Leaf nutrient degradation due to mulching in a <i>Phyllostachys violascens</i> stand

CHEN Shan; CHEN Shuanglin; GUO Ziwu; FAN Yanrong

doi:10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2014.02.016

Volume 31 Issue 2

Mar. 2014

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CHEN Shan, CHEN Shuanglin, GUO Ziwu, FAN Yanrong. Leaf nutrient degradation due to mulching in a Phyllostachys violascens stand[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2014, 31(2): 272-279. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2014.02.016

Citation:

CHEN Shan, CHEN Shuanglin, GUO Ziwu, FAN Yanrong. Leaf nutrient degradation due to mulching in a Phyllostachys violascens stand[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2014, 31(2): 272-279. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2014.02.016

Leaf nutrient degradation due to mulching in a Phyllostachys violascens stand

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2014.02.016

Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Forestry Academy, Fuyang 311400, Zhejiang, China

Received Date: 2013-04-25
Rev Recd Date: 2013-06-05
Publish Date: 2014-04-20

Abstract

To determine degradation in a Phyllostachys violascens stand due to mulching and to provide theoretical guidance for regeneration of degraded bamboo stands. Treatments included stands with short-term (1 year), respite (mulched 3 years and rested 3 years), long-term mulching (6 years), and with no mulching (ck) as a control. With 3 plots of each treatments, plots were chosen that had similar slope, aspect, area(each plot not less than 0.1 hectares) etc. Bamboo leaves of 2- and 3-year-old culms was collected in each plots, and a total of 18 replications of each age bamboo. The leaves nutrients concent of bamboo were determined, and the significant analysis of nutrients concent, resorption efficiency along with leaf content, the correlation analysis of major leaf nutrients in 2- and 3-year-old culms with different mulch management durations was done with Office-Excel software and SPSS 10.0 software(P=0.05). Results showed that nutrient content of mature leaves and their resorption efficiency for 2-year-old culms was significantly higher(P<0.05) than that of 3-year-old culms. Compared with the control, N, P, and K increased significantly(P<0.05) in short-term and respite mulched stands; N declined significantly (P<0.05), but P was in adverse(P<0.05) in long-term mulched stands; and Mg decreased significantly(P<0.05) in all stands. Nutrient resorption efficiency and the correlation between different nutrient elements both increased significantly (P<0.05) in short-term and respite mulched stands; whereas in long-term mulched stands, apart from an significant increase(P<0.05) of N and P resorption efficiency, both declined significantly (P<0.05). Thus, mulch management affected nutrient content and resorption efficiency of leaves with long-term mulching causing negative impacts on growth and development of Ph. violascens stands; respite mulched treatments should be adopted in production.
- silviculture,
- Phyllostachys violascens,
- mulch management,
- nutrient content,
- nutrient resorption efficiency

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叶片养分含量是土壤养分吸收、大气沉降等输入过程与养分再吸收、淋溶等输出过程平衡作用的结果^[1],既能反映植物生长发育对养分的需求,又能反映土壤养分的供应状况^[2],可以用来对植物进行养分诊断^[3-4]。而叶片养分的再吸收反映了植物对养分的吸收利用特性,不仅可以降低植物对土壤养分可利用性波动的影响,而且能减少凋落物分解时的养分淋溶量,从而减缓养分从整个系统中的损失,降低了植物对环境养分供应的依赖,是植物保持营养最重要的策略之一,也是植物适应养分贫乏环境的重要机制^[5-6],对植物的竞争、营养吸收和适应性等都有着重要的影响^[7]。有研究表明：当土壤养分供应充足时,植物主要依靠提高养分含量来维持生命活动的进行,而当土壤养分贫乏时,主要通过提高养分再吸收来适应环境的变化^[8]。也有研究表明：养分有效性对养分再吸收效率^[9]和养分含量^[10]没有明显的控制作用。这些不尽相同的研究结果可能与物种、生活型以及立地环境等的不同有关。雷竹Phyllostachys violascens是优良笋用竹种,具有出笋早、产量高、笋味鲜美等特点,在中国许多省份有规模化引种栽培。20世纪90年代以来,浙江省一些雷竹产区采用早产高效经营技术,不仅出笋时间明显提前,而且竹笋产量和经济效益显著提高,对区域雷竹林资源发展和竹笋业经营水平提高起到了极大的推动作用。但随着林地覆盖经营年限的增加,雷竹林土壤性状发生劣变,如土壤酸化、有机态营养耗竭^[11]、酶活性异常、重金属含量升高^[12]等,导致雷竹林鞭竹系统的结构稳定性降低,功能下降,如竹鞭明显上浮,幼龄化严重,总鞭长下降,鞭芽数减少,鞭径变小^[13],立竹冠长缩短,叶片叶绿素含量降低^[14],立竹年龄结构不合理^[15],立竹胸径减小,整齐度、均匀度降低^[16],竹子开花现象严重^[17]等,已影响到雷竹林的可持续经营。为此,鉴于林地覆盖经营对雷竹生长发育和生长环境的明显影响,本试验开展了不同林地覆盖经营年限雷竹林不同年龄立竹叶片主要养分元素含量及其相关性和再吸收的比较研究,分析林地覆盖经营对雷竹叶片养分储存与利用能力的可能影响,这对于揭示林地覆盖经营雷竹林退化机制,指导退化雷竹林恢复具有重要的科学价值和生产指导意义。

1. 研究区概况与研究方法

1.1. 研究区概况

试验地位于浙江省临安市太湖源镇,30°20′ N,119°37′ E,属中亚热带季风气候,温暖湿润,四季分明。该区年降水量为1 250 ~1 600 mm,年平均气温15.4 ℃,极端低温-13.3 ℃,极端高温40.2 ℃,≥10 ℃的年均积温5 100 ℃,年均无霜期235 d,年日照时数1 850 ~1 950 h。土壤为红壤。试验区属临安市雷竹重点产区,全镇有雷竹林面积0.4万hm²,是雷竹林覆盖高效栽培技术推广最早、面积最大的乡镇,竹笋业是区域农村家庭经济收入的主要来源。由于长期集约经营和林地连年覆盖,雷竹林地力衰退现象严重。

1.2. 试验雷竹林选择

2012年7月,在试验区20世纪90年代末发展起来的雷竹林中,根据覆盖实际情况,分别选择短期覆盖(覆盖1 a,A),休养式覆盖(覆盖3 a后休养3 a,B),长期覆盖(覆盖6 a,C)和不覆盖雷竹林(ck)各3块,雷竹林面积不小于0.1 hm²·块-1。A,B,C和ck试验雷竹林立竹密度分别为16 900,18 200,14 420,16 400株·hm^-2,立竹胸径分别为4.35,4.19,4.25,3.75 cm,年龄结构(3年生:2年生:1年生)分别为1.00:1.12:2.65,1.00:1.06:1.81,1.00:0.76:2.47,1:0.98:3.04。试验雷竹栽植前均为种植水稻Oryza sativa的农业耕作地,土地平整,雷竹栽植时立地条件一致。

雷竹林覆盖方法为在11月中下旬用稻草、砻糠或竹叶覆盖,覆盖前先将林地浇透水,后铺设稻草10 cm左右(增温层),再铺上砻糠或竹叶20~30 cm左右(保温层),至翌年3月自然出笋时将覆盖物清除出林外。雷竹林除正常的留笋长竹、伐竹和林地垦复等措施外,施肥3次·a^-1,施肥时间分别为5-6月,8-9月和覆盖前,施肥量为无机复合肥[m(氮):m(五氧化二磷):m(氧化钾)=16:16:16]2.25 t·hm^-2和尿素(含氮46%)1.125 t·hm^-2,或施养分含量基本相同的有机肥。2012年7月分别在试验雷竹林中按对角线法随机选取3个点,取0~30 cm混合土样各500 g·点^-1测定土壤主要养分质量分数和pH值(表 1)。

经营类型	水解性氮/(mg.kg^-1)	有效磷/(mg.kg^-1)	速效钾/(mg_kg^-1)	pH值
长期覆盖(C)	301.0 ± 6.00	172.3 ± 11.93	136.7 ± 14.47	3.27 ± 0.88
休养式覆盖(B)	249.0 ± 21.00	128.0 ± 15.40	113.3 ± 17.62	3.52 ± 0.34
短期覆盖(A)	197.7 ± 39.63	61.6 ± 5.65	91.7 ± 14.20	3.72 ± 0.27
不覆盖(ck)	186.0 ± 10.15	58.5 ± 4.00	89.4 ± 4.55	3.72 ± 0.49

Table 1. Soil available nutrient content and pH value in Phyllostachys violascens forests under different mulching management years

1.3. 叶片样品采集与分析

2012年7月在每块试验林中分别选择2年生和3年生立竹各6株(1 年生立竹5月份完成抽枝长叶,极少有老化叶,故未选取),分别在每株立竹的上部、中部和下部取成熟叶(叶色浓绿)共200 g,并轻摇立竹秆部,收集落下的黄色叶片(老化叶)200 g,剔除受病虫危害的叶片。将所取叶片样品清洗干净后杀青,再置于85 ℃烘箱中烘干,用植物样品粉碎机粉碎,过40目筛,用分析天平准确称0.3 g左右的样品放入凯氏瓶中,加入V(浓硫酸):V(浓高氯酸)=10:1的混合液10 mL,放置过夜,第2天在调温电炉上消煮至无色(LY/T1271-1999)。雷竹成熟、老化叶氮测定采用凯氏定氮法,磷测定采用钼锑抗法,镁测定采用原子吸收光谱仪,钾测定采用火焰光度法^[18]。

叶片养分再吸收率由植物老化叶养分质量分数与成熟叶养分质量分数关系得出^[19],计算公式为：养分再吸收率=[(A₁-A₂)/A1]×100%,A₁为成熟叶养分质量分数(干质量),A₂为老化叶养分质量分数(干质量)。

1.4. 数据分析

试验数据在Excel 2003统计软件中进行整理与图表制作,不同覆盖经营年限雷竹林不同年龄立竹叶片养分质量分数、再吸收率比较在SPSS 10.0统计软件中进行,采用单因素(one-way)方差分析和双尾(two-tailed)的Pearson相关性分析。试验数据均表示为平均值±标准差。

3. 讨论与结论

林地覆盖经营对雷竹成熟叶、老化叶氮、磷、钾和镁质量分数均有较明显的影响,这与氮、磷、钾和镁较强的可移动性有关^[20]。短期林地覆盖经营雷竹林耕作层土壤容重降低,团聚体含量和毛管孔隙度、饱和持水量等提高,土壤物理性质得到了一定程度的改善^[21],肥料的施入提高了土壤养分含量与保肥能力,雷竹根系活力强,吸收养分能力强,从而使立竹成熟叶氮、磷和钾质量分数总体上较对照有不同程度的提高。长期林地覆盖经营雷竹林虽然土壤养分含量丰富,但土壤性状发生劣变^{[11, 12, 22]},雷竹根系吸收养分能力下降,表现出叶片氮和钾质量分数的下降,这说明植物养分的吸收利用不仅与土壤养分状况有关,还受根系对养分的吸收、运输能力以及整个过程中能量的消耗制约^[23]；而叶片磷质量分数显著升高,这与长期林地覆盖经营雷竹林大量磷的输入,雷竹对磷产生奢侈吸收有关。休养式林地覆盖经营雷竹林立竹成熟叶氮、磷和钾质量分数总体上较对照有不同程度的提高,说明休养式林地覆盖经营能够维护雷竹林较高的立地生产力,保持竹林生态系统稳定。根据Killingbeck^[7]直接用衰老叶中元素含量表示养分再吸收程度的理论分析,短期和休养式林地覆盖经营雷竹林能充分地利用自身所储存的可移动性养分,具有较强的养分内循环,而长期林地覆盖经营不利于叶片养分的再吸收。林地覆盖经营雷竹林立竹成熟叶镁质量分数均有不同程度的下降,特别是长期覆盖经营雷竹林有显著下降,分析认为这可能与土壤酸化条件下雷竹对养分产生选择性吸收有关,其中机制有待进一步研究。

林地覆盖经营不仅对雷竹叶片养分含量产生影响,而且对叶片养分元素间的相关性也会产生较明显的影响。短期和休养式林地覆盖经营雷竹林立竹叶片氮、磷和钾养分间的正相关性较对照有不同程度的增强,说明这2种林地覆盖经营方式促进了雷竹对大量元素的协同吸收。而长期林地覆盖经营雷竹林立竹叶片氮与磷、氮与钾相关性减弱,且磷、钾间表现出负相关,这显然阻碍了雷竹对氮、磷和钾的协同吸收,打破了养分间的平衡关系。

立竹年龄对雷竹叶片养分再吸收有一定的影响,2年生立竹总体上高于3年生立竹,这与养分再吸收需要消耗能量^[24],2年生立竹活力高,具有较高的光合速率,能为植株提供更多的能量有关,也说明不同年龄植株叶片保存养分能力存在差异^[25]。林地覆盖经营对雷竹叶片养分再吸收也会产生影响,且不同年龄立竹的影响规律一致。短期和休养式林地覆盖经营雷竹林叶片氮、磷、钾和镁养分再吸收率随着成熟叶养分含量的提高和老化叶养分含量的降低而升高,与Yuan等^[26]研究认为叶片养分含量也是影响养分再吸收的重要因素的结果一致,也反映出短期和休养式覆盖经营对雷竹生长更新并不会造成明显的不利影响。而长期林地覆盖经营雷竹林叶片钾和镁再吸收率下降,这与不良的环境条件会促使植物叶片提早衰老^[27],林地覆盖的环境改变作用也会加快植物叶片衰老进程,缩短叶片寿命^[28]等密切相关。林地覆盖经营雷竹林叶片氮和磷再吸收率升高,也说明植物生长所需的营养物质并不单纯依赖于根系和叶片的吸收来满足,还能通过植物体内养分的内部再分配来满足至少一部分的需求^[29]。

综上所述：林地覆盖经营对雷竹林立竹成熟叶、老化叶氮、磷、钾和镁质量分数均有较明显的影响。短期和休养式林地覆盖经营能提高立竹叶片主要养分再吸收率,长期林地覆盖经营虽提高了叶片氮和磷再吸收率,但降低了叶片钾和镁再吸收率,立竹储存和利用养分能力下降,不利于雷竹林生长发育。因此,在生产中应实行休养式林地覆盖经营方式。

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立竹年龄	样品	经营类型	氮/(g.kg^-1)	磷/(g.kg^-1)	钾/(g.kg^-1)	镁/(g.kg^-1)
		C	21.14 ± 0.03ca	1.86 ± 0.01 aa	16.81 ± 0.14ca	1.83 ± 0.02 c a
		B	21.38 ± 0.16 b a	1.58 ± 0.01 c a	18.01 ± 0.81 ab a	1.83 ± 0.01 c a
	成熟叶	A	22.76 ± 0.08 a a	1.66 ± 0.03ba	18.83 ± 0.31 a a	1.88 ± 0.02ba
		ck	21.16 ± 0.01 c a	1.59 ± 0.05c a	17.32 ± 0.97 bc a	1.92 ± 0.02 a a
2年生		C	14.04 ± 0.03cb	1.26 ± 0.01 a a	9.86 ± 0.04ab	1.65 ± 0.04 a a
		B	14.65 ± 0.17 b b	1.07 ± 0.03 c a	7.34 ± 0.41 b b	1.50 ± 0.04 b a
	老化叶	A	14.69 ± 0.02bb	1.09 ± 0.02ca	9.86 ± 0.63 a a	1.50 ± 0.01ba
		ck	15.03 ± 0.02ab	1.13 ± 0.02ba	9.94 ± 0.08 a a	1.69 ± 0.02 a a
		C	20.91 ± 0.10db	1.65 ± 0.02ab	16.56 ± 0.13 c a	1.71 ± 0.02bb
		B	21.48 ± 0.03aa	1.45 ± 0.02bb	17.79 ± 0.37 b a	1.75 ± 0.05 ab a
		A	21.33 ± 0.08bb	1.43 ± 0.01bcb	18.65 ± 0.17 a a	1.73 ± 0.02abb
3年生	成熟叶	ck	21.15 ± 0.02ca	1.41 ± 0.01cb	16.95 ± 0.30 c a	1.78 ± 0.03 a b
		C	16.10 ± 0.03ba	1.27 ± 0.01aa	10.28 ± 0.09aa	1.57 ± 0.03 a b
		B	16.14 ± 0.03 b a	1.06 ± 0.01 c a	10.04 ± 0.03 b a	1.36 ± 0.03 c b
	老化叶	A	15.75 ± 0.11 c a	1.07 ± 0.01ca	9.97 ± 0.12ba	1.51 ± 0.04ba
		ck	16.64 ± 0.03 a a	1.12 ± 0.02ba	10.11 ± 0.09ba	1.59 ± 0.02ab
说明：前面字母表示不同林地覆盖经营年限雷竹林相同年龄立竹间比较，后面字母表示相同林地覆盖经营年限雷竹林不同年龄立竹间比较。相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)，不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

立竹年龄	经营类型	氮一磷	氮一钾	氮一镁	磷一钾	磷一镁	钾一镁
2年生	C	0.327	0.372	0.327	-0.304	-0.250	0.192
	B	0.969**	0.176	-0.269	0.864**	-0.500	0.074
	A	0.816*	0.800*	-0.291	0.893**	-0.404	0.143
	ck	0.554	0.640*	-0.624*	0.677*	-0.178	-0.217
	C	0.381	0.450	0.568	0.651*	0.269	-0.156
	B	0.569	0.756*	-0.632*	0.822*	0.630*	-0.613
3年生	A	0.612	0.632*	0.133	0.582	-0.327	0.481
	ck	0.327	0.568	-0.500	-0.034	0.655*	0.478
说明：*表示相关极显者，表示相关显者。

Leaf nutrient degradation due to mulching in a Phyllostachys violascens stand

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2014.02.016