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在昆虫与植物的关系中,植物化学成分、形态特征和各种环境因子等影响着昆虫对寄主选择,其中寄主植物释放的挥发性物质起着关键的作用[1]。植物的特异性化学物质诱导昆虫产生多种行为,如寄主定向、产卵行为、取食行为等[2]。研究植食性昆虫对寄主植物气味的趋性有助于了解植食性昆虫寄主选择的机制[3],探索新的害虫防控措施,在利用天然活性物质、抗虫育种和生物防治中具有积极意义[4]。大量文献报道:昆虫利用植物所释放的化学信号物质进行寄主定向。如马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata依靠马铃薯Solanum tuberosum叶片气味产生定向选择[5],十字花科Brassicaceae所释放的芥子油对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella具有吸引作用[6],寄主白菜Brassica pekinensis气味对桃蚜Myzus persicae有明显的引诱作用[7],烟草甲Lasioderma serricorne对不同辣椒Capsicum annuum挥发物表现出极显著的趋向作用[8]。根据缨翅目Thysanoptera蓟马科Thripidae昆虫借助植物气味寻找寄主的特性,将烟碱乙酸酯和苯甲醛混合在一起制成诱芯在田间使用,能够准确预测花蓟马的发生及为害时期,并且能大量诱杀蓟马成虫[9]。天牛科Cerambycidae、郭公甲科Cleroidea、象甲科Curculionidae和小蠹虫科Scolytidae的昆虫能被松针叶的挥发物α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、月桂烯和莰烯所引诱[10]。但有关寄主植物气味是否对绿带妒尺蛾Phthonoloba viridifasciata存在引诱作用还未见报道。
绿带妒尺蛾隶属于鳞翅目Lepidoptera尺蛾科Geometridae,是桫椤Alsophila spinulosa和小黑桫椤Alsophila metteniana的食叶昆虫之一[11]。在贵州赤水桫椤国家级自然保护区内1 a发生4~5代,幼虫以取食嫩叶为主,虫害暴发期,可将嫩叶和成叶取食殆尽,严重影响了桫椤的正常发育和繁殖[12]。桫椤和小黑桫椤隶属于桫椤科Cyatheaceae桫椤属Alsophila蕨类植物,其中桫椤是世界濒危植物[13-14]、中国二级珍惜保护植物[15]。目前桫椤和小黑桫椤对绿带妒尺蛾有效防治研究较少。避免使用化学农药带来的问题,寻找绿色的防控措施对促进有害生物的可持续控制意义重大[16]。研究绿带妒尺蛾幼虫对桫椤和小黑桫椤的趋向行为和寄主植物叶片的化学成分,能为桫椤和小黑桫椤的虫害防控筛选合适的引诱剂提供依据。
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如表1所示:无论在光照或黑暗条件下,绿带妒尺蛾幼虫对2种蕨类植物叶碟的选择频次均极显著大于对绿色叶碟的选择频次(P<0.01),说明寄主植物气味可对绿带妒尺蛾幼虫产生引诱作用。光照环境下对桫椤和小黑桫椤的选择率略低于黑暗环境下的选择率,可能是在视觉作用下,绿带妒尺蛾幼虫被外形相似的绿色叶碟所“蒙骗”,导致光照条件下选择绿色叶碟的频次略大于在黑暗下的选择频次,视觉可能在寄主选择中也发挥着一定得作用。
表 1 绿带妒尺蛾幼虫对桫椤和小黑桫椤叶碟的趋性选择
Table 1. Selection frequencies of P. viridifasciata larvae towards A. spinulosa and A. metteniana leaf discs respectively
组合 条件 选择
频次选择
率/%χ2 P 显著性 桫椤/绿色叶碟 光照 41 68.7 8.07 0.004 5 ** 黑暗 49 81.7 24.07 9.306E−07 ** 小黑桫椤/绿色叶碟 光照 46 78.3 17.07 3.609E−05 ** 黑暗 48 80.0 21.60 3.359E−06 ** 说明:组合为实验组/对照组,绿色叶碟为对照,n=60; **表示差异极显著(P<0.01) -
由表2显示:黑暗条件下,绿带妒尺蛾幼虫对桫椤分别与中华复叶耳蕨、肾蕨组合,小黑桫椤分别与中华复叶耳蕨、肾蕨组合的趋性选择均差异极显著(P<0.01),说明绿带妒尺蛾幼虫能依靠寄主植物气味信息准确识别寄主。绿带妒尺蛾幼虫对桫椤和小黑桫椤的选择频次无显著差异(P>0.05),说明2种植物的气味都可以对绿带妒尺蛾幼虫产生一定的吸引作用。
表 2 绿带妒尺蛾幼虫在不同蕨类植物比较时的选择频次
Table 2. Selection frequencies of P. viridifasciata larvae towards combinations of different ferns
组合 选择频次 χ2 P 显著性 实验组 对照组 桫椤/中华复叶耳蕨 41 9 20.48 6.026E−06 ** 桫椤/肾蕨 37 13 11.52 0.000 6 ** 小黑桫/中华复叶耳蕨 39 11 15.68 7.501E−05 ** 小黑桫椤/肾蕨 37 13 11.52 0.000 6 ** 桫椤/小黑桫椤 36 29 0.75 0.385 3 ns 说明:组合为实验组/对照组,n=50;**表示差异极显著 (P<0.01);ns表示差异不显著(P>0.05) -
如表3所示:黑暗条件下,在4种蕨类叶碟共存时,绿带妒尺蛾幼虫对不同蕨类叶碟的选择频次差异显著(P<0.05),其中对桫椤的选择频次最高,占总频次的38.3%。这说明在多植物环境下,绿带妒尺蛾幼虫可以准确判断最适宜的寄主植物,桫椤叶片所释放的挥发物对绿带妒尺蛾幼虫的定向选择具有更强烈的引诱作用。
表 3 绿带妒尺蛾幼虫在4种蕨类植物共存条件下的选择反应
Table 3. Selection responses of P. viridifasciata larvae towards different ferns presented together
植物 选择频次 选择率/% χ2 P 显著性 桫椤 46 38.3 15.8 0.001 2 ** 小黑桫椤 34 28.3 中华复叶耳蕨 21 17.6 肾蕨 19 15.8 说明:n=120;*表示差异极显著(P<0.01) -
通过GC-MS分析得到桫椤和小黑桫椤嫩叶浸提物的总离子流图TIC(图2)。初步确定2种桫椤的化学组分主要是烃类、醇类、醛类等,共检测出34种化合物。其中桫椤的化合物成分有23种,小黑桫椤的化合物成分有19种,同时2种桫椤共有物质有8种。由表4可知:2种桫椤的主要成分为烃类,桫椤中相对含量最高的是二十五烷(7.75%),小黑桫椤相对含量最高的是正二十七烷(8.84%)。其次是醇类,桫椤有5种,小黑桫椤2种,桫椤和小黑桫椤共有 γ-谷甾醇、豆甾烷醇,γ-谷甾醇(5.25%)和豆甾烷醇(8.21%)在小黑桫椤的挥发性成分中所占比例要高于桫椤,而叶醇(3.04%)仅在桫椤中存在。醛类、有机酸类、脂类、胺类在桫椤和小黑桫椤中的相对含量均相对较低,对甲氧基肉桂酸辛酯在桫椤中的相对含量仅有0.35%,庚醛在小黑桫椤中的相对含量仅为0.1%。说明在化合物组成上,桫椤和小黑桫椤既存在相似性,同时也具有一定的差异性。
图 2 桫椤和小黑桫椤嫩叶浸提物总离子流图
Figure 2. Total ion current diagram of the young leaves of A. spinulosa and A. metteniana
表 4 寄主植物叶片浸提物成分分析
Table 4. Analysis of chemical compounds of leaf extractive substances from host plants
化合物 CAS号 相对含量/% 化合物 CAS号 相对含量/% 桫椤 小黑桫椤 桫椤 小黑桫椤 十二烷 dodecane 112-40-3 0.95±0.14 正三十二烷 dotriacontane 544-85-4 1.58±0.18 2.74±0.05 二十二烷 docosane 629-97-0 0.63±0.08 叶醇 3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)- 928-96-1 3.04±1.52 二十四烷 tetracosane 646-31-1 3.90±0.01 1-辛烯-3-醇 1-octen-3-ol 3391-86-4 0.43±0.13 二十五烷 pentacosane 629-99-2 7.75±1.10 8.71±1.72 麦角甾烷醇 ergostanol 1694036 0.78±0.38 二十六烷 hexacosane 630-01-3 5.76±0.35 γ-谷甾醇 gamma.-sitosterol 83-47-6 4.40±0.99 5.25±0.56 二十七烷 heptacosane 593-49-7 6.08±0.35 豆甾烷醇 stigmastanol 19466-47-8 4.39±0.70 8.21±0.69 二十八烷 octacosane 630-02-4 6.66±1.14 7.32±0.41 反式-2-己烯醛 2-hexenal, (E)- 6728-26-3 3.93±1.60 二十九烷 nonacosane 630-03-5 4.21±0.25 壬醛 nonanal 124-19-6 0.70±0.25 1.80±1.00 三十烷 triacontane 638-68-6 2.50±0.18 庚醛 heptanal 111-71-7 0.10±0.06 三十一烷 hentriacontane 630-04-6 2.31±0.23 棕榈酸 n-hexadecanoic acid 21096 0.79±0.45 正二十三烷 tricosane 638-67-5 1.53±0.06 2.15±0.54 α-亚麻酸 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic
acid, (Z,Z,Z)-463-40-1 2.12±1.72 正二十四烷 tetracosane 646-31-1 5.52±1.22 对甲氧基肉桂酸辛酯 2-propenoic acid,
3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-, 2-ethylhexyl ester5466-77-3 0.35±0.17 0.40±0.29 正二十六烷 hexacosane 630-01-3 8.06±1.43 对甲氧基肉桂酸异辛酯 2-ethylhexyl
trans-4-methoxycinnamate83834-59-7 0.31±0.14 正二十七烷 heptacosane 593-49-7 8.84±1.60 油酸酰胺 9-octadecenamide, (Z)- 301-02-0 0.58±0.17 正二十九烷 nonacosane 630-03-5 6.73±0.39 十六烷基二甲基叔胺 dimethyl palmitamine 112-69-6 0.31±0.01 正三十烷 triacontane 638-68-6 4.18±0.14 十八烷基二甲基叔胺 dimantine 124-28-7 0.93±0.11 正三十一烷 hentriacontane 630-04-6 4.15±0.22 4-乙烯基-2-甲氧基苯酚 2-methoxy-
4-vinylphenol7786-61-0 0.34±0.02 说明:表中数据是平均值±标准差(n=3);若为空白,则说明未检测到或者相对含量很低
Host selection of Phthonoloba viridifasciata and analysis of chemical compounds in leaves of host plants
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摘要:
目的 通过研究绿带妒尺蛾Phthonoloba viridifasciata幼虫对寄主植物的趋向反应和对寄主植物叶片的化学成分分析,为后续研发绿带妒尺蛾引诱剂提供科学依据。 方法 在室内用培养皿测定了在不同叶碟组合下,绿带妒尺蛾2龄幼虫对不同叶碟的趋性选择。使用正己烷制作寄主植物样品粗提物,气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析寄主植物嫩叶浸提物的化学成分。使用卡方检验比较绿带妒尺蛾幼虫对不同处理的趋性选择。 结果 ①光照和黑暗条件下,桫椤Alsophila spinulosa和小黑桫椤Alsophila metteniana分别与绿色叶碟配对时,绿带妒尺蛾幼虫对桫椤和小黑桫椤的选择频次极显著高于对绿色叶碟的选择频次(P<0.01)。光照条件下的选择率(桫椤68.7%,小黑桫椤78.3%)略低于黑暗条件下的选择率(桫椤81.7%,小黑桫椤80.0%)。②黑暗条件下,绿带妒尺蛾幼虫对寄主植物桫椤和小黑桫椤的选择频次极显著高于对非寄主植中华复叶耳蕨Arachniodes chinensis和肾蕨Nephrolepis auriculata的选择频次(P<0.01)。③黑暗条件下,4种蕨类植物叶碟共存时,绿带妒尺蛾幼虫对桫椤的选择频次显著高于对其他3种蕨类植物的选择频次(P<0.05),其中对桫椤的选择频次最高,达46次,占总频次的38.3%。④桫椤和小黑桫椤的化学组分主要是烃类,其次是醇类、醛类等,GC-MS共检测出30余种化合物,其中桫椤23种,小黑桫椤19种,2种植物相同组分有γ-谷甾醇、豆甾烷醇、对甲氧基肉桂酸辛酯、壬醛和其他烷烃等8种化合物。 结论 绿带妒尺蛾幼虫鉴别寄主植物和非寄主植物能力较强,能被寄主桫椤和小黑桫椤所吸引。在桫椤中存在的叶醇和壬醛有望作为绿带妒尺蛾的引诱剂成分。图2表4参38 Abstract:Objective This study aims to investigate the tropism response of Phthonoloba viridifasciata larvae to host plants and chemical compounds in leaves of host plants, so as to provide scientific reference for the development of attractants for P. viridifasciata. Method The selection of the 2nd instar larvae of P. viridifasciata to different leaf disc combinations was determined by petri dishes in the laboratory. The crude extracts of host plants were prepared with hexane and the chemical compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Chi square test was used to compare the taxis selection of the larvae of P. viridifasciata to different treatments. Result (1) Under light and dark conditions, the selection frequency of P. viridifasciata towards Alsophina spinulosa and A. metteniana were significantly higher than that towards green leaf discs (P<0.01) when A. spinulosa and A. metteniana were paired with green leaf discs. Under light conditions, the selection ratio under light (A. spinulosa 68.7%, A. metteniana 78.3%) was slightly lower than that under darkness (A. spinulosa 81.7%, A. metteniana 80.0%). (2) Under dark conditions, the selection frequency of the larvae of P. viridifasciata to the host plants A. spinulosa and A. metteniana were significantly higher than that to the non-host plants Arachniodes chinensis and Nephrolepis auriculata (P<0.01). (3) Under dark conditions, when the leaves and discs of 4 ferns coexisted, the selection frequency of A. spinulosa by the larvae of P. viridifasciata was significantly higher than that of the other 3 ferns (P<0.05), in which the selection frequency of A. spinulosa was the highest, up to 46 times, accounting for 38.3% of the total frequency. (4) At least 30 compounds were detected by GC-MS, including 23 from A. spinulosa, 19 from A. metteniana, and 8 shared compounds such as γ-sitosterol, stigmastanol, 2-propenoic acid, 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-, 2-ethylhexyl ester, nonanal, and other alkanes. The chemical compounds in leaves of A. spinulosa and A. metteniana were mainly hydrocarbons, followed by alcohols and aldehydes. Conclusion The larvae of P. viridifasciata have a strong ability to distinguish host plants from non-host plants, and can be attracted by host plants A. spinulosa and A. metteniana. Mixture of 3-Hexen-1-ol, (Z)- and nonanal can be used as attractants for P. viridifasciata. [Ch, 2 fig. 4 tab. 38 ref.] -
表 1 绿带妒尺蛾幼虫对桫椤和小黑桫椤叶碟的趋性选择
Table 1. Selection frequencies of P. viridifasciata larvae towards A. spinulosa and A. metteniana leaf discs respectively
组合 条件 选择
频次选择
率/%χ2 P 显著性 桫椤/绿色叶碟 光照 41 68.7 8.07 0.004 5 ** 黑暗 49 81.7 24.07 9.306E−07 ** 小黑桫椤/绿色叶碟 光照 46 78.3 17.07 3.609E−05 ** 黑暗 48 80.0 21.60 3.359E−06 ** 说明:组合为实验组/对照组,绿色叶碟为对照,n=60; **表示差异极显著(P<0.01) 表 2 绿带妒尺蛾幼虫在不同蕨类植物比较时的选择频次
Table 2. Selection frequencies of P. viridifasciata larvae towards combinations of different ferns
组合 选择频次 χ2 P 显著性 实验组 对照组 桫椤/中华复叶耳蕨 41 9 20.48 6.026E−06 ** 桫椤/肾蕨 37 13 11.52 0.000 6 ** 小黑桫/中华复叶耳蕨 39 11 15.68 7.501E−05 ** 小黑桫椤/肾蕨 37 13 11.52 0.000 6 ** 桫椤/小黑桫椤 36 29 0.75 0.385 3 ns 说明:组合为实验组/对照组,n=50;**表示差异极显著 (P<0.01);ns表示差异不显著(P>0.05) 表 3 绿带妒尺蛾幼虫在4种蕨类植物共存条件下的选择反应
Table 3. Selection responses of P. viridifasciata larvae towards different ferns presented together
植物 选择频次 选择率/% χ2 P 显著性 桫椤 46 38.3 15.8 0.001 2 ** 小黑桫椤 34 28.3 中华复叶耳蕨 21 17.6 肾蕨 19 15.8 说明:n=120;*表示差异极显著(P<0.01) 表 4 寄主植物叶片浸提物成分分析
Table 4. Analysis of chemical compounds of leaf extractive substances from host plants
化合物 CAS号 相对含量/% 化合物 CAS号 相对含量/% 桫椤 小黑桫椤 桫椤 小黑桫椤 十二烷 dodecane 112-40-3 0.95±0.14 正三十二烷 dotriacontane 544-85-4 1.58±0.18 2.74±0.05 二十二烷 docosane 629-97-0 0.63±0.08 叶醇 3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)- 928-96-1 3.04±1.52 二十四烷 tetracosane 646-31-1 3.90±0.01 1-辛烯-3-醇 1-octen-3-ol 3391-86-4 0.43±0.13 二十五烷 pentacosane 629-99-2 7.75±1.10 8.71±1.72 麦角甾烷醇 ergostanol 1694036 0.78±0.38 二十六烷 hexacosane 630-01-3 5.76±0.35 γ-谷甾醇 gamma.-sitosterol 83-47-6 4.40±0.99 5.25±0.56 二十七烷 heptacosane 593-49-7 6.08±0.35 豆甾烷醇 stigmastanol 19466-47-8 4.39±0.70 8.21±0.69 二十八烷 octacosane 630-02-4 6.66±1.14 7.32±0.41 反式-2-己烯醛 2-hexenal, (E)- 6728-26-3 3.93±1.60 二十九烷 nonacosane 630-03-5 4.21±0.25 壬醛 nonanal 124-19-6 0.70±0.25 1.80±1.00 三十烷 triacontane 638-68-6 2.50±0.18 庚醛 heptanal 111-71-7 0.10±0.06 三十一烷 hentriacontane 630-04-6 2.31±0.23 棕榈酸 n-hexadecanoic acid 21096 0.79±0.45 正二十三烷 tricosane 638-67-5 1.53±0.06 2.15±0.54 α-亚麻酸 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic
acid, (Z,Z,Z)-463-40-1 2.12±1.72 正二十四烷 tetracosane 646-31-1 5.52±1.22 对甲氧基肉桂酸辛酯 2-propenoic acid,
3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-, 2-ethylhexyl ester5466-77-3 0.35±0.17 0.40±0.29 正二十六烷 hexacosane 630-01-3 8.06±1.43 对甲氧基肉桂酸异辛酯 2-ethylhexyl
trans-4-methoxycinnamate83834-59-7 0.31±0.14 正二十七烷 heptacosane 593-49-7 8.84±1.60 油酸酰胺 9-octadecenamide, (Z)- 301-02-0 0.58±0.17 正二十九烷 nonacosane 630-03-5 6.73±0.39 十六烷基二甲基叔胺 dimethyl palmitamine 112-69-6 0.31±0.01 正三十烷 triacontane 638-68-6 4.18±0.14 十八烷基二甲基叔胺 dimantine 124-28-7 0.93±0.11 正三十一烷 hentriacontane 630-04-6 4.15±0.22 4-乙烯基-2-甲氧基苯酚 2-methoxy-
4-vinylphenol7786-61-0 0.34±0.02 说明:表中数据是平均值±标准差(n=3);若为空白,则说明未检测到或者相对含量很低 -
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