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中草药(Chinese herb medicine)包括中药和草药,是一个组合名词[1],中药源于草药,草药是中药的补充。中医理论认为中草药是人类在自然界中发现并直接供药用的植物、动物、矿物以及基本不改变其理化属性的简单加工品。相比西药,中草药毒副作用小,不易产生抗药性,环保性好;其中某些药物成分不仅抗菌抗病毒,还具有免疫促进作用,能够显著地增强动物的抗病能力,改善动物的免疫机能[2]。随着水产养殖环境的不断恶化以及各类病害的频繁发生,越来越多的环保监测不合格水产养殖企业面临停业整顿或关闭;农业部公布的禁用渔药品种逐年增多[3],化学药物和抗生素的禁用范围也逐年扩大。水产动物病毒疫苗的匮乏和中草药在治疗病毒性、自身免疫性和营养代谢性疾病上的作用,促使绿色安全的中草药成为当前鱼药研究和开发的重点。中草药饲料添加剂的研究起步较晚,在水产动物病害日益增多、环境保护和食品安全压力不断加大的今天,中草药在水产养殖疾病防治方面所起的作用日益凸显;传统的复方中草药制剂成份复杂,成本较高,作用机制不够清楚,难以满足现代水产养殖业的需要,由此单一中草药及其提取物在水产动物免疫中的应用研究成为当前水产动物中草药免疫的主要方向。
A review on application of Chinese herbal medicine additives in immunization of aquatic animals
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摘要: 随着养殖规模的扩大和养殖环境的恶化,水产养殖业越来越受困于病害的频繁发生,尤其是细菌性和病毒性疾病给鱼、虾等水产动物的养殖业造成了巨大的经济损失。传统的化学类和抗生素类药物毒性较大,容易使病原微生物产生耐药性,且严重污染水环境。中草药具有其安全、低毒、环保等特点,越来越为水产养殖界所关注,相关的应用研究报道也日益增多。以近年来水产动物免疫研究中中草药的应用研究进展进行了综述,大量研究报道显示中草药具有提高水产动物(鱼、虾、蟹等)免疫机能的作用,并在抗病毒、抗菌和抗寄生虫等方面表现出有效的促进作用,从而提高了水产养殖动物的成活率。目前的研究趋势是从过去的复方制剂研究更多地向一种中草药及其提取物的免疫促进作用研究过渡,同时相关研究的深度不断加强,有助于精准用药和降低成本,拓宽了中草药在水产动物疾病预防上的应用前景,从而促进水产养殖业采用更加绿色环保的疾病预防方法。Abstract: Since the 1990s, with the expanding scale of aquaculture and the deteriorating aquatic environment, aquaculture has been increasingly affected by various diseases, especially viral and bacterial diseases have caused huge economic loss in fish and shrimp culture. Traditional chemical and antibiotic drugs are highly toxic, and are easy to cause drug-resistance of pathogenic microbes. With the increasing attention paid by the state and the society to the ecological environment and food safety, more drugs of these categories are prohibited by the Ministry of Agriculture. Characterized by being safe, low toxin, environment friendly, Chinese herb medicine is added into aquaculture feed to prevent and control disease of aquatic organisms. Chinese herb medicine and its applications in aquatic animal immunity were reviewed. A large body of literature reported that Chinese herbal medicine played an important role in enhancing the immune function of aquatic animals (fish, shrimp, crabs, and etc.), promoted the antiviral, antibacterial and anti-parasitic activity effectively, and increased the survival rate of aquatic animals. Current research focus tends to change from previous compound preparation to the immune role of a separate herb and its extract. And the depth of research has been strengthened, which contributes to precision medication and reducing cost, widening the prospect of the application of Chinese herbal medicine in the disease prevention of aquatic animals, and promoting the adoption of a greener and environmentally friendly disease prevention method in aquaculture.
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Key words:
- aquatic protection /
- Chinese herb medicine /
- aquaculture /
- immunity /
- review
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