Habitat community characteristics and species diversity of Chimonanthus nitens in Wuxi River Basin, Suichang
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摘要:
目的 山蜡梅Chimonanthus nitens是中国特有的茶药两用野生珍稀植物。随着对山蜡梅药用功能的开发和市场需求的增加,野生资源受到严重破坏。研究山蜡梅种群生境群落的结构特征及物种多样性,探讨山蜡梅的适生环境,可为山蜡梅种群的保护和开发利用提供科学依据。 方法 在实地踏查的基础上,于遂昌乌溪江流域选取山蜡梅典型群落,设置5块400 m2样地,调查分析该群落的植物区系特征、物种组成、群落结构及物种多样性。 结果 ①山蜡梅生境群落区系组成物种以泛热带分布、东亚和北美洲间断分布、北温带分布为主,热带与温带分布属比例分别为50.70%和40.85%,具有典型中亚热带植物区系特点。② 2 000 m2样地内共有维管植物47科80属105种,科属种类丰富、组成分散,优势科为樟科Lauraceae、蔷薇科Rosaceae、壳斗科Fagaceae、豆科Fabaceae和茜草科Rubiaceae。③山蜡梅种群和生境群落径级结构均呈倒“J”型,为增长型结构,乔木层重要值前5位的树种为杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata (11.67%)、山蜡梅(11.63%)、苦槠Castanopsis sclerophylla (9.05%)、檵木 Loropetalum chinense (7.28%)和石栎Lithocarpus glaber (7.08%)。群落垂直结构层次丰富。运用K-means聚类,乔木层胸径≥1 cm的个体根据树高可分为5个林层,山蜡梅主要位于乔木Ⅰ层[1.0,4.5) m和乔木Ⅱ层[4.5,7.0) m。④不同样地物种多样性指数差异较大,Margalef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Pielou均匀度指数及优势度指数分别为1.98~3.84、1.56~2.37、0.72~0.87、0.69~0.86、1.98~3.85。 结论 遂昌乌溪江流域山蜡梅生境群落物种组成丰富,垂直结构复杂,小、中径级林木占绝大多数,为增长型群落,物种多样性整体较高。建议在保护现有群落生境前提下,在乌溪江流域开展山蜡梅仿野生栽培试验,合理开发利用山蜡梅资源。图2表7参26 Abstract:Objective Chimonanthus nitens is a rare wild plant unique to China both for tea and medicine. The wild resources have been seriously damaged with the development of its medicinal function and the increase of market demand. This study aims to explore the structure characteristics and species diversity of the habitat community of C. nitens population, as well as its suitable living environment, so as to provide a scientific basis for the protection, development and utilization of C. nitens population. Method Based on the field survey, the typical community of C. nitens was selected in Wuxi River Basin of Suichang, and five 400 m2 plots were set up to investigate and analyze the flora, species composition, community structure and species diversity of the community. Result (1) The flora of C. nitens community was dominated by pantropical distributions, disjuncted distribution in East Asia and North America, and northern temperate distribution. The proportions of tropical and temperate genera were 50.70% and 40.85%, respectively, with typical characteristics of mid-subtropical flora. (2) There were 105 species in the 2000 m2 sample plots, belonging to 80 genera and 47 families. The families and genera were rich in species and dispersed in composition. The dominant families were Lauraceae, Rosaceae, Fagaceae, Fabaceae and Rubiaceae. (3) The diameter class structure of C. nitens population and habitat community was an inverted “J” type, indicating a growth type. The top 5 tree species with important values of the arbor layer were Cunninghamia lanceolata (11.67%), C. nitens (11.63%), Castanopsis sclerophylla (9.05%), Loropetalum chinense (7.28%) and Lithocarpus glaber (7.08%). The vertical structure of the community was rich. K-means clustering showed that individuals with DBH≥1 cm in the tree layer could be divided into five forest layers according to the tree height. The main location of the community was in the tree layer Ⅰ [1.0, 4.5) m and tree layer Ⅱ [4.5, 7.0) m. (4) The species diversity index varied greatly in different regions. Margalef index, Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index, Pielou index and Dominance index were 1.98−3.84, 1.56−2.37, 0.72−0.87, 0.69−0.86 and 1.98−3.85, respectively. Conclusion The community of wild C. nitens in Wuxi River Basin of Suichang has rich species composition and complex vertical structure. Small and medium diameter trees account for the vast majority, which is an increasing community with high species diversity as a whole. Under the premise of protecting the existing community habitat, it is suggested to carry out experiments imitating wild cultivation to rationally develop and utilize the wild resources of C. nitens. [Ch, 2 fig. 7 tab. 26 ref.] -
Key words:
- Chimonanthus nitens /
- flora /
- species composition /
- community structure /
- species diversity /
- Suichang /
- Wuxi River Basin
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表 1 乌溪江流域各样地基本信息
Table 1. Basic information of test plots in Wuxi River Basin
样地 北纬(N) 东经(E) 海拔/m 坡向 坡度/(°) 郁闭度 土壤 氮/(mg·kg−1) 磷/(mg·kg−1) 钾/(mg·kg−1) 有机质/(g·kg−1) pH P1 28°31′58″ 118°56′03″ 250 西 19 0.7 352.5±22.2 a 1.2±0.6 b 99.8±50.1 b 54.3±15.2 a 4.8 P2 28°32′10″ 118°55′44″ 271 西北 45 0.5 281.4±55.0 b 0.8±0.7 b 97.6±25.3 b 57.3±14.3 a 4.8 P3 28°30′57″ 118°58′38″ 260 东北 30 0.7 323.6±43.1 ab 1.5±1.1 b 138.6±35.5 b 55.3±8.4 a 4.9 P4 28°23′51″ 118°58′22″ 261 西南 25 0.6 368.2±45.9 a 3.1±0.4 a 251.7±45.7 a 64.9±14.8 a 4.8 P5 28°24′03″ 118°58′51″ 326 西南 50 0.6 292.3±32.8 b 0.7±0.6 b 105.1±23.0 b 44.6±8.4 a 5.0 说明:不同小写字母表示不同样地间差异显著(P<0.05) 表 2 乌溪江山蜡梅群落种子植物属的分布区类型
Table 2. Areal-types of spermatophytic genera of C. nitens community in the Wuxi River Basin
分布类型 编号 分布区类型 属数/属 属的比例/% 小计/% 1 世界分布 3 4.23 4.23 热带分布 2 泛热带分布 15 21.13 50.70 3 热带亚洲和热带美洲间断分布 2 2.82 4 旧世界热带分布 6 8.45 5 热带亚洲至热带大洋州分布 2 2.82 6 热带亚洲至热带非洲分布 5 7.04 7 热带亚洲分布 6 8.45 温带分布 8 北温带分布 10 14.08 40.85 9 东亚和北美洲间断分布 12 16.90 10 旧世界温带分布 1 1.41 11 东亚分布 6 8.45 12 中国特有分布 3 4.23 4.23 合计 71 100.00 100.00 表 3 乌溪江山蜡梅生境群落的维管束植物统计
Table 3. Statistics of vascular plants in the C. nitens community in the Wuxi River Basin
科 属 种 类群 科 属 种 类群 豆科 Fabaceae 5 5 被子植物 虎耳草科 Saxifragaceae 1 1 被子植物 茜草科 Rubiaceae 5 5 被子植物 夹竹桃科 Apocynaceae 1 1 被子植物 樟科 Lauraceae 4 10 被子植物 金缕梅科 Hamamelidaceae 1 1 被子植物 蔷薇科 Rosaceae 4 7 被子植物 堇菜科 Violaceae 1 1 被子植物 壳斗科 Fagaceae 4 6 被子植物 菊科 Asteraceae 1 1 被子植物 禾本科 Poaceae 4 4 被子植物 鳞始蕨科 Lindsaeaceae 1 1 被子植物 大戟科 Euphorbiaceae 3 4 被子植物 马鞭草科 Verbenaceae 1 1 被子植物 报春花科 Primulaceae 3 3 被子植物 葡萄科 Vitaceae 1 1 被子植物 漆树科 Anacardiaceae 3 3 被子植物 山茱萸科 Cornaceae 1 1 被子植物 杜鹃花科 Ericaceae 2 4 被子植物 柿科 Ebenaceae 1 1 被子植物 山茶科 Theaceae 2 4 被子植物 鼠李科 Rhamnaceae 1 1 被子植物 安息香科 Styracaceae 2 2 被子植物 五加科 Araliaceae 1 1 被子植物 桑科 Moraceae 2 2 被子植物 蕈树科 Altingiaceae 1 1 被子植物 冬青科 Aquifoliaceae 1 3 被子植物 杨梅科 Myricaceae 1 1 被子植物 莎草科 Cyperaceae 1 3 被子植物 叶下珠科 Phyllanthaceae 1 1 被子植物 五列木科 Pentaphylacaceae 1 3 被子植物 柏科 Cupressaceae 2 2 裸子植物 蜡梅科 Calycanthaceae 1 2 被子植物 松科 Pinaceae 1 1 裸子植物 木犀科 Oleaceae 1 2 被子植物 里白科 Gleicheniaceae 2 2 蕨类植物 五福花科 Adoxaceae 1 2 被子植物 鳞毛蕨科 Dryopteridaceae 2 2 蕨类植物 菝葜科 Smilacaceae 1 1 被子植物 海金沙科 Lygodiaceae 1 1 蕨类植物 唇形科 Lamiaceae 1 1 被子植物 金星蕨科 Thelypteridaceae 1 1 蕨类植物 大麻科 Cannabaceae 1 1 被子植物 卷柏科 Selaginellaceae 1 1 蕨类植物 杜英科 Elaeocarpaceae 1 1 被子植物 乌毛蕨科 Blechnaceae 1 1 蕨类植物 胡桃科 Juglandaceae 1 1 被子植物 表 4 乌溪江山蜡梅生境群落乔木层主要物种的重要值
Table 4. Importance values of the main species in the arbor layer of C. nitens community in the Wuxi River Basin
树种 重要值/% P P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata 11.67 9.77 4.29 14.91 16.16 − 山蜡梅 Chimonanthus nitens 11.63 15.89 19.36 7.59 7.81 13.98 苦槠 Castanopsis sclerophylla 9.05 5.44 3.16 17.71 9.94 − 檵木 Loropetalum chinense 7.28 12.17 7.82 4.33 3.31 11.94 石栎 Lithocarpus glaber 7.08 − 3.26 8.61 14.07 2.90 青冈 Cyclobalanopsis glauca 5.41 − 20.32 6.52 − 14.43 峨眉鼠刺 Itea oblonga 4.97 3.01 4.01 5.66 7.05 3.79 黄瑞木 Adinandra millettii 4.04 4.92 − 3.74 6.94 − 水杉Metasequoia glyptostroboides 3.32 10.71 − − − − 木蜡树Toxicodendron sylvestre 2.93 3.62 11.68 2.30 − 3.72 马尾松Pinus massoniana 5.63 − − − − 牡荆Vitex negundo var. cannabifolia 3.84 − − − − 拟赤杨Alniphyllum fortunei 2.22 − 4.15 − − 格药柃Eurya muricata 2.12 − − − − 化香树 Platycarya strobilacea 2.08 − − − − 红楠Machilus thunbergii − − − 2.71 − 黄绒润楠Machilus grijsii − − − − 2.19 柳叶蜡梅Chimonanthus salicifolius − − − − 3.10 马银花Rhododendron ovatum − 5.92 − − 3.25 毛冬青Ilex pubescens − − − 2.07 − 毛花连蕊茶Camellia fraterna − − 2.00 3.07 2.75 密花树Rapanea neriifolia − − − − 17.05 山乌桕Triadica cochinchinensis − 7.60 − − − 水团花 Adina pilulifera − − − − 7.94 盐肤木Rhus chinensis − 7.94 − − − 迎春樱Cerasus discoidea − − − 2.02 − 硬斗石栎Lithocarpus hancei − − − − 2.57 中华杜英Elaeocarpus chinensis − 3.17 − − − 说明:48种重要值小于2的树种省略; −表示未分布。P为所有样地树种重要值综合排序;P1~P5为各样地树种重要值排序 表 5 乌溪江山蜡梅灌木层主要物种重要值和多度
Table 5. Importance values and abundance of C. nitens community under growth layer in the Wuxi River Basin
树种 株数或丛数 盖度/% 频率 重要值/% 多度 杜茎山 Maesa japonica 29 74.0 0.2 10.17 Cop3 檵木 Loropetalum chinense 14 78.0 0.2 7.58 Soe 青冈 Cyclobalanopsis glauca 10 61.0 0.2 5.91 Cop3 峨眉鼠刺 Itea oblonga 6 43.0 0.2 4.19 Cop2 香花崖豆藤 Millettia dielsiana 8 32.0 0.2 3.97 Cop2 白花苦灯笼 Tarenna mollissima 7 33.4 0.2 3.86 Cop2 山蜡梅 Chimonanthus nitens 8 26.0 0.2 3.65 Cop2 水团花Adina pilulifera 5 30.0 0.2 3.30 Cop2 窄基红褐柃Eurya rubiginosa var. attenuata 6 20.0 0.2 2.95 Cop1 毛花连蕊茶Camellia fraterna 9 9.0 0.2 2.91 Cop1 黄瑞木Adinandra millettii 5 17.0 0.2 2.60 Cop1 绒毛润楠 Machilus velutina 2 26.0 0.2 2.52 Cop2 网脉酸藤子Embelia rudis 5 14.0 0.2 2.43 Cop1 小槐花Ohwia caudata 4 15.0 0.2 2.30 Cop1 映山红Rhododendron simsii 5 9.0 0.2 2.16 Cop1 说明:30种重要值小于2的树种省略 表 6 乌溪江山蜡梅草本层主要物种重要值和多度
Table 6. Importance values and abundance of of C. nitens community herbal layer in the Wuxi River Basin
树种 株数或丛数 盖度/% 频率 重要值/% 多度 狗脊蕨 Woodwardia japonica 12 87.0 0.6 13.53 Soe 美丽复叶耳蕨 Arachniodes speciosa 14 66.0 0.4 11.38 Cop3 里白 Diplopterygium glaucum 11 77.0 0.4 11.21 Soe 芒萁 Dicranopteris pedata 14 41.0 0.4 9.69 Cop2 山类芦 Neyraudia montana 8 86.0 0.2 9.58 Soe 淡竹叶 Lophatherum gracile 20 31.0 0.2 9.49 Cop2 青绿薹草Carex breviculmis 5 27.0 0.4 6.01 Cop2 珠穗薹草Carex ischnostachya 4 12.0 0.4 4.69 Cop1 微糙三脉紫菀Aster ageratoides 3 10.0 0.2 2.92 Cop1 芒Miscanthus sinensis 2 12.0 0.2 2.75 Cop1 紫花堇菜Viola grypoceras 4 2.0 0.2 2.68 Sp 异穗卷柏Selaginella heterostachys 3 6.0 0.2 2.65 Cop1 三穗薹草Carex tristachya 1 14.0 0.2 2.58 Cop1 黑足鳞毛蕨Dryopteris fuscipes 2 7.0 0.2 2.41 Cop1 乌蕨Odontosoria chinensis 3 1.0 0.2 2.32 Sp 金星蕨Parathelypteris glanduligera 2 4.0 0.2 2.21 Sp 显子草Phaenosperma globosum 1 8.0 0.2 2.18 Cop1 海金沙Lygodium japonicum 1 1.0 0.2 1.70 Sp 表 7 乌溪江山蜡梅生境群落物种多样性指数
Table 7. Diversity indices of C. nitens community in the Wuxi River Basin
样地 乔木层 灌木层 草本层 N R H D J C N R H D J C N R H D J C P1 34 5.71 2.35 0.82 0.67 5.71 9 2.03 1.47 0.64 0.67 2.03 8 1.86 1.61 0.72 0.77 1.86 P2 16 2.99 1.97 0.80 0.71 2.99 4 0.93 1.09 0.60 0.79 0.93 4 1.04 1.26 0.69 0.91 1.04 P3 30 5.35 2.71 0.91 0.80 5.35 10 2.67 2.05 0.84 0.89 2.67 4 1.25 1.16 0.64 0.84 1.25 P4 31 5.27 2.67 0.90 0.78 5.10 15 3.66 2.50 0.90 0.92 3.66 4 1.00 1.38 0.75 0.99 1.00 P5 21 3.71 2.23 0.85 0.73 3.71 7 1.82 1.54 0.73 0.79 1.82 5 1.38 1.24 0.63 0.77 1.38 说明:N. 物种数(种);R. Margalef丰富度指数;H. Shannon-Wiener指数; D. Simpson指数; J. Pielou指数; C. 优势度指数 -
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