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藜麦 Chenopodium quinoa,又称南美藜、藜谷、奎奴亚藜等,是一种1年生的藜科Chenopodiaceae草本作物,原产于南美洲安第斯山脉,海拔2 800~4 200 m,纬度12°N~39°S 。印第安人认为藜麦是谷物之母,栽植藜麦已有5 000多年的历史。藜麦的商业化栽植始于秘鲁、玻利维亚、厄瓜多尔等国家,1980年美国植物学家将藜麦从南美引入科罗拉多州,2000年后藜麦开始被营养学家们认可并推荐,并于20世纪90年代以后作为候选的特色农作物,被美国、加拿大和欧洲等引进和栽植。中国于1987年由西藏农牧学院和西藏农科院开始引种试验研究,并于1992年和1993年在西藏境内大范围小面积试种均获成功[1]。目前,在陕西、山西、青海、四川、浙江等地均已有小规模适应性种植。藜麦的生长习性和开发利用方式与禾本科的青稞Hordeum vulgare var. nudum有一定的相似之处。青稞是青藏高原1年1熟的标志性作物,可生于海拔4 500 m以上的局部高海拔高寒地带,具有高蛋白、高纤维、高维生素和低脂肪、低糖的特性,但和藜麦相比,其营养价值不全面,且消化系统不好和孕妇等人群宜少食。藜麦则没有这些禁忌,其营养价值极高,营养全面,且具有多种开发利用价值,值得大力度大范围推广。近年来藜麦已经引起各类研究者、生产者及普通消费者广泛的关注,但藜麦作为有待普及和推广的新兴作物,对藜麦的理论研究和开发利用尚有待深入。2013年对藜麦来说更是意义非凡的一年,联合国大会将2013年定为“国际藜麦年”,旨在让世界关注藜麦的生物多样性和营养价值在提供粮食和营养安全、消除贫困以及在支持实现千年发展目标等方面所能发挥的作用。著者在总结前人研究成果的基础上,结合最新研究动态,对藜麦的生物学特性、资源培育、生理学特性、化学成分和开发利用等方面的研究进行了综述,以期为藜麦新品种选育、产品开发利用等提供科学依据。
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