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人类利用植物进行固土护坡已有较长历史。早在1591年,中国就开始用柳树Salix babylonica来进行固土护坡及稳定堤防[1]。在17世纪,中国就用植被保护黄河河岸。中世纪,法国、瑞士通过栽培柳树来防护运河河岸。1633年,日本采用植草皮、栽树苗的方法治理荒坡,这也是日本植被护坡的起源。欧洲最早使用植物固坡是在19世纪。20世纪30年代,植被护坡被引入中欧,从此植被护坡技术在欧洲广为传播,主要应用于公路边坡和河堤防护。在北美,植被护坡可以追溯到1926年[2]。英国于20世纪40年代末开始使用植被护坡技术,主要应用于陆地景观的稳定、堤岸和交通线路边坡的保护等。位于东南亚的马来西亚、泰国等国家,香根草Vetiveria zizanioides因具有根系发达、扎根深、根系抗拉强度比一般植物大等特点,被广泛用于沟渠的加固和高速公路路基护坡[3]。根系是植物重要器官,不仅具有吸收输导土壤中的水分养分,合成和储存营养物质等生理功能,还具有固持水土的能力。研究表明,植物根系通过发挥其自身的抗拉特性以增强土体的抗剪强度[4]。同时,植物根系具有的抗拉性能是增强边坡稳定性最重要的因素,也是根系固土抗蚀的重要指标,能表征根系材料在固土过程中的受力潜能[5]。因此,本文综述与植物根系抗拉力学性能相关的研究。
Research progress on the tensile mechanical properties of plant roots
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摘要: 根系是植物固土的基本单元,根系力学性能研究是植物根系固土研究的基础。植物护坡工程中,植物根系通过发挥抗剪和抗拉作用提高边坡稳定性。根系抗拉能力是增强边坡稳定性最重要的因素之一,根系抗拉力学性能研究具有重要意义。在分析国内外多种植物根系抗拉力学性能研究的基础上,总结了这些植物根系抗拉力学特性的研究现状,分析比较了植物根系抗拉力学性能研究试验的方法和多种影响因素与植物根系抗拉性能的关系,得出如下结论:①目前尚未形成标准的根系抗拉试验,根系抗拉性能试验研究的方法和设备有待科学规范;②根系直径与抗拉力和抗拉强度关系研究已经形成共识,即根系直径越大,抗拉力越大,抗拉强度越小;③根系抗拉强度随根系采伐时间的推移而降低;④根系长度、含水量、加载速率、根系内部化学成分和微观结构等对抗拉力和抗拉强度的影响研究较少,尚未形成统一结论,还需要加强研究。最后,探讨了植物根系抗拉力学性能研究存在的问题和趋势,认为夹具的改进、根系形态解剖结构研究、根系疲劳破坏研究应成为今后研究的重点。Abstract: The root system is the basic unit of soil reinforcement by plants, and the research on the tensile mechanical properties of root system lays the foundation of studies on soil reinforcing effects of plant roots. In slope protection engineering which employs plants, the root system improves the stability of the slope through its shear resistance and tensile resistance. Researches have shown evidence that the tensile strength of root system is one of the most important determinants of enhancing slope stability. Therefore, research on the mechanical properties of root tensile strength is of great significance. Based on the analysis of various studies about the properties of tensile strength of root system by both Chinese and international researchers, this paper not only gives a summary of the current status of these studies but also analyzes and compares the experimental methods employed in these studies, and examines the relationship between various determinants and the tensile performance of root system of plants. Conclusions of this paper are as follows:(1)There has not formed a standardized tensile test for root system yet, and the scientific specifications for methods and devices used in the experimental study on the tensile properties of root system should be implemented; (2) The consensus among studies on the relationship between the diameter of root system and its tensile resistance and tensile strength is that the tensile resistance is in a positive correlation with the diameter of the root system while the tensile strength is in a negative correlation with it; (3)The tensile strength of the root system declines with the passage of time since the plant is uprooted; (4) There have no enough researches on the impacts of length, water content, loading rate, chemical components and micro-structure of root system on its tensile resistance and tensile strength, no consensus conclusion has yet been reached and therefore further researches are needed. Finally, this paper explores the problems and trends of researches on the tensile mechanical properties of root system of plants, and argues that the emphasis of future research will be on the improvement of clamps, structural study on the morphological anatomy of root system and the study on the fatigue failure of root system.
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Key words:
- plant ecology /
- plant root /
- root reinforcement and slope stability /
- tensile resistance /
- tensile strength /
- review
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