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造林初期,苗木从土壤中获取养分的能力较差,主要依靠体内储存养分的内转移和再分配[1],因此苗圃阶段如何合理施肥,增加苗木养分库进而提高苗木造林效果成为国内外广大学者共同关注的科学问题[2-3]。在施肥元素类型与苗木质量的关系中,氮肥的研究相对较多,内容涵盖氮肥形态(铵态氮与硝态氮)、树种特性(落叶与阔叶、快速生长与慢速生长、先锋树种与顶极群落树种)、氮储存与再利用方式(休眠期与春季蛋白质和氨基酸种类变化与转移途径的不同)以及土壤肥力(瘠薄与肥沃)、库强(生长点发育与氮转移)等[4-7]。据不完全统计,近5 a来发表在高水平学术期刊上的有关氮肥加载与养分再利用的综述至少有4篇[2-3, 6, 8]。磷肥是植物生长、发育不可缺少的基本元素,磷肥施用量对于苗木体内磷的直接积累以及对其他元素的储存均可能产生影响[9-10]。尽管作为植物必需的第二大元素,人们对苗木磷吸收与积累规律的研究相对较少,对磷肥的探讨往往是依据不同氮肥量对同一施磷量苗木磷吸收变化的表述上,磷肥对其他元素影响方面的研究则更为少见[11-12],氮肥和磷肥如何调控苗木质量尚不完全清楚。相对于速溶肥,缓释肥可以在苗圃整地时机械施入并依靠自身的包膜逐渐释放养分以供给苗木生长,由于节省的劳动力成本远远大于肥料本身的价格而受苗木生产者青睐[13]。缓释肥释放肥料的速度除与包膜材料和技术、气候、施肥方法等相关外,还取决于树种特性、苗木规格或苗龄甚至其所施肥料种类[14-16]。相对于速溶肥,目前对缓释肥作用规律方面的研究较少[17]。因此,针对特定树种的某一规格的苗木开展缓释肥对其生长和养分积累的影响彰显必要。长白落叶松Larix olgensis作为分布在中国东北地区的主要速生树种之一,因适应性强、生长快、用途广、材质优良,在中国用材树种发展中发挥重要作用,其苗木培育技术得到广泛关注[18-21]。根据国家标准(全国森林培育技术标准汇编: 种子苗木卷 GB 6000-1999)所规定的生产规程,长白落叶松苗木需要经过播种培育1 a,然后换床移植1 a[22]。我们的前期研究发现,落叶松播种苗和移植苗对于磷肥和速溶氮肥的响应规律存在很大差异[23]。祝燕等[17]、魏红旭等[24]分别对长白落叶松大田播种苗、容器苗进行了缓释氮肥研究。因此,进一步研究磷肥和缓释氮肥对长白落叶松移植苗生长和养分积累的影响对于指导苗木生产具有现实意义。
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施磷与施氮量交互效应对苗高、地径、生物量、根茎比等生长指标均无显著影响(P=0.450~0.949)(表 1)。主效应方面,除根茎比外,施氮量对生长指标影响均达到显著水平(P=0.001~0.026)(表 1)。当施氮量为A2(6 g·m-2)时,苗高和地径比对照分别增加了22.3%和12.9%,施氮量为A3(12 g·m-2)时,苗高和地径均达到最大值,分别为26.41 cm和0.53 cm,但与A2(6 g·m-2)和A4(18 g·m-2)处理间差异不显著(图 1)。与苗高、地径相似的是,A2,A3,A4苗木整株生物量及各器官生物量处理间无显著差异,其峰值也均出现在A3(12 g·m-2)上;不同的是,A4处理的苗木根、茎生物量较A3有了较大下降(图 2)。
表 1 不同氮(A)和五氧化二磷(B)施用量下长白落叶松苗木形态指标主效应和交互效应方差分析F值
Table 1. F values derived from ANOVA of the main effects N (A),P2O5 (B) and of their interaction effect (AxB) on morphological attributes of Larix olgensis seedlings
变异来源 苗高 地径 生物量 根茎比 根 茎 叶 整株 A 7.225*** 3.686* 5.514** 4.158* 5.064** 5.201** 1.145 B 5.443* 1.756 4.848* 2.834 2.028 3.161 1.834 A×B 0.841 0.264 0.996 0.313 0.747 0.640 0.465 说明:***表示P<0.001;**表示P<0.01;*表示P<0.05。 图 1 不同氮(A)和五氧化二磷(B)施用量下长白落叶松苗木苗高、地径
Figure 1. Main effects of N (A) and P2O5 (B) on height and diameter of Larix olgensis seedlings
图 2 不同氮(A)和五氧化二磷(B)施用量下长白落叶松苗木生物量及根茎比
Figure 2. Main effects of N (A) and P2O5 (B) on tissue dry mass and root/shoot of Larix olgensis seedlings
磷肥对苗木生长影响的主效应小于氮肥,施磷量仅对苗高、根系生物量有显著影响(P=0.011~0.017)(表 1)。施磷处理B2(21 g·m-2),B3(42 g·m-2)的苗高和根系生物量均显著高于对照,其中苗高分别较对照增加13.3%,16.2%(图 1),根系生物量分别较对照增加了19.3%,27.1%(图 2)。
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施磷与氮量交互效应对叶磷含量影响显著(P=0.024)(表 2),在不施氮肥A1(0 g·m-2)或者施较高氮肥A4(18 g·m-2)时,磷肥施用量对叶磷积累没有显著影响;而在施氮量A2(6 g·m-2),A3(12 g·m-2)下,磷肥施用量对叶磷积累有显著影响,叶片磷含量最高的处理组合为A2B3,即施入6 g·m-2(氮)和42 g·m-2(五氧化二磷)能使苗木叶片磷含量达到最大(图 3)。
表 2 不同氮(A)和五氧化二磷(B)施用量下长白落叶松各部位及整株氮、磷含量的主效应和交互效应方差分析F值
Table 2. F values derived from ANOVA of the main effects N(A), P2O5(B) and of their interaction effect (A×B) on tissue N and P content of Larix olgensis seedlings
变异来源 氮 磷 根 茎 叶 整株 根 茎 叶 整株 A 2.893 5.065** 7.419KKK 6.338** 2.036 3.885* 7.221 5.639*** B 1.670 2.368 4.178* 3.155 3.283 1.820 9.558 5.734*** AxB 1.293 0.713 1.358 1.345 1.005 0.674 3.023* 1.284 说明:*** 表示P<0.001;**表示P<0.01;*表示P<0.05。 图 3 氮(A)× 五氧化二磷(B)交互作用下长白落叶松苗木叶磷含量
Figure 3. Interaction of N (A) and P2O5 (B) on foliage P content of Larix olgensis seedlings
主效应方面,施氮量除对根系氮、磷含量没有显著影响外(P=0.056~0.136),对其他器官或整株氮和磷储存均有显著影响(P=0.001~0.021)(表 2)。与对照相比,施入氮肥均可提高苗木茎、叶和整株氮含量,而氮施入量之间对氮吸收促进作用无显著差异。施入氮肥可以提高苗木茎、整株磷含量,但苗木整株磷含量在A2(6 g·m-2)时达到最大,施氮量增加至A3(12 g·m-2)时整株磷含量略微下降,而施氮量增加至A4(18 g·m-2)时,整株磷含量显著下降(图 4)。
图 4 不同氮(A)和五氧化二磷(B)施用量下长白落叶松苗木各部位及整株氮和磷含量
Figure 4. Main effects of N (A) and P2O5 (B) on tissue N and P content of Larix olgensis seedlings
施磷量仅对叶氮含量、整株磷含量有显著影响(P=0.009~0.028)(表 2),随施磷量的增大,叶氮含量和整株磷含量均呈上升趋势,其中B2(21 g·m-2),B3(42 g·m-2)叶氮含量较对照分别增加17.8%和30.5%,整株磷含量分别增加25.9%和37.1%(图 4)。
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氮磷交互效应对苗木器官和整株氮、磷质量分数均无显著影响(P=0.121~0.754)。施氮量主效应对苗木各器官及整株氮、磷质量分数均无显著影响(P=0.108~0.937)。施磷量主效应仅对叶磷质量分数有显著影响(P=0.040)。施磷量为B1(0 g·m-2),B2(21 g·m-2),B3(42 g·m-2)的叶片磷质量分数分别为0.21%,0.25%和0.27%,B2和B3分别较B1提高了19.0%和28.6%(图 5)。
Combined effects of phosphorus and controlled-release nitrogen on growth and nutrient status of transplanted Larix olgensis seedlings
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摘要: 为探明长白落叶松Larix olgensis移植苗木培育所需的缓释氮肥及磷肥最佳用量,以长白落叶松移植苗为研究对象,通过设置4个缓释氮肥水平(0,6,12,18 g·m-2氮)与3个磷肥水平(0,21,42 g·m-2五氧化二磷)共计12个施肥处理组合,研究长白落叶松移植苗木生长状况和养分积累对不同氮磷施肥量的响应规律。结果表明:氮磷仅对叶片磷含量存在显著交互作用(P=0.024),施肥对苗木生长和养分状况的影响是通过其主效应引起的。缓释氮肥对苗高、地径、各器官生物量及茎、叶、整株的氮、磷含量影响显著(P=0.001~0.026),其中6 g·m-2和12 g·m-2(氮)对苗木生长和养分积累促进作用较大,但2种施氮量水平间差异不显著;磷肥对苗高、根生物量、叶氮、整株磷含量及叶磷质量分数影响显著(P=0.009~0.040),21 g·m-2和42 g·m-2五氧化二磷均显著高于对照,但2种磷肥施用水平间差异不显著。与对照相比,6 g·m-2施氮量下苗高、地径、整株生物量和氮含量分别增加22.3%,12.9%,39.9%和48.3%;21 g·m-2五氧化二磷施用量下苗高、根生物量、叶氮、整株磷含量分别增加13.3%,19.3%,17.8%,25.9%。综合考虑施肥效果,缓释氮肥对长白落叶松苗木影响较磷肥大,长白落叶松移植苗最佳施肥量为缓释氮肥(氮)6 g·m-2,磷肥(五氧化二磷)21 g·m-2。图5表2参26Abstract: To confirm the optimum rates of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer (CRNF) and phosphorus in transplanted Larix olgensis seedling cultivation. A filed experiment was conducted to study the combined effects of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer (CRNF) and phosphorus on the growth and nutrient storage of transplanted Larix olgensis seedlings at 0, 6, 12, 18 g·m-2 (N)rate and 0, 21, 42 g·m-2 (P2O5) rate. Results showed that CRNF and phosphorus did not significantly interact either attribute except for foliage P content(P=0.024), indicating that seedling quality was dominantly influenced by their main effects individually. CRNF exerted significant effects on height, diameter, organ dry mass as well as N and P content in stems, foliage and whole plant(P=0.001-0.026); 6 g·m-2 and 12 g·m-2 (N) rate were more effective on promoting seedling growth and nutrient accumulation, while the difference between them were not significant; phosphorus significantly affected height, root dry mass, foliage N content,whole plant P content and foliage P concentration(P=0.009-0.040), 21 g·m-2 and 42 g·m-2 (P2O5) were significantly higher than that of control, but no significant difference between this two treatments. Compared with control, the seedling height, collar diameter, whole plant dry mass and N content of 6 g·m-2(N)rate increased 22.3%, 12.9%, 39.9% and 48.3% respectively; the seedling height, root dry mass, needle N and whole plant P content of 21 g·m-2(P2O5)rate increased 13.3%, 19.3%, 17.8% and 25.9% respectively. Collective consideration the seedling response, CRNF yielded more prominent role on manipulating seedling quality, 6 g·m-2 (N) and 21 g·m-2 (P2O5) was recommended for the production of transplanted Larix olgensis seedlings.[Ch, 5 fig. 2 tab. 26 ref.]
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Key words:
- silviculture /
- controlled-release nitrogen /
- Larix olgensis /
- transplanted seeedlings /
- seedling quality
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表 1 不同氮(A)和五氧化二磷(B)施用量下长白落叶松苗木形态指标主效应和交互效应方差分析F值
Table 1. F values derived from ANOVA of the main effects N (A),P2O5 (B) and of their interaction effect (AxB) on morphological attributes of Larix olgensis seedlings
变异来源 苗高 地径 生物量 根茎比 根 茎 叶 整株 A 7.225*** 3.686* 5.514** 4.158* 5.064** 5.201** 1.145 B 5.443* 1.756 4.848* 2.834 2.028 3.161 1.834 A×B 0.841 0.264 0.996 0.313 0.747 0.640 0.465 说明:***表示P<0.001;**表示P<0.01;*表示P<0.05。 表 2 不同氮(A)和五氧化二磷(B)施用量下长白落叶松各部位及整株氮、磷含量的主效应和交互效应方差分析F值
Table 2. F values derived from ANOVA of the main effects N(A), P2O5(B) and of their interaction effect (A×B) on tissue N and P content of Larix olgensis seedlings
变异来源 氮 磷 根 茎 叶 整株 根 茎 叶 整株 A 2.893 5.065** 7.419KKK 6.338** 2.036 3.885* 7.221 5.639*** B 1.670 2.368 4.178* 3.155 3.283 1.820 9.558 5.734*** AxB 1.293 0.713 1.358 1.345 1.005 0.674 3.023* 1.284 说明:*** 表示P<0.001;**表示P<0.01;*表示P<0.05。 -
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https://zlxb.zafu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2016.06.008