Growth of <i>Larix principis</i>-<i>rupprechtii</i> with thinning and pruning

ZHAO Kuangji; JI Fuli; LIU Yanwen; LIU Xiaolan; JIA Zhongkui; MA Lüyi

doi:10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2016.04.005

Volume 33 Issue 4

Oct. 2016

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Article Navigation > Journal of Zhejiang A&F University > 2016 > 33(4): 581-588

ZHAO Kuangji, JI Fuli, LIU Yanwen, LIU Xiaolan, JIA Zhongkui, MA Lüyi. Growth of Larix principis-rupprechtii with thinning and pruning[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2016, 33(4): 581-588. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2016.04.005

Citation:

ZHAO Kuangji, JI Fuli, LIU Yanwen, LIU Xiaolan, JIA Zhongkui, MA Lüyi. Growth of Larix principis-rupprechtii with thinning and pruning[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2016, 33(4): 581-588. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2016.04.005

Growth of Larix principis-rupprechtii with thinning and pruning

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2016.04.005

1.
Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
2.
Saihanba Mechanical Forest Farm of Hebei Province, Weichang 068466, Hebei, China

Received Date: 2015-08-27
Rev Recd Date: 2015-10-22
Publish Date: 2016-08-20

Abstract

To promote tree growth, increase timber reserves, and decrease the scarcity of timber forests, this study identified the influence of thinning and pruning on tree growth indexes and provided a technological basis for tree growth through artificial forest tending techniques. For the Saihanba area, treatments of Larix principis-rupprechtii forest types [young forest of 15 years (a), middle-age forest of 22 a, and near-mature forest of 38 a], of effects of different thinning intensities (T₀-no thinning, T₁-mild thinning-10%, T₂-moderate thinning-20%, T₃-severe thinning-30%, and T₄-extremely severe thinning-35%), and of pruning intensities (P₁-no pruning, P₂-mild pruning-50%, and P₃-severe pruning-66%), on stand growth (DBH, tree height, and volume) were researched. Results were as follows. In the 15 a stand, volume growth (V) increased with an increase in thinning intensity[V(T₀) ＜V(T₂) ＜V(T₁) ＜V(T₄) ＜V(T₃)]; and with an increase in pruning intensity[V(P₁) ＜V(P₂) ＜V(P₃)]; in the 22 a stand, except for T₂, volume growth decreased as thinning intensity increased[V(T₀) > V(T₁) > V(T₃) > V(T₄) > V(T₂)], decreased with an increase in pruning intensity[V(P₁) > V(P₂) > V(P₃)]; and in the 38 a stand, except for T₃, accumulation growth increased with increased thinning intensity,[V(T₃) ＜V(T₀) ＜V(T₁) ＜V(T₂) ＜V(T₄)], but with pruning intensity[V(P₁) > V(P₃) > V(P₂)]. For age and thinning intensity, the maximum volume growth for 15 a was V(T₄+ P₂) (2.10 m³·hm^-2), for 22 a was V(T₀+ P₂) (1.13 m³·hm^-2), and for 38 a was V(T₄+P₃) (0.63 m³·hm^-2). This study identified the influence of thinning and pruning on the tree growth, and guide the application of artificial forest tending technique for tree growth.
- silviculture,
- stock volume,
- thinning,
- pruning,
- thinning intension,
- Larix princpis-rupprechtii

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中国木材消费世界排名第2位，但是森林面积仅为19 545万hm²，森林蓄积量为137.21亿m³，人均仅10.45 m³，列世界第142位^[1]。解决木材储量问题已迫在眉睫。合理的森林抚育可以大力提高森林质量，增加森林蓄积量，扩大木材储量。因此，揭示抚育对林木生长的影响对于提升森林产量有重要意义。合理的抚育经营措施能有效促进森林的生长。间伐强度和修枝强度的选择是森林经营措施中的关键环节。专家学者进行了大量的相关研究，其中漆良华等^[2]和王懿祥等^[3]研究了间伐对森林生长的影响，任世奇等^[4]研究了修枝对尾巨桉Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis生长的影响，李孝良等^[5]研究了修枝对欧美107杨Populus euramericana ‘Neva’生长量的影响，但是在间伐和修枝对华北落叶松Larix principis-rupprechtii林木生长量综合影响方面的研究较少。华北落叶松是喜光树种，适应性强，对土壤水分条件和土壤养分条件的适应范围很广，是华北山区重要的造林树种之一。本试验选择华北落叶松作为研究对象，以间伐和修枝对林分蓄积量的影响作为研究方向，对不同间伐强度、不同修枝强度及修枝间伐综合处理措施对华北落叶松生长量的影响进行了研究，为利用人工林抚育技术，增加木材储量提供科学依据。

1. 研究地概况

本试验布设在河北省塞罕坝机械林场阴河林场前曼甸营林区，地处河北省围场满族蒙古族自治县北部，42°02′～42°36′N，116°51′～117°39′E。地形以丘陵、曼甸为主。该地区属寒温带半干旱半湿润季风气候区，海拔为1 600～1 800 m，年平均气温为－1.5 ℃，极端最高气温29.7 ℃，极端最低气温－38.7 ℃，≥10 ℃活动积温为1 663.5 ℃；年平均降水量为433.0 mm。土壤以暗灰色森林土为主，华北落叶松为优势树种。

2. 研究方法

于2010年6月对华北落叶松林分胸径、树高、蓄积量测定后，进行不同抚育处理。2013年7月对林分胸径、树高和蓄积量等3种生长指标进行复测，以方差分析等方法分析不同抚育措施对华北落叶松3 a总生长量的影响。

2.1. 固定标准地设置

通过对试验地的全面踏查，选择了具有代表性、生长正常的15，22，38年生3个林龄的华北落叶松人工林作为研究对象。所选人工林土壤类型均为灰色森林土，立地条件均为曼甸；抚育前15年生华北落叶松林分密度均为5 000株·hm^-2，22年生华北落叶松林分密度均为2 800株·hm^-2，38年生华北落叶松林分密度均为870株·hm^-2。2010年4月进行固定标准样地的设置，其中15，22，38年生林分各设置了45块固定样地，标准样地面积均为20 m × 20 m。

2.2. 固定标准地调查及处理

2010年6月对标准样地内的林木进行每木检尺，记录树高（利用激光测高测距仪测定）、胸径（胸径尺测定）、郁闭度、海拔（全球定位系统测定），获得林地抚育前的基本信息（表 1）。根据所测数据对每块标准样地进行基本调查，确定其抚育间伐强度和修枝强度。本试验于2010年7月设置了5种间伐强度和3种修枝强度（表 2），其中间伐强度以采伐林木蓄积量占所在样地林木总蓄积量的比例确定，分为弱度10％（T₁），中度20％（T₂），强度30％（T₃），极强度35％（T₄）和对照（T₀）。结合当地生产实际，每种间伐强度处理设置3种不同修枝强度（按照冠高比计算），分别为轻度2∶3（P₁），中度1∶2（P₂）和重度1∶3（P₃），其中每种处理组合设置3个重复。

林龄/a	密度/(株·hm^-2)	平均胸径/cm	平均树高/m	海拔/m
15	5 000	8.64	7.8	1 630
22	2 800	11.4	10.07	1 630
38	870	21.97	17.5	1 630

Table 1. Investigation information before tending

林龄/a	处理	轻度间伐T₁	中度间伐T₂	重度间伐T₃	极重度间伐T₄	对照T₀
15，22，38	轻度修枝P₁	P₁+T₁	P₁+T₂	P₁+T₃	P₁+T₄	P₁+T₀
	中度修枝P₂	P₂+T₁	P₂+T₂	P₂+T₃	P₂+T₄	P₂+T₀
	重度修枝P₃	P₃+T₁	P₃+T₂	P₃+T₃	P₃+T₄	P₃+T₀

Table 2. Different ages of Larix principis-rupprechtii thinning and pruning treatments

2.3. 数据分析

分别于2010年6月和2013年7月对标准样地内的林木进行每木检尺，得到林木树高、胸径。同时选取标准木1株·样地^-1制作解析木，135块样地，共135株标准木。通过对解析木的分析进行林木材积的推算，结合林分密度计算林分蓄积量^[6-8]。所得数据采用Excel 2007及SPSS 20.0进行统计分析，采用单因素方差分析（one-way ANOVA），双因素方差分析和Duncan法进行方差分析和多重比较。

4. 讨论

在一定范围内，林木胸径3 a总生长量随间伐强度的增加呈增加趋势。推测可能的原因有2点：①对同一林分而言，在一定抚育强度范围内，间伐强度增加，生长空间、光辐射等有利条件不断得到扩充，保留木生长环境逐步优化，出现林分胸径增长效应；但是间伐强度过大，则会对林分生长环境带来较大改变和冲击，保留木为适应急剧改变后的生长环境，出现林分生长的失去效应。调整林分结构，选择最佳抚育强度对于保留木生长极为重要^[11-12]。②对不同林龄林分而言，林龄大的林分生长更为稳定，适应性更强，更容易接受强度较大抚育措施对其环境带来的改变，并利用新的生长环境进行生长，它们的最佳抚育强度也较高^[13-14]。

15年生华北落叶松未修枝林分的胸径3 a总生长量最大，重度修枝强度的林分胸径总生长量大于轻度修枝强度的林分。22年生林分的胸径总生长量随着修枝强度增大而减小，而38年生林分的胸径总生长量随着修枝强度增大而增加。可见，本研究支持前人的林木修枝后存在补偿机制的学说^[15-17]和前人对红松Pinus koraiensis人工林效果调查的理论^[18-19]，即15年生和22年生林分在修枝后，同化物从树冠向下经树木韧皮部运输，在经过树皮切口处时不能直接通过，只能沿修枝切口之间的狭窄韧皮区域向下运输，从而影响了同化物的向下运输的速度，造成了切口上部同化物积累，下部同化减少的情况，表现出轻度修枝后胸径总生长量减小；强度修枝措施使修枝切口较多，造成物质积累较少，突破开启补偿作用的阈值，林木为了补偿枝叶缺失对物质积累的不利影响，在一定条件下，通过提高光合效率等途径进行补偿，增加同化物供给量，从而表现出重度修枝胸径总生长量较轻度修枝胸径总生长量略有增加的现象。38年生林木，林龄较大，树冠更为茂密，侧枝生长需要的物质量更多，但是由于树冠茂密树冠下层枝叶光合效率较低，修枝能除去树冠下部受光差的枝条，除去妨碍主干生长的竞争枝，大侧枝及枯枝，能够促进林木的径级生长。因38年生林木树干直径大，修枝切口间的韧皮区域较宽，切口对同化物质向下运输的阻碍较小，且修枝减少了不必要的营养消耗，改善了林内的生长条件，故38年生林木胸径总生长量随着修枝强度的增加而增加。

一定范围内林分树高生长随间伐强度增加而增加，不同修枝强度林分的高生长量差异不显著，林分密度是影响华北落叶松树高生长的重要因素；抚育前密度仅为870株·hm^-2的近熟林树高生长量在3个龄级林分中最大。这一研究结果，间接证实这个观点。郑世锴等^[20]的研究表明：“在纯林中，抚育采伐对林分平均树高的影响并不显著，树高的生长主要取决于立地条件”。推测其原因，可能是因研究树种不同，不同树种高生长对环境条件的要求有所差异。王伟峰等^[21]的研究也证实这一说法。

树冠枝叶进行光合作用产生同化物的同时其自身生长也消耗同化物质，当枝叶过于茂盛，树冠下部枝叶光合作用产生的同化物较少甚至少于其自身生长消耗的同化物，从而成为林木生长的负担，这主要是由于下部枝叶的部分物质累积来自于临近枝叶的光合作用^[22]，故进行修枝去除光合效率低的枝叶使得林木生长加快；但修枝强度过大，使得枝叶大量减少，枝叶产生的同化物使林木不能充分发挥其生长潜能，也使得林木生长受到抑制。适宜的修枝强度可去除对林木生长产生负担的枝叶，并能为林木生长提供足量的同化物^[23-24]。

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Growth of Larix principis-rupprechtii with thinning and pruning

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2016.04.005