protein content and soluble sugar content of rhizome roots in Phyllostachys prominens
覆土厚度/cm w可溶性蛋白质/(mg·g-1) w可溶性糖/(mg·g-1) 0(ck) 4.87 ± 0.81 ab 10.8 ± 0.4 b 10 3.68 ± 0.32 b 13.3 ± 1.3 a 30 5.24 ± 0.23 a 9.6 ± 0.7 bc 50 5.90 ± 0.19 a 7.7 ± 0.2 c 说明:同列不同小写字母表示试验竹林间差异显著(P < 0.05) -
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