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露天矿在开采过程中形成的排土场,由松散的土石混合剥离物构成,一般占矿山用地的一半以上[1]。中国的露天矿大多位于干旱少雨区域[2],在大风天气易产生大量沙(粉)尘[3],是当地大气污染的主要来源之一[4],危害人体健康和周边环境,因此修复排土场迫在眉睫[5-6]。研究表明:植物可以有效地减少大气中颗粒物的含量[7]。与非生物材料相比,植物独特的形态结构具备吸着、黏附颗粒物的良好条件,并可随生长更新叶片,提高滞尘能力[8]。植物在漫长的进化和发展过程中,与环境相互作用,逐渐形成了许多内在生理和外在形态方面的适应策略,这些适应策略的表现即为植物功能性状[9]。一方面,植物对环境变化产生响应(响应性状);另一方面,植物对生态系统功能产生影响(影响性状)[10]。基于此,在选择植物种时,既要考虑植物的适生性,也要使形成的植物群落发挥重要的生态功能,比如涵养水源、保持土壤、滞沙滞尘等[11]。当前,国内外对植物滞尘能力的研究主要集中在城市绿化的乔灌木[12-13],而对于干旱荒漠区特别是露天矿开采区的草本植物滞尘功能研究较少。矿区排土场土壤肥力较差,氮、磷、有机质缺乏,制约植物的生长发育[14]。根据植物群落演替规律,复垦初期群落植被以1~2年生草本为主[15]。草本植物根系较密,在固着松散土壤颗粒[16],减少扬尘方面效果较好。关于露天矿排土场的植被恢复,许多学者进行了研究。实际工作中主要分为2类:一是参照历史[17],二是进行对比试验[18]。目前,国际上提出了一种新思路,即理论研究与植被恢复工作实际相结合,通过模型分析给出恢复策略[19]。基于生境过滤[20]、竞争理论[21]、质量比理论[22]等生态学理论,选择适宜的植物种及其配比,预测性相对较好,适合对环境条件发生显著变化的区域进行植被恢复。
本研究以内蒙古自治区乌海市新星煤矿排土场及其周边为研究区域,调查研究区地带性适生植被及沙(粉)尘特征,采用植物功能性状统计模型(Community Assembly by Trait Selection, CATS模型)进行分析[19, 23],结合生态学理论与植被修复实际工作,筛选出矿区抗逆适生的植物种,建立应对特定环境条件的优势滞尘植物功能性状配比,以发挥较好的滞尘效果,改善排土场及其周边的生态环境,以期为乌海市矿区环境治理提供科学依据,为今后理论研究运用于实践提供参考。
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通过对14个植物样地的调查,选取了22种乡土植物种,并且对每种植物的单位叶面积滞尘量和根体积进行测定。由表1可知:根体积与单位叶面积滞尘量呈反比关系。其中猪毛菜、燥原芥Ptilotrichum cancscens、阿尔泰狗娃花Aster altaicus均表现为单位叶面积滞尘量较高、根体积较小;与上述3种植物相反,防风Saposhnikovia divaricata、骆驼蓬、戈壁天门冬Asparagus gobicus表现出单位叶面积滞尘量较少、根体积较大;驴欺口Echinops latifolius、冷蒿Artemisia frigida、沙葱Allium mongolicum的单位叶面积滞尘量和根体积分别为2.00 g·m−2和0.30 cm3,表现出单位叶面积滞尘量和根体积均较小;其余物种的单位叶面积滞尘量和根体积分别为5.00~35.00 g·m−2和0.50~5.80 cm3。
表 1 植物种功能性状值
Table 1. Functional trait values of plant species
编号 植物种名 平均根体积/cm3 平均单位叶面积滞尘量/
(g·m−2)编号 植物种名 平均根体积/cm3 平均单位叶面积滞尘量/
(g·m−2)1 猪毛菜 0.65 35.36 12 沙葱 0.57 2.34 2 燥原芥 0.21 32.17 13 苦豆子 0.80 1.99 3 阿尔泰狗娃花 0.97 32.17 14 荒漠黄耆 0.56 1.81 4 雾冰藜 1.10 19.91 15 防风 5.92 1.52 5 蝎虎驼蹄瓣 0.36 15.78 16 戈壁天门冬 5.46 1.43 6 刺沙蓬 0.59 11.98 17 驴欺口 0.19 1.20 7 隐子草 2.90 8.10 18 火煤草 1.35 1.20 8 砂珍芨豆 1.35 6.30 19 骆驼蒿 0.54 1.04 9 骆驼蓬 5.85 6.14 20 沙鞭 1.88 0.77 10 细枝岩黄耆 0.22 5.01 21 针茅 3.11 0.60 11 冷蒿 0.14 2.98 22 沙蒿 2.74 0.35 说明:蝎虎驼蹄瓣Zygophyllum mucronatum、刺沙蓬Salsola ruthenica、隐子草Cleistogenes serotina、砂珍芨豆Oxytropis racemosa、 细枝岩黄耆Hedysarum scoparium、苦豆子Sophora alopecuroides、荒漠黄耆Astragalus grubovii、骆驼蒿Peganum nigellastrum、沙鞭Psammochloa villosa -
将42个草本样方的CWM与土壤含水量进行曲线估算,发现两者呈现“U”型曲线分布(图1),以土壤含水量1.1%为分界点,CWM随土壤含水量增加先减小后增大。由CWM(y)与土壤含水量(x)拟合得到二次函数关系式:y=20423x2−446.49x+3.2461 (P<0.05),将排土场土壤含水量代入方程计算,模拟得到未来植物群落的根体积性状目标值(
$ {{\bar T}_{k1}} $ ) =2.85 cm3。 -
根据模拟得到的未来植物群落的根体积性状目标值(
$ {{\bar T}_{k1}} $ )和设定的单位叶面积滞尘量性状目标值($ {{\bar T}_{k2}} $ ),以及22种植物的根体积和单位叶面积滞尘量,使用CATS模型得到的各植物种相对多度(图2)。由图2可见:猪毛菜和骆驼蓬的平均相对多度较高,中位数分别为0.41和0.32,阿尔泰狗娃花、防风、燥原芥、戈壁天门冬的平均相对多度分别为0.05、0.04、0.01和0.01。其他物种相对多度为0。这表明:在研究区的环境条件下,猪毛菜适合作为群落的优势物种,骆驼蓬适合作为群落的亚优势物种,其他物种不适合作为群落的优势物种。
Ratio of dominant dust retaining plants in waste dump of desert open-pit coal mine based on CATS model
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摘要:
目的 干旱荒漠区露天矿排土场易产生沙(粉)尘,造成大气污染。基于植物功能性状模型(Community Assembly by Trait Selection,CATS模型)模拟,得到研究区排土场优势滞尘植物及物种在恢复群落中的配比,提出植被恢复策略。 方法 于2020年8月在内蒙古自治区乌海市新星煤矿排土场周围进行样方调查,测定物种水平和群落水平的性状值,并计算功能性状目标值,将植物滞尘功能和根体积作为模型的2个因子代入模型计算。 结果 植物种的根体积与单位叶面积滞尘量呈反比;群落根体积与土壤含水量呈现“U”型曲线分布;模型模拟结果表明:各物种相对多度最高的是猪毛菜Salsola collina和骆驼蓬Peganum harmala,相对多度的中位数分别为0.41和0.32。 结论 在研究区排土场以猪毛菜和骆驼蓬的相对多度比6∶4的比例播种,可发挥相当的滞尘效益,能够很好地解释植被修复过程中的一些机制性问题,为其他研究提供借鉴。图2表1参40 Abstract:Objective The dump of open-pit mine in arid desert regionis easy to produces and (powder) dust and cause air pollution. The purpose of this study is to obtain the ratio of dominant dust retaining plants and species in the restoration community based on the simulation of Community Assembly by Trait Selection (CATS) model, and put forward the vegetation restoration strategy. Method A quadrat survey was conducted around the waste dump of Wuhai Xinxing Coal Mine in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regionin August 2020 to determine the trait values at species and community levels, calculate the target values of functional traits, and substitute the dust retention function and root volume of plants into the model as two factors. Result The root volume of plant species was inversely proportional to the dust retention per unit leaf area. The root volume and soil water content was U-shaped. The simulation results showed that the highest relative abundance of each species was Salsola collina and Peganum harmala, with amedian of 0.41 and 0.32, respectively. Conclusion To plant S. collina and P. harmala in the dumping site with the relative abundance ratio of 6 to 4 is beneficial to dust detention, which can also explain some mechanical problems in vegetation restoration and provide reference for other studies. [Ch, 2 fig. 1 tab. 40 ref.] -
Key words:
- CATS model /
- waste dump of mining area /
- plant functional traits /
- ratio of plant
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表 1 植物种功能性状值
Table 1. Functional trait values of plant species
编号 植物种名 平均根体积/cm3 平均单位叶面积滞尘量/
(g·m−2)编号 植物种名 平均根体积/cm3 平均单位叶面积滞尘量/
(g·m−2)1 猪毛菜 0.65 35.36 12 沙葱 0.57 2.34 2 燥原芥 0.21 32.17 13 苦豆子 0.80 1.99 3 阿尔泰狗娃花 0.97 32.17 14 荒漠黄耆 0.56 1.81 4 雾冰藜 1.10 19.91 15 防风 5.92 1.52 5 蝎虎驼蹄瓣 0.36 15.78 16 戈壁天门冬 5.46 1.43 6 刺沙蓬 0.59 11.98 17 驴欺口 0.19 1.20 7 隐子草 2.90 8.10 18 火煤草 1.35 1.20 8 砂珍芨豆 1.35 6.30 19 骆驼蒿 0.54 1.04 9 骆驼蓬 5.85 6.14 20 沙鞭 1.88 0.77 10 细枝岩黄耆 0.22 5.01 21 针茅 3.11 0.60 11 冷蒿 0.14 2.98 22 沙蒿 2.74 0.35 说明:蝎虎驼蹄瓣Zygophyllum mucronatum、刺沙蓬Salsola ruthenica、隐子草Cleistogenes serotina、砂珍芨豆Oxytropis racemosa、 细枝岩黄耆Hedysarum scoparium、苦豆子Sophora alopecuroides、荒漠黄耆Astragalus grubovii、骆驼蒿Peganum nigellastrum、沙鞭Psammochloa villosa -
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